Computed tomography-based texture analysis of bladder cancer: differentiating urothelial carcinoma from micropapillary carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to determine the feasibility of using computed tomography-based texture analysis (CTTA) in differentiating between urothelial carcinomas (UC) of the bladder from micropapillary carcinomas (MPC) of the bladder. METHODS: Regions of interests (ROIs) of computerized tomography (CT) images of 33 MPCs and 33 UCs were manually segmented and saved. Custom MATLAB code was used to extract voxel information corresponding to the ROI. The segmented tumors were input to a pre-existing radiomics platform with a CTTA panel. A total of 58 texture metrics were extracted using four different texture extraction techniques and statistically analyzed using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test to determine the differences between UCs and MPCs. RESULTS: Of the 58 texture metrics extracted using the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and gray level difference matrix (GLDM), 28 texture metrics were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for differences in tumor textures and 27 texture metrics were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for peritumoral fat textures. The remaining nine metrics extracted using histogram and fast Fourier transform analyses did not show significant differences between the textures of the tumors and their peritumoral fat. CONCLUSIONS: CTTA shows that MPC have a more heterogeneous texture compared to UC. As visual discrimination of MPC from UC from clinical CT scans are difficult, results from this study suggest that tumor heterogeneity extracted using GLCM and GLDM may be a good imaging aid in segregating MPC from UC. This tool can aid clinicians in further sub-classifying bladder cancers on routine imaging, a process which has potential to alter treatment and patient care.

[From custody to scientific therapy: Wei Yu-lin's contribution to the founding of the Peiping Municipal Psychopathic Hospital].

In August 1908, the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the Qing Dynasty established a pauper reformatory, attached to it was a lunatic asylum, which was the first of its kind set up by the Government. In December 1917, with the restructuring of the pauper reformatory, the asylum became an independent organization called asylum for the maniac which was jointly reorganized by Peping Union Medical College (PUMC) and the Bureau of Public Welfare and renamed it as Peiping Municipal Psychopathic Hospital, with Wei Yu-lin as the director. Led by Dr. Wei Yun-lin, tremendous efforts were made to improve sanitary condition and physical comfort of the patients. Professional treatment system was set up, including psychiatric social service, occupational therapy, and psychotherapy, symbolizing the transformation of an old asylum to a modern mental hospital.

[Tsan Ting and his practice on psychoanalysis].

Tsan Ting entered the Department of Psychology of Nanjing Central University in 1931 and graduated in 1935, then went to the private Peking Union Medical College for graduate studies, where he received specialized training in psychoanalysis. Later Tsan Ting stayed in the neurology and public health department and worked in the mental health outpatients in Peiping Established First Health Offices, private Beijing Yuying Secondary School, the Peking Renli Carpet Factory there he applied psychoanalysis to cure patients. In 1940, Tsan Ting left Peiping and went to Chongqing, where he became the head of Mental Health Section of the Central Health Academy. During this period, Tsan Ting applied psychoanalysis to case investigation and child behavior guidance. He not only applied psychoanalysis in practice, but also studied psychoanalysis with an objective, complex-evidenced and critical attitude and was a proponent for psychoanalysis in a scientific and popular form. He introduced psychiatry and psychosomaticism associated with psychoanalysis and pushed forward the establishment of medical psychology in our country. Tsan Ting is the practitioner, researcher and proponent of psychoanalysis as well as the promoter of psychology.