Micro-Doppler Signature Detection and Recognition of UAVs Based on OMP Algorithm.

With the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in both commercial and military use, the public is paying increasing attention to UAV identification and regulation. The micro-Doppler characteristics of a UAV can reflect its structure and motion information, which provides an important reference for UAV recognition. The low flight altitude and small radar cross-section (RCS) of UAVs make the cancellation of strong ground clutter become a key problem in extracting the weak micro-Doppler signals. In this paper, a clutter suppression method based on an orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm is proposed, which is used to process echo signals obtained by a linear frequency modulated continuous wave (LFMCW) radar. The focus of this method is on the idea of sparse representation, which establishes a complete set of environmental clutter dictionaries to effectively suppress clutter in the received echo signals of a hovering UAV. The processed signals are analyzed in the time-frequency domain. According to the flicker phenomenon of UAV rotor blades and related micro-Doppler characteristics, the feature parameters of unknown UAVs can be estimated. Compared with traditional signal processing methods, the method based on OMP algorithm shows advantages in having a low signal-to-noise ratio (-10 dB). Field experiments indicate that this approach can effectively reduce clutter power (-15 dB) and successfully extract micro-Doppler signals for identifying different UAVs.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the importance of exogenous nutrition in regulating antioxidant defenses during the mouth-opening stage in oviparous fish.

Antioxidant system is crucial for protecting against environmental oxidative stress in fish life cycle. Although the effects of starvation on the antioxidant defenses in several adult fish have been defined, no relevant researches have been reported in the larval stage, particularly during the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding. To clarify the molecular response of antioxidant system that occurs during the mouth-opening stage under starvation stress and explore its association with energy metabolism, we employed RNA-seq to analyze the gene expression profiles in zebrafish larvae that received a delayed first feeding for 3 days. Our data showed that delayed feeding resulted in downregulation of 7078 genes and upregulation of 497 genes. These differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in growth regulation (i.e., DNA replication and cell cycle), energy metabolism (i.e., glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and fatty acid metabolism), and antioxidant defenses. We demonstrated that the starved larvae are in an extremely malnourished state in the absence of exogenous nutrition, and the consequence is that numerous antioxidant genes are downregulated. Meanwhile, the antioxidant defenses also respond negatively to oxidative stress. After nutritional supply, the expression of these inhibited antioxidant genes was restored. These results suggest that the establishment of antioxidant defenses during the mouth-opening stage depends highly on exogenous nutrition. Our findings would contribute to comprehending the nutritional stress and metabolic switches during the mouth-opening stage and are essential for reducing high mortality in commercial fish farming.

[Characteristics of supramolecular imprinting template on liver meridian tropism of traditional Chinese medicine based on molecular connectivity index].

The molecular connectivity index was adopted to explore the characteristics of supramolecular imprinting template of herbs distributed to liver meridian, in order to provide scientific basis for traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) distributed to liver meridian. In this paper, with "12th five-year plan" national planning textbooks Science of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine as the blueprint, literatures and TCMSP sub-databases in TCM pharmacology of northwest science and technology university of agriculture and forestry were retrieved to collect and summarize active constituents of TCM distributed to liver meridian, and calculate the molecular connectivity index. The average molecular connectivity index of ingredients distributed to liver meridian was 9.47, which was close to flavonoid glycosides' (9.17±2.11) and terpenes (9.30±3.62). Therefore, it is inferred that template molecule of liver meridian is similar to physicochemical property of flavonoid glycosides and terpenes, which could be best matched with imprinting template of liver meridian.

Novel homozygous ADK out-of-frame deletion causes adenosine kinase deficiency with rare phenotypes of sepsis, metabolites disruption and neutrophil dysfunction.

Adenosine kinase deficiency (OMIM #614300) is a type of inborn errors of metabolism with multiorgan symptoms primarily neurological disorders, hepatic impairment, global developmental delay, and mild dysmorphism. The genetic causes of adenosine kinase deficiency are homozygous or compound heterozygous loss-of-function variants of ADK. To date, fewer than 25 cases of adenosine kinase deficiency have been reported worldwide and none have been reported in China. In this research, trio whole-exome sequencing (Trio-WES) identified a novel homozygous ADK (NM_001123.4) out-of-frame deletion, c.518_519delCA (p.Thr173Serfs*15), in a Chinese patient with rare phenotypes of sepsis, metabolites disruption and neutrophil dysfunction. This variant was dysfunctional, with marked reduction of ADK level in both the patient's peripheral blood and cells transfected with the corresponding variant. Additionally, metabolomics detected by high-throughput mass spectrometry showed disturbances in the methionine (Met) and energy pathway. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the patient's peripheral blood suggested a defective anti-inflammatory response characterized by impaired neutrophil activation, migration, and degranulation, which might be the primary cause for the sepsis. To our knowledge, we identified the first Chinese patient of adenosine kinase deficiency with a novel homozygous out-of-frame deletion in ADK causing multiorgan disorders, metabolites disruption, rare phenotypes of sepsis, and neutrophil dysfunction. Our findings broaden the genetic spectrum and pathogenic mechanisms of adenosine kinase deficiency.

Congenital disorders of glycosylation with multiorgan disruption and immune dysregulation caused by compound heterozygous variants in MAN2B2.

BACKGROUND: Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a type of inborn error of metabolism (IEM) resulting from defects in glycan synthesis or failed attachment of glycans to proteins or lipids. One rare type of CDG is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous loss-of-function variants in mannosidase alpha class 2B member 2 (MAN2B2). To date, only two cases of MAN2B2-CDG have been reported worldwide. METHODS: Trio whole-exome sequencing (Trio-WES) was conducted to screen for candidate variants. N-glycan profiles were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). MAN2B2 expression was evaluated by western blotting. MX dynamin like GTPase 1 (MX1) function was estimated via Thogoto virus (THOV) minireplicon assay. RESULTS: Trio-WES identified compound heterozygous MAN2B2 (hg19, NM_015274.1) variants (c.384G>T; c.926T>A) in a CDG patient. This patient exhibited metabolic abnormalities, symptoms of digestive tract dysfunction, infection, dehydration, and seizures. Novel immune dysregulation characterized by abnormal lymphocytes and immunoglobulin was observed. The MAN2B2 protein level was not affected, while LC-MS/MS showed obvious disruption of N-glycans and N-linked glycoproteins. CONCLUSION: We described a CDG patient with novel phenotypes and disruptive N-glycan profiling caused by compound heterozygous MAN2B2 variants (c.384G>T; c.926T>A). Our findings broadened both the genetic and clinical spectra of CDG.

Artificial intelligence applied in cardiovascular disease: a bibliometric and visual analysis.

Background: With the rapid development of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Facts have proved that AI has broad application prospects in rapid and accurate diagnosis. Objective: This study mainly summarizes the research on the application of AI in the field of cardiovascular disease through bibliometric analysis and explores possible future research hotpots. Methods: The articles and reviews regarding application of AI in cardiovascular disease between 2000 and 2023 were selected from Web of Science Core Collection on 30 December 2023. Microsoft Excel 2019 was applied to analyze the targeted variables. VOSviewer (version 1.6.16), Citespace (version 6.2.R2), and a widely used online bibliometric platform were used to conduct co-authorship, co-citation, and co-occurrence analysis of countries, institutions, authors, references, and keywords in this field. Results: A total of 4,611 articles were selected in this study. AI-related research on cardiovascular disease increased exponentially in recent years, of which the USA was the most productive country with 1,360 publications, and had close cooperation with many countries. The most productive institutions and researchers were the Cedar sinai medical center and Acharya, Ur. However, the cooperation among most institutions or researchers was not close even if the high research outputs. Circulation is the journal with the largest number of publications in this field. The most important keywords are "classification", "diagnosis", and "risk". Meanwhile, the current research hotpots were "late gadolinium enhancement" and "carotid ultrasound". Conclusions: AI has broad application prospects in cardiovascular disease, and a growing number of scholars are devoted to AI-related research on cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular imaging techniques and the selection of appropriate algorithms represent the most extensively studied areas, and a considerable boost in these areas is predicted in the coming years.

Flow to Candidate: Temporal Knowledge Graph Reasoning With Candidate-Oriented Relational Graph.

Reasoning over temporal knowledge graphs (TKGs) is a challenging task that requires models to infer future events based on past facts. Currently, subgraph-based methods have become the state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques for this task due to their superior capability to explore local information in knowledge graphs (KGs). However, while previous methods have been effective in capturing semantic patterns in TKG, they are hard to capture more complex topological patterns. In contrast, path-based methods can efficiently capture relation paths between nodes and obtain relation patterns based on the order of relation connections. But subgraphs can retain much more information than a single path. Motivated by this observation, we propose a new subgraph-based approach to capture complex relational patterns. The method constructs candidate-oriented relational graphs to capture the local structure of TKGs and introduces a variant of a graph neural network model to learn the graph structure information between query-candidate pairs. In particular, we first design a prior directed temporal edge sampling method, which is starting from the query node and generating multiple candidate-oriented relational graphs simultaneously. Next, we propose a recursive propagation architecture that can encode all relational graphs in the local structures in parallel. Additionally, we introduce a self-attention mechanism in the propagation architecture to capture the query's preference. Finally, we design a simple scoring function to calculate the candidate nodes' scores and generate the model's predictions. To validate our approach, we conduct extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets (ICEWS14, ICEWS18, ICEWS0515, and YAGO). Experiments on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that our proposed approach possesses stronger inference and faster convergence than the SOTA methods. In addition, our method provides a relational graph for each query-candidate pair, which offers interpretable evidence for TKG prediction results.

Ideal cardiovascular health and cardiovascular-related events: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to systematically review and quantitatively summarize the evidence on the association between Life Simple's 7 (LS7) and multiple cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). METHODS AND RESULTS: EMBASE and PubMed were searched from January 2010 to March 2022 for observational studies that investigated the association between ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) with CVD or CMD outcomes in an adult population. Two reviewers independently selected studies according to the eligibility criteria, extracted data, and evaluated risk of bias. Data were analysed with a random-effects meta-analysis. This meta-analysis included 59 studies (1 881 382 participants). Participants with ideal CVH had a considerably lower risk of a variety of CVDs and CMDs as compared with those with poor CVH, varying from 40% lower risk for atrial fibrillation (AF) {hazard ratio [HR] = 0.60 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-0.83]} to 82% lower risk for myocardial infarction [HR = 0.18 (95% CI 0.12-0.28)]. Intermediate CVH was associated with 27-57% lower risk in CVDs and CMDs compared with poor CVH, with the highest hazard for AF [HR = 0.73 (95% CI 0.59-0.91)] and the lowest hazard for peripheral arterial disease [HR = 0.43 (95% CI 0.30-0.60)]. CONCLUSION: Ideal and moderate CVH were associated with a lower incidence of CVDs and CMDs than poor CVH. Life Simple's 7 holds significant potential for promoting overall CVH and thereby contributing to the prevention of CVDs.

KEY FINDINGS: Higher Life's Simple 7 (LS7) score, meaning a healthier lifestyle score, was related to lower risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Promoting healthy lifestyle (higher LS7 score) could possibly lead to prevention of CVDs.

Healthy lifestyle is very important to prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), such as diabetes and kidney diseases. Therefore, in 2010, the American Heart Association introduced Life's Simple 7 (LS7), a scoring system using seven lifestyle factors to measure cardiovascular health in populations, and these factors are diet, physical activity, smoking, blood pressure, blood lipids, blood sugar, and weight. In this review, we investigated the relationship between LS7 score and CVDs or CMDs.

Matching adjusted indirect comparison of acupuncture versus fremanezumab in the preventive treatment of episodic migraine.

OBJECTIVE: Acupuncture and fremanezumab are second-line treatments for migraine prophylaxis. We aimed to compare acupuncture with fremanezumab in the preventive treatment of episodic migraine by using a matching-adjusted indirect comparison analysis (MAIC). METHODS: We acquired participant-level data from an acupuncture trial recruiting 302 participants and summary-level data from a fremanezumab trial recruiting 875 participants (290 participants received monthly fremanezumab [MF] and 291 received single-dose fremanezumab [SF]). The primary outcome was the mean reduction in monthly headache days. The secondary outcomes were the mean reduction in monthly moderate-to-severe headache days, days with acute medication, and the adverse events rate. RESULTS: Before matching, the acupuncture arm had significantly lower BMI, fewer headache days with at least moderate severity, and fewer days with acute medication. After matching, the baseline variables were comparable between groups. The three arms had no difference in the change of monthly migraine days (MF vs. acupuncture: mean difference 0.3, 95%CI -0.5 to 1.1, p-value = 0.473; SF vs. acupuncture: mean difference 0.5, 95%CI -0.3 to 1.3, p-value = 0.214). The results were similar in the analyses of secondary outcomes sensitivity analyses. Thirty-six (25%) participants in the acupuncture arm reported adverse events, versus 192(66%) participants in the MF arm and 193 (66%) in the SF arm. CONCLUSION: The preventive treatment effect of acupuncture is equivalent to fremanezumab, and it presented with a lower adverse event rate, which indicates that acupuncture can be an alternative to fremanezumab.

The SMART Safety: An empirical dataset for evidence synthesis of adverse events.

Evidence synthesis serves an important role to promote informed decision-making in healthcare practice. A key issue of evidence synthesis is the approach to deal with rare adverse events and the methods to address bias of harm effects. Empirical data is essential to help methodologists and statisticians to solve the issues in evidence synthesis of adverse events. For this reason, we have established SMART Safety dataset, the largest empirical dataset of meta-analyses of adverse events. The dataset contains 151 systematic reviews with 629 meta-analyses on safety outcomes, which covers more than 2,300 randomized controlled trials and 362 harm outcomes, with 10,069 rows and 45 columns of trial level information. All information was double- or even quadra-checked and further verified by referring the original source (e.g., the full-text of the included randomized trials) to ensure high validity of the data.

Generation of a human iPSC line CIPi003-A from a patient with focal epilepsy harboring a heterozygous mutation in DEPDC5 gene.

The DEPDC5 gene (OMIM 614191) has been proven to be a frequent cause of familial and sporadic focal epilepsy. A human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from a child diagnosed with focal epilepsy, which was caused by DEDPC5 mutation. The iPSC line expresses high pluripotency markers, carries the DEDPC5 mutation, and can differentiate into three germ layers in vitro. The iPSC lines offer a promising technique for studying the pathogenesis and conducting drug screening of DEDPC5-related epilepsy.

DLP fabrication of customized porous bioceramics with osteoinduction ability for remote isolation bone regeneration.

Currently, various bioceramics have been widely used in bone regeneration. However, it remains a huge challenge to remote isolation bone regeneration, such as severed finger regeneration. The remote isolation bone tissue has a poor regenerative microenvironment that lacks enough blood and nutrition supply. It is very difficult to repair and regenerate. In this study, well-controlled multi-level porous 3D-printed calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramic scaffolds with precision customized structures were fabricated by high-resolution digital light projection (DLP) printing technology for remote isolation bone regeneration. In vitro results demonstrated that optimizing material processing procedures could achieve multi-level control of 3D-printed CaP bioceramic scaffolds and enhance the osteoinduction ability of bioceramics effectively. In vivo results indicated that 3D-printed CaP bioceramic scaffolds constructed by optimized processing procedure exhibited a promising ability of bone regeneration and osteoinduction in ectopic osteogenesis and in situ caudal vertebrae regeneration in beagles. This study provided a promising strategy based on 3D-printed CaP bioceramic scaffolds constructed by optimized processing procedures for remote isolation bone regeneration, such as severed finger regeneration.

Silver nanoparticles anchored magnetic self-assembled carboxymethyl cellulose-ε-polylysine hybrids with synergetic antibacterial activity for wound infection therapy.

The severe bacterial infection and chronic wound healing caused by the abuse of antibiotics threaten the public health, which calls the need for the development of novel antibacterial agents and alternative therapeutic strategies. Herein, magnetic carboxymethyl cellulose-ε-polylysine hybrids (FCE) were synthesized via a facile one-pot coprecipitation method and further used as matrix to anchor silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The as-resulted Ag/FCE hybrids were employed to inactivate pathogenic bacteria and accelerate bacteria-infected wound healing with the assistance of H2O2. In vitro investigation revealed the combination of hydroxyl radical (·OH) originated from low concentration of H2O2 catalyzed by Ag/FCE and the antimicrobial activity of Ag NPs endowed effective antibacterial performance to the hybrids against both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Investigation on antibacterial mechanism indicated antibacterial activity of the synergetic strategy was achieved by destroying bacterial cell integrity, arresting metabolic, producing intracellular ROS, and oxidizing GSH. Additionally, in vivo assay exhibited Ag/FCE possessed satisfactory biocompatibility and effectively accelerated S. aureus-infected wound healing with the presence of low concentration of H2O2. Altogether, the presented results supported the great potential application of the synergistic antibacterial strategy for the therapy of bacterial-infected wound healing.

Propionate ameliorates diabetes-induced neurological dysfunction through regulating the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway.

A large body of research has established diabetes-related cognitive deterioration, sometimes known as "diabetic encephalopathy". Current evidence supports that oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, and cerebral microcirculation weakness are associated with cognition deficits induced by diabetes. The present study explores the effect of propionate on neurological deficits, cerebral blood flow, and oxidative stress in diabetic mice. Propionate in different doses (37.5, 75 and 150 mg/kg) was orally administrated daily. Here, we show that propionate can markedly improve neurological function, which is correlated with its capabilities of stimulating nitrogen monoxide (NO) production, increasing cerebral microcirculation, suppressing oxidative stress, and reducing neuron loss in the hippocampus. In addition, the results of Western Blotting indicated that the brain-protective function of propionate in streptozocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mice is related to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine protein kinase (Akt)/endothelial nitrogen monoxide synthase (eNOS) signaling pathway. In a diabetic mouse model, propionate reduces cerebral microcirculation, hippocampus apoptosis, and neurological impairment. Thus, propionate, now employed as a food preservative, may also help slow diabetes-induced cognitive loss.

Exploring Regional Advanced Manufacturing and Its Driving Factors: A Case Study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

This study aims to analyze the development trend of the manufacturing industry of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (from 2008 to 2018) by constructing an evaluation system. On the basis of push-pull-mooring theory, we analyze these factors by using an entropy and cluster model. The results show the following: (1) Technological development had an obvious spatial distribution pattern of core regional radiation, while others did not. (2) Economic development was based on the city's existing industrial development system, while environmental development depended on governmental policies. (3) Compared with the environmental factor, the development trends of the economic and technological factors were more similar. Lastly, we provide four strategies for the development of the manufacturing industry in different cities.

Efficacy of acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis: a trial sequential meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture is commonly used for migraine prophylaxis; however, evidence of its efficacy was equivocal. AIM: We aimed to evaluated the efficacy of acupuncture in migraine prophylaxis and calculated the required information size (RIS) to determine whether further clinical studies are required. METHODS: We searched Cochrane library, EMBASE and PubMed from inception to April 23th, 2020. Randomized trials that compared acupuncture with conventional drug therapy or sham acupuncture were included. The primary outcome was migraine episodes. Secondary outcomes were responder rate and adverse event. RESULTS: Twenty studies (n = 3380) met the inclusion criteria. When it comes to migraine episodes, Acupuncture was superior over sham acupuncture [SMD = - 0.29, 95% CI (- 0.47 to - 0.11), P = 0.002] after treatment, while the difference between acupuncture and prophylactic drugs was not significant [SMD = - 0.21, 95% CI (- 0.42 to 0.00), P = 0.06].Both TSA graphs indicated that more RCTs are needed. As for responder rate, the results after treatment showed that acupuncture was statistically significantly better than sham acupuncture [RR 1.30, 95% CI (1.09-1.55), P = 0.003] as well as conventional drugs [RR 1.24, 95% CI (1.04-1.48), P = 0.01]. Both of their cumulative Z-curves intersected with the trial sequential monitoring boundaries favoring acupuncture. Compared to prophylactic medication, acupuncture can cause less adverse events [RR 0.34, 95% CI (0.14-0.81), P = 0.01]. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture can reduce migraine episodes compared to sham one and can be an alternative and safe prophylactic treatment for conventional drugs therapy, but it should be further verified through more RCTs. Available studies suggested acupuncture was superior to sham acupuncture and conventional drugs in terms of responder rate as verified by TSA.

Slc20a2-Deficient Mice Exhibit Multisystem Abnormalities and Impaired Spatial Learning Memory and Sensorimotor Gating but Normal Motor Coordination Abilities.

BACKGROUND: Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC, OMIM#213600), also known as Fahr's disease, is a rare autosomal dominant or recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bilateral and symmetrical microvascular calcifications affecting multiple brain regions, particularly the basal ganglia (globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen) and thalamus. The most common clinical manifestations include cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric signs, and movement disorders. Loss-of-function mutations in SLC20A2 are the major genetic causes of PFBC. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether Slc20a2 knockout mice could recapitulate the dynamic processes and patterns of brain calcification and neurological symptoms in patients with PFBC. We comprehensively evaluated brain calcifications and PFBC-related behavioral abnormalities in Slc20a2-deficient mice. METHODS: Brain calcifications were analyzed using classic calcium-phosphate staining methods. The Morris water maze, Y-maze, and fear conditioning paradigms were used to evaluate long-term spatial learning memory, working memory, and episodic memory, respectively. Sensorimotor gating was mainly assessed using the prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex program. Spontaneous locomotor activity and motor coordination abilities were evaluated using the spontaneous activity chamber, cylinder test, accelerating rotor-rod, and narrowing balance beam tests. RESULTS: Slc20a2 homozygous knockout (Slc20a2-HO) mice showed congenital and global developmental delay, lean body mass, skeletal malformation, and a high proportion of unilateral or bilateral eye defects. Brain calcifications were detected in the hypothalamus, ventral thalamus, and midbrain early at postnatal day 80 in Slc20a2-HO mice, but were seldom found in Slc20a2 heterozygous knockout (Slc20a2-HE) mice, even at extremely old age. Slc20a2-HO mice exhibited spatial learning memory impairments and sensorimotor gating deficits while exhibiting normal working and episodic memories. The general locomotor activity, motor balance, and coordination abilities were not statistically different between Slc20a2-HO and wild-type mice after adjusting for body weight, which was a major confounding factor in our motor function evaluations. CONCLUSION: The human PFBC-related phenotypes were highly similar to those in Slc20a2-HO mice. Therefore, Slc20a2-HO mice might be suitable for the future evaluation of neuropharmacological intervention strategies targeting cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairments.

Case Report: Two Novel Frameshift Mutations in SLC20A2 and One Novel Splice Donor Mutation in PDGFB Associated With Primary Familial Brain Calcification.

Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC, OMIM#213600), also known as Fahr's disease, is characterized by bilateral and symmetric brain calcification in the basal ganglia (globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen), thalamus, subcortical white matter, and cerebellum. PFBC can be caused by loss-of-function mutations in any of the six known causative genes. The most common clinical manifestations include movement disorders, cognitive impairment, and neuropsychiatric signs that gradually emerge in middle-aged patients. To broaden the PFBC mutation spectrum, we examined nine members of a family with PFBC and two sporadic cases from clinical departments, and sequenced all PFBC-causative genes in the index case. Two novel frameshift mutations in SLC20A2 [NM_001257180.2; c.806delC, p.(Pro269Glnfs*49) and c.1154delG, p.(Ser385Ilefs*70)] and one novel splice donor site mutation (NM_002608.4, c.456+1G>C, r.436_456del) in PDGFB were identified in the patient cohort. c.806delC co-segregated with brain calcification and led to SLC20A2 haploinsufficiency among the affected family members. The c.456+1G>C mutation in PDGFB resulted in aberrant mRNA splicing, thereby forming mature transcripts containing an in-frame 21 base pair (bp) deletion, which might create a stably truncated protein [p.(Val146_Gln152del)] and exert a dominant negative effect on wild-type PDGFB. All three mutations were located in highly conserved regions among multiple species and predicted to be pathogenic, as evaluated by at least eight common genetic variation scoring systems. This study identified three novel mutations in SLC20A2 and PDGFB, which broadened and enriched the PFBC mutation spectrum.

18ß-Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates demyelination by modulating the microglial M1/M2 phenotype in a mouse model of cuprizone-induced demyelination.

This research aimed to examine the nutritious supplementary function of 18ß-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18ß-GA) in moderating the myelin sheath destruction and behavioral impairments observed in the cuprizone model of demyelination. Mice were fed daily on food containing cuprizone (0.3 %) and given doses of 18ß-GA (5 or 1 mg/kg) for a period of five weeks. The groups treated with 18ß-GA exhibited improvements in exploratory behavior, locomotive activity, and weight. As assessed using luxol-fast blue and myelin basic protein (MBP) staining, which were used to detect demyelination in the brain, 18ß-GA both reduced and prevented instances of cuprizone-induced demyelinating lesions; treatment with 18ß-GA also caused the MBP level in the corpus callosum to increase. Furthermore, alongside these positive results following 18ß-GA treatment, microglial polarisation was also observed to shift towards the beneficial M2 phenotype. The results of this research thus indicate the potential clinical application of 18ß-GA for the prevention of myelin damage and behavioral dysfunction.

Insulin injections inhibits PTZ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neurological deficits via the SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 pathway.

With an associated 20% death risk, epilepsy mainly involves seizures of an unpredictable and recurrent nature. This study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of insulin on mitochondrial disruption, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and neurological deficits after epilepsy seizures. Mice were exposed to repetitive injections of pentylenetetrazol at a dose of 37 mg per kg. The influence of insulin was assessed by many biochemical assays, histopathological studies and neurobehavioral experiments. The administration of insulin was proven to increase the latency of seizures while also decreasing their intensity. It also caused a reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction and ameliorated oxidative stress. Additionally, insulin pretreatment upregulated Bcl-2, downregulated Bax, and then played a neuroprotective role against hippocampal neuron apoptosis. Furthermore, when insulin was administered, SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 signals were activated, possibly due to the fact that insulin's neuroprotective and anti-mitochondrial damage characteristics added to its observed antiepileptic functions. Finally, insulin treatment is thus extremely valuable for effecting improvements in neurological functions, as has been estimated in a series of functional tests. In conclude, the results of this study consequently demonstrate insulin to have significant potential for future application in epilepsy management.