GenRCA: a user-friendly rare codon analysis tool for comprehensive evaluation of codon usage preferences based on coding sequences in genomes.

BACKGROUND: The study of codon usage bias is important for understanding gene expression, evolution and gene design, providing critical insights into the molecular processes that govern the function and regulation of genes. Codon Usage Bias (CUB) indices are valuable metrics for understanding codon usage patterns across different organisms without extensive experiments. Considering that there is no one-fits-all index for all species, a comprehensive platform supporting the calculation and analysis of multiple CUB indices for codon optimization is greatly needed. RESULTS: Here, we release GenRCA, an updated version of our previous Rare Codon Analysis Tool, as a free and user-friendly website for all-inclusive evaluation of codon usage preferences of coding sequences. In this study, we manually reviewed and implemented up to 31 codon preference indices, with 65 expression host organisms covered and batch processing of multiple gene sequences supported, aiming to improve the user experience and provide more comprehensive and efficient analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our website fills a gap in the availability of comprehensive tools for species-specific CUB calculations, enabling researchers to thoroughly assess the protein expression level based on a comprehensive list of 31 indices and further guide the codon optimization.

ProSTAGE: Predicting Effects of Mutations on Protein Stability by Using Protein Embeddings and Graph Convolutional Networks.

Protein thermodynamic stability is essential to clarify the relationships among structure, function, and interaction. Therefore, developing a faster and more accurate method to predict the impact of the mutations on protein stability is helpful for protein design and understanding the phenotypic variation. Recent studies have shown that protein embedding will be particularly powerful at modeling sequence information with context dependence, such as subcellular localization, variant effect, and secondary structure prediction. Herein, we introduce a novel method, ProSTAGE, which is a deep learning method that fuses structure and sequence embedding to predict protein stability changes upon single point mutations. Our model combines graph-based techniques and language models to predict stability changes. Moreover, ProSTAGE is trained on a larger data set, which is almost twice as large as the most used S2648 data set. It consistently outperforms all existing state-of-the-art methods on mutation-affected problems as benchmarked on several independent data sets. The protein embedding as the prediction input achieves better results than the previous results, which shows the potential of protein language models in predicting the effect of mutations on proteins. ProSTAGE is implemented as a user-friendly web server.

EnzyACT: A Novel Deep Learning Method to Predict the Impacts of Single and Multiple Mutations on Enzyme Activity.

Enzyme engineering involves the customization of enzymes by introducing mutations to expand the application scope of natural enzymes. One limitation of that is the complex interaction between two key properties, activity and stability, where the enhancement of one often leads to the reduction of the other, also called the trade-off mechanism. Although dozens of methods that predict the change of protein stability upon mutations have been developed, the prediction of the effect on activity is still in its early stage. Therefore, developing a fast and accurate method to predict the impact of the mutations on enzyme activity is helpful for enzyme design and understanding of the trade-off mechanism. Here, we introduce a novel approach, EnzyACT, a deep learning method that fuses graph technique and protein embedding to predict activity changes upon single or multiple mutations. Our model combines graph-based techniques and language models to predict the activity changes. Moreover, EnzyACT is trained on a new curated data set including both single- and multiple-point mutations. When benchmarked on multiple independent data sets, it shows uniform performance on problems affected by mutations. This work also provides insights into the impact of distant mutations within activity design, which could also be useful for predicting catalytic residues and developing improved enzyme-engineering strategies.

Pervaporation Dehydration Mechanism and Performance of High-Aluminum ZSM-5 Zeolite Membranes for Organic Solvents.

Membrane-based pervaporation (PV) for organic solvent dehydration is of great significance in the chemical and petrochemical industries. In this work, high-aluminum ZSM-5 zeolite membranes were synthesized by a fluoride-assisted secondary growth on α-alumina tubular supports using mordenite framework inverted (MFI) nanoseeds (~110 nm) and a template-free synthesis solution with a low Si/Al ratio of 10. Characterization by XRD, EDX, and SEM revealed that the prepared membrane was a pure-phase ZSM-5 zeolite membrane with a Si/Al ratio of 3.8 and a thickness of 2.8 µm. Subsequently, two categories of PV performance parameters (i.e., flux versus separation factor and permeance versus selectivity) were used to systematically examine the effects of operating conditions on the PV dehydration performance of different organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol), and their PV mechanisms were explored. Employing permeance and selectivity effectively disentangles the influence of operating conditions on PV performance, thereby elucidating the inherent contribution of membranes to separation performance. The results show that the mass transfer during PV dehydration of organic solvents was mainly dominated by the adsorption-diffusion mechanism. Furthermore, the diffusion of highly polar water and methanol molecules within membrane pores had a strong mutual slowing-down effect, resulting in significantly lower permeance than other binary systems. However, the mass transfer process for water/low-polar organic solvent (ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol) mixtures was mainly controlled by competitive adsorption caused by affinity differences. In addition, the high-aluminum ZSM-5 zeolite membrane exhibited superior PV dehydration performance for water/isopropanol mixtures.

Index of consciousness monitoring during general anesthesia may effectively enhance rehabilitation in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic urological surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Based on electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis, index of consciousness (IoC) monitoring is a new technique for monitoring anesthesia depth. IoC is divided into IoC1 (depth of sedation) and IoC2 (depth of analgesia). The potential for concurrent monitoring of IoC1 and IoC2 to expedite postoperative convalescence remains to be elucidated. We investigated whether combined monitoring of IoC1 and IoC2 can effectively enhances postoperative recovery compared with bispectral index (BIS) in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic urological surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: In this prospective, controlled, double-blinded trail, 120 patients aged 65 years or older were arbitrarily assigned to either the IoC group or the control group (BIS monitoring). All patients underwent blood gas analysis at T1 (before anesthesia induction) and T2 (the end of operation). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were administered to all patients at T0 (1 day before surgery) and T4 (7 days after surgery). Serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) were assessed at T1, T2, and T3 (24 h after surgery). Postoperative complications and the duration of hospitalization were subjected to comparative evaluation. RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) was notably lower in the IoC group (10%) than in the control group (31.7%) (P = 0.003). Postoperative serum CRP and GFAP concentrations exhibited significant differences at time points T2 (CRP: P = 0.000; GFAP: P = 0.000) and T3 (CRP: P = 0.003; GFAP: P = 0.008). Postoperative blood glucose levels (P = 0.000) and the overall rate of complications (P = 0.037) were significantly lower in Group IoC than in Group control. CONCLUSION: The employment of IoC monitoring for the management of elderly surgical patients can accelerate postoperative convalescence by mitigating intraoperative stress and reducing peripheral and central inflammatory injury. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR1900025241 (17/08/2019).

A benzocoumarin-based fluorescent probe for ultra-sensitive and fast detection of endogenous/exogenous hypochlorous acid and its applications.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is widely used in daily production and life because of its green and strongly oxidizing properties. Additionally, as a vital reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is an innate immune system weapon and performs a critical function in many pathophysiology processes. In this paper, a novel water-soluble fluorescent probe, BMH, with excellent performance is designed and synthesized by simple condensation of benzocoumarin and 2-mercaptoethanol. BMH has specific selectivity, excellent sensitivity, ultra-fast response (<3 s), and a wide pH detection range. The fluorescence intensity of BMH has an excellent linear correlation with the concentration of HOCl in the scope of 0-10 µM, and the calculated detection limit (DL) is 2.45 nM. The intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) sensing mechanism of BL has been verified by fluorescence, UV, and MS studies as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Furthermore, BMH can be incorporated into a solid-state visual sensor to detect HOCl conveniently. BMH was applied to detect HOCl-spiked actual water samples and achieved satisfying recovery rates. Also, the low-toxicity BMH can be successfully used to track changes in endogenous/exogenous HOCl in living cells. In short, BL provides a robust and reliable monitoring tool to reveal the biological functions of HOCl and ensure its safe use.

Propofol suppresses cell proliferation in gastric cancer cells through NRF2-mediated polyol pathway.

Propofol, a widely used short-acting intravenous sedative agent, has gradually gained attention due to the tumour-suppressing role and non-anaesthetic effect. Dysfunction of metabolic reprogramming has been recognised as a well-documented factor for tumour progression. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of propofol on the polyol pathway in gastric cancer cells. In this study, we found that propofol treatment led to a significant downregulation of cell proliferation in BGC823 and GES-1 cells, which was attributed to the decreased AR-mediated polyol pathway. Both aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (AKR1B1) and AKR1B10 were significantly reduced in BGC823 and GES-1 cells in response to propofol stimulation, leading to decreased AR activity and sorbitol level. Addition of sorbitol could reverse the inhibitory effect of propofol on cell proliferation. Mechanically, propofol treatment drastically inhibited phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2), subsequently decreased the binding of NRF2 to AR promoter. Overexpression of NRF2 resulted in the recovery of AR expression in gastric cancer cell with propofol treatment. Taken together, these finding showed that propofol suppressed cell proliferation in BGC823 and GES-1 cell through NRF2-mediated polyol pathway, which would aid the selection of sedation for patients with gastric cancer.

Single medium-sized hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sequential conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) and microwave ablation at 4 weeks versus cTACE alone: a propensity score.

BACKGROUND: Microwave ablation (MWA) is a potentially curative treatment for unresectable patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ≤ 3 cm, while its therapeutic efficacy decreases significantly for HCC > 3cm. Previous studies have demonstrated that conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) combined with MWA (cTACE-MWA) may improve local tumor control rate and reduce the recurrence rate for HCC > 3cm. However, there have been few study designs to analyze the clinical efficacy of cTACE-MWA for medium-sized HCC (3-5cm). Therefore, this study aims to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of cTACE-MWA with cTACE alone for a single medium-sized HCC of 3-5 cm in diameter. METHODS: We retrospectively investigate the data of 90 patients with a single medium-sized HCC who were referred to our hospital and underwent cTACE-MWA or cTACE alone from December 2017 to March 2020. Then, patients were identified with propensity score-matched (1:1). The local tumor response to treatment and time to progression (TTP) were compared using mRECIST criteria between the cTACE-MWA group and the cTACE group. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients were included after matching (cTACE-MWA: 21; cTACE: 21). Comparing with cTACE, cTACE-MWA demonstrate significantly better local tumor control (ORR: 95.2% vs 61.9%, p = 0.02; DCR: 95.2% vs 66.7%, p = 0.045) and TTP (median 19.8 months vs 6.8 months, p < 0.001). The 1- and 2-year cumulative probabilities of OS were 100% and 95% in the cTACE-MWA group, which were significantly higher than those in the cTACE group (95% and 76%) (p = 0.032). Multivariate Cox regression analysis illustrates that cTACE-MWA was associated with better TTP (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.76; p = 0.012), but tumor size was associated with worse TTP (hazard ratio, 1.71; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.89; p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: cTACE followed by MWA improved TTP and OS in patients with a single medium-sized HCC, and no major complication was observed in this study.

[Identification of chemical constituents in Zhachong Shisanwei Pills by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS].

Zhachong Shisanwei Pills, composed of 13 Chinese medicinal materials, are used for treating the diseases such as hemiplegia, pain of muscles and bones, rheumatism, and joint pain. The chemical composition and pharmacodynamics of Zhachong Shisanwei Pills have not been reported. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was employed to quickly identify the chemical components of Zhachong Shisanwei Pills, which was performed with Shim-pack GIST C_(18) column(4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 µm). The gradient elution was conducted with methanol-0.05% acetic acid as the mobile phase. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS) was carried out in both positive and negative ion modes. The compounds were identidied based on accurate relative molecular weight, fragment ion species, and the MS data of reference substances and in literature. In conclusion, a total of 98 compounds were identified, including 19 organic acids, 36 flavonoids, 13 volatile oils, 8 tannins, 5 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, 5 amino acids, 3 sesquiterpenoids, 3 alkaloids, and 2 other compounds. This study characte-rized the chemical components of Zhachong Shisanwei Pills rapidly for the first time, laying a foundation for further research on the pharmacodynamic material basis and quality evaluation.

The traditional herbal formulation, Jianpiyifei II, reduces pulmonary inflammation induced by influenza A virus and cigarette smoke in mice.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a worldwide chronic inflammatory lung disease, and influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a common cause of acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). Therefore, targeting viral infections represents a promising strategy to prevent the occurrence and development of inflammatory flare ups in AECOPD. Jianpiyifei II (JPYFII) is a traditional herbal medicine used in China to treat patients with COPD, and its clinical indications are not well understood. However, investigation of the anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanism using an animal model of smoking have been reported in a previous study by our group. In addition, some included herbs, such as Radix astragali and Radix aupleuri, were reported to exhibit antiviral effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether JPYFII formulation relieved acute inflammation by clearing the IAV in a mouse model that was exposed to cigarette smoke experimentally. JPYFII formulation treatment during smoke exposure and IAV infection significantly reduced the number of cells observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, superoxide production, and viral load in IAV-infected and smoke-exposed mice. However, JPYFII formulation treatment during smoke exposure alone did not reduce the number of cells in BALF or the expression of Il-6, Tnf-a, and Il-1ß. The results demonstrated that JPYFII formulation exerted an antiviral effect and reduced the exacerbation of lung inflammation in cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed mice infected with IAV. Our results suggested that JPYFII formulation could potentially be used to treat patients with AECOPD associated with IAV infection.

miR-544a Stimulates endometrial carcinoma growth via targeted inhibition of reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs.

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a female-specific malignant tumor. Although current treatments can achieve good outcomes and improve patient survival, there remains a high incidence of treatment-induced infertility, a serious side effect that is unacceptable to those of childbearing age. Studies have demonstrated that micro ribonucleic acids (microRNAs or miRNAs) such as miR-544a regulate tumor-related gene expression. However, whether miR-544a is involved in the progression of EC is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the biological functions and underlying mechanisms of miR-544a in EC in vivo and in vitro. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed miR-544a overexpression in EC tissue and cell lines, which was associated with a decreased in overall survival as revealed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Functionally, the miR-544a inhibitor restricted the proliferation [detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay], invasion, and migration (detected by transwell assay) of human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells (HEC-1B and Ishikawa) and facilitated cell apoptosis (detected by flow cytometry assay). Western blotting analysis revealed that the miR-544a inhibitor decreased the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and elevated the levels of cleaved caspase3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, animal experiments indicated that the miR-544a antagonist (antagomir-544a) suppressed tumor growth significantly in a mouse xenograft model. The mechanistic, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemical indications were that a reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) and miR-544a had inverse expression changes in EC. Bioinformatics analysis revealed RECK as a potential target for miR-544a, and this was verified by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Subsequently, in vitro experiments, including transwell assay, MTT assay, flow cytometry assay, and Western blotting analysis, demonstrated that RECK exerted antitumor effects on EC, which were negatively regulated by miR-544a. Taken together, our study findings suggested miR-544a as a valuable target in EC therapy.

Performance improvement of N-doped carbon ORR catalyst via large through-hole structure.

N-doped carbon-based materials are crucial electrically conductive additives and non-metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. At present, many pieces of research are focused on the effects of micropore, mesopore and hierarchical pore structure on the catalytic activity, however, there are few works concerning the role of large-dimension through-hole structure. Hence, in this work, we prepare two kinds of carbon materials with large through-hole structure, i.e. N-doped carbon hollow-spheres and hollow-tubes, as the oxygen reduction catalysts. The synthesis follows template-free morphology-controlled pyrolysis, which is more convenient than the preparation of conventional N-doped nanotubes and graphene. The resultant N-doped carbon hollow-spheres and hollow-tubes evidently enhanced their ORR catalytic activity, remarkable long-term stability and methanol resistance. The large-dimension through-hole structure is found to account for the increase in mass transfer.

Relationship between caffeine intake and infertility: a systematic review of controlled clinical studies.

BACKGROUND: For a long time, the relationship between caffeine consumption and infertility in the general population is unclear, this study is aimed to systematically review the evidence from any type of controlled clinical studies to explore whether caffeine intake is a risk factor for human infertility. METHODS: Seven databases were searched from inception to May 2019. We included women/men without a history of infertility but were willing to have children in prospective studies and women/men who were diagnosed with infertility in retrospective studies. The observed exposure factor should be caffeine or caffeine containing beverage. Diagnosis of infertility or not for participants was the key outcome. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) or Cochrane risk of bias tool were used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Meta-analysis was conducted if there were acceptable clinical and statistical heterogeneity among studies. The GRADE method was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS: Four studies (one cohort study and three case-control studies) involving 12,912 participants were included. According NOS, the average score of case-control studies was 6, and the cohort study achieved 9. Meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted. The results showed that low (OR 0.95, 95%CI 0.78-1.16), medium (OR 1.14, 95%CI 0.69-1.86) and high doses (OR 1.86, 95%CI 0.28-12.22) of caffeine intake may not increase the risk of infertility. The quality of the current evidence bodies were all low. CONCLUSION: Our study provides low quality evidence that regardless of low, medium and high doses of caffeine intake do not appear increase the risk of infertility. But the conclusion should be treated with caution.

A Glycine max sodium/hydrogen exchanger enhances salt tolerance through maintaining higher Na+ efflux rate and K+/Na+ ratio in Arabidopsis.

BACKGROUND: Soybean (Glycine max (L.)) is one the most important oil-yielding cash crops. However, the soybean production has been seriously restricted by salinization. It is therefore crucial to identify salt tolerance-related genes and reveal molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in soybean crops. A better understanding of how plants resist salt stress provides insights in improving existing soybean varieties as well as cultivating novel salt tolerant varieties. In this study, the biological function of GmNHX1, a NHX-like gene, and the molecular basis underlying GmNHX1-mediated salt stress resistance have been revealed. RESULTS: We found that the transcription level of GmNHX1 was up-regulated under salt stress condition in soybean, reaching its peak at 24 h after salt treatment. By employing the virus-induced gene silencing technique (VIGS), we also found that soybean plants became more susceptible to salt stress after silencing GmNHX1 than wild-type and more silenced plants wilted than wild-type under salt treatment. Furthermore, Arabidopsis thaliana expressing GmNHX1 grew taller and generated more rosette leaves under salt stress condition compared to wild-type. Exogenous expression of GmNHX1 resulted in an increase of Na+ transportation to leaves along with a reduction of Na+ absorption in roots, and the consequent maintenance of a high K+/Na+ ratio under salt stress condition. GmNHX1-GFP-transformed onion bulb endothelium cells showed fluorescent pattern in which GFP fluorescence signals enriched in vacuolar membranes. Using the non-invasive micro-test technique (NMT), we found that the Na+ efflux rate of both wild-type and transformed plants after salt treatment were significantly higher than that of before salt treatment. Additionally, the Na+ efflux rate of transformed plants after salt treatment were significantly higher than that of wild-type. Meanwhile, the transcription levels of three osmotic stress-related genes, SKOR, SOS1 and AKT1 were all up-regulated in GmNHX1-expressing plants under salt stress condition. CONCLUSION: Vacuolar membrane-localized GmNHX1 enhances plant salt tolerance through maintaining a high K+/Na+ ratio along with inducing the expression of SKOR, SOS1 and AKT1. Our findings provide molecular insights on the roles of GmNHX1 and similar sodium/hydrogen exchangers in regulating salt tolerance.

The red bayberry genome and genetic basis of sex determination.

Morella rubra, red bayberry, is an economically important fruit tree in south China. Here, we assembled the first high-quality genome for both a female and a male individual of red bayberry. The genome size was 313-Mb, and 90% sequences were assembled into eight pseudo chromosome molecules, with 32 493 predicted genes. By whole-genome comparison between the female and male and association analysis with sequences of bulked and individual DNA samples from female and male, a 59-Kb region determining female was identified and located on distal end of pseudochromosome 8, which contains abundant transposable element and seven putative genes, four of them are related to sex floral development. This 59-Kb female-specific region was likely to be derived from duplication and rearrangement of paralogous genes and retained non-recombinant in the female-specific region. Sex-specific molecular markers developed from candidate genes co-segregated with sex in a genetically diverse female and male germplasm. We propose sex determination follow the ZW model of female heterogamety. The genome sequence of red bayberry provides a valuable resource for plant sex chromosome evolution and also provides important insights for molecular biology, genetics and modern breeding in Myricaceae family.

A Very Simple Strategy for Preparing External Stress-Free Two-Way Shape Memory Polymers by Making Use of Hydrogen Bonds.

Development of two-way shape memory polymers that operate free of external force remains a great challenge. Here, the design criteria for this type of material are proposed, deriving a novel fabrication strategy accordingly, which employs conventional crosslinked polyurethane (PU) containing crystalline poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as the proof-of-concept material. Having been simply trained by stretching and thermal treatment without additional ingredients and chemicals, the PU is coupled with a two-way shape memory effect. The core advancement of this study lies in the successful conversion of the inherent hydrogen bond network, which is often the easiest to overlook, into an internal stress provider. The temperature-dependent reversible melting/recrystallization of the crystalline phases elaborately works with the tensed hydrogen bond network, leading to implementation of the two-way shape memory effect. An average reversible strain of as high as ≈20% along the stretch direction is obtained through cooperation adjustment of chemical crosslinking density, crystallinity, and concentration of hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, the highest internal tension offered by the hydrogen bond network is determined to be 0.10 MPa. Owing to the great convenience characterized by material selection, preparation, programming, and application, the current work may open up an avenue for production and usage of the smart material.

Influence of Ozone-Treated Silica Nanoparticles on Mechanical Interfacial Behavior and Thermal Stability of Silicone Composites.

Silica nanoparticles were ozone-treated to increase the dispersibility of silica in a silicone matrix. Silicone rubber/silica composites were prepared using a melt-blending method. The effect of silica content on the mechanical and thermal properties of the silica-reinforced silicone composites was examined. The tensile strength of the prepared silicone/silica composites was maximized at 1 wt.% silica, due to the improved interfacial interactions between the silica reinforcement surface and the silicone matrix. The thermal stability of the composites was significantly enhanced with increasing silica content.

Perioperative neurocognition in elderly patients.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The extrinsic risk factors for postoperative cognitive disturbance have been a source of concern during the perioperative period, and these risk factors remain the subject of controversy. This review of recent studies focuses on the effect of these factors on postoperative cognitive disturbance during the perioperative period. RECENT FINDINGS: Impairment of cerebral autoregulation may predispose patients to intraoperative cerebral malperfusion, which may subsequently induce postoperative cognitive disturbance. The neurotoxicity of several volatile anesthetics may contribute to cognitive functional decline, and the impact of intravenous anesthesia on cognitive function requires further exploration. Multimodal analgesia may not outperform traditional postoperative analgesia in preventing postoperative delirium. Furthermore, acute pain and chronic pain may exacerbate the cognitive functional decline of patients with preexisting cognitive impairment. The nuclear factor-kappa beta pathway is an important node in the neuroinflammatory network. SUMMARY: Several intraoperative factors are associated with postoperative cognitive disturbance. However, if these factors are optimized in perioperative management, postoperative cognitive disturbance will improve.

DNMT3a contributes to the development and maintenance of bone cancer pain by silencing Kv1.2 expression in spinal cord dorsal horn.

Abstract: Metastatic bone tumor-induced changes in gene transcription and translation in pain-related regions of the nervous system may participate in the development and maintenance of bone cancer pain. Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation regulate gene transcription. Here, we report that intrathecal injection of decitabine, a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor, dose dependently attenuated the development and maintenance of bone cancer pain induced by injecting prostate cancer cells into the tibia. The level of the de novo DNMT3a, but not DNMT3b, time dependently increased in the ipsilateral L4/5 dorsal horn (not L4/5 dorsal root ganglion) after prostate cancer cells injection. Blocking this increase through microinjection of recombinant adeno-associated virus 5 (AAV5) expressing Dnmt3a shRNA into dorsal horn rescued prostate cancer cells-induced downregulation of dorsal horn Kv1.2 expression and impaired prostate cancer cells-induced pain hypersensitivity. In turn, mimicking this increase through microinjection of AAV5 expressing full-length Dnmt3a into dorsal horn reduced dorsal horn Kv1.2 expression and produced pain hypersensitivity in the absence of prostate cancer cells injection. Administration of neither decitabine nor virus affected locomotor function and acute responses to mechanical, thermal, or cold stimuli. Given that Dnmt3a mRNA is co-expressed with Kcna2 mRNA (encoding Kv1.2) in individual dorsal horn neurons, our findings suggest that increased dorsal horn DNMT3a contributes to bone cancer pain through silencing dorsal horn Kv1.2 expression. DNMT3a may represent a potential new target for cancer pain management.

Synthesis of Two Coumarin-Derived Schiff Bases and Investigation of theirs Selectivity for Zn2.

In this study, the coumarin-derived schiff bases (HL1 and HL2) have been designed and synthesized. Upon the addition of Zn2+, both of them show significant fluorescence enhancement owing to inhibits PET and ESIPT process respectively. However, the receptor HL2 response toward Cd2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ besides Zn2+ and exhibits fluorescence enhancement but not enough to detection of the concentration levels of Zn2+.