Ubiquitin-induced RNF168 condensation promotes DNA double-strand break repair.

Rapid accumulation of repair factors at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential for DSB repair. Several factors involved in DSB repair have been found undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) at DSB sites to facilitate DNA repair. RNF168, a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, catalyzes H2A.X ubiquitination for recruiting DNA repair factors. Yet, whether RNF168 undergoes LLPS at DSB sites remains unclear. Here, we identified K63-linked polyubiquitin-triggered RNF168 condensation which further promoted RNF168-mediated DSB repair. RNF168 formed liquid-like condensates upon irradiation in the nucleus while purified RNF168 protein also condensed in vitro. An intrinsically disordered region containing amino acids 460-550 was identified as the essential domain for RNF168 condensation. Interestingly, LLPS of RNF168 was significantly enhanced by K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, and LLPS largely enhanced the RNF168-mediated H2A.X ubiquitination, suggesting a positive feedback loop to facilitate RNF168 rapid accumulation and its catalytic activity. Functionally, LLPS deficiency of RNF168 resulted in delayed recruitment of 53BP1 and BRCA1 and subsequent impairment in DSB repair. Taken together, our finding demonstrates the pivotal effect of LLPS in RNF168-mediated DSB repair.

RAP80 phase separation at DNA double-strand break promotes BRCA1 recruitment.

RAP80 has been characterized as a component of the BRCA1-A complex and is responsible for the recruitment of BRCA1 to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, we and others found that the recruitment of RAP80 and BRCA1 were not absolutely temporally synchronized, indicating that other mechanisms, apart from physical interaction, might be implicated. Recently, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has been characterized as a novel mechanism for the organization of key signaling molecules to drive their particular cellular functions. Here, we characterized that RAP80 LLPS at DSB was required for RAP80-mediated BRCA1 recruitment. Both cellular and in vitro experiments showed that RAP80 phase separated at DSB, which was ascribed to a highly disordered region (IDR) at its N-terminal. Meanwhile, the Lys63-linked poly-ubiquitin chains that quickly formed after DSBs occur, strongly enhanced RAP80 phase separation and were responsible for the induction of RAP80 condensation at the DSB site. Most importantly, abolishing the condensation of RAP80 significantly suppressed the formation of BRCA1 foci, encovering a pivotal role of RAP80 condensates in BRCA1 recruitment and radiosensitivity. Together, our study disclosed a new mechanism underlying RAP80-mediated BRCA1 recruitment, which provided new insight into the role of phase separation in DSB repair.

Effects of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for anorectal function in locally advanced rectal cancer patients: a study protocol for a prospective, observational, controlled, multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) and total mesorectal excision are standard treatment regimen for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). This sphincter-saving treatment strategy may be accompanied by a series of anorectal functional disorders. Yet, prospective studies that dynamically evaluating the respective roles of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery on anorectal function are lacking. PATIENTS/DESIGN: The study is a prospective, observational, controlled, multicentre study. After screening for eligibility and obtaining informed consent, a total of 402 LARC patients undergoing NCRT followed by surgery, or neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery, or surgery only would be included in the trial. The primary outcome measure is the average resting pressure of anal sphincter. The secondary outcome measures are maximum anal sphincter contraction pressure, Wexner continence score and low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) score. Evaluations will be carried out at the following stages: baseline (T1), after radiotherapy or chemotherapy (before surgery, T2), after surgery (before closing the temporary stoma, T3), and at follow-up visits (every 3 to 6 months, T4, T5……). Follow-up for each patient will be at least 2 years. DISCUSSION: We expect the program to provide more information of neoadjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy on anorectal function, and to optimize the treatment strategy to reduce anorectal dysfunction for LARC patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05671809). Registered on 26 December 2022.

The effect of recombinant human epidermal growth factor on radiation dermatitis in rectal and anal cancer patients: a self-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Our previous study reported that recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF)-triggered EGFR internalization promoted radioresistance. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of rhEGF on the skin protection of rectal and anal cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-three rectal and anal cancer patients who received radiotherapy were prospectively enrolled from January 2019 to December 2020. To perform self-controlled study, the left and right pelvic skin area (separated by midline) were randomly assigned to the rhEGF and control side. The association between radiation dermatitis and factors including rhEGF, the dose of radiotherapy and tumor distance from anal edge were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 193 enrolled patients, 41 patients (21.2%) did not develop radiation dermatitis, and 152 patients (78.8%) suffered radiation dermatitis on at least one side of pelvic skin at the end of radiotherapy. For the effect on radiation dermatitis grade, rhEGF had improved effect on 6 (4.0%) patients, detrimental effect on 2 (1.3%) patients, and no effect on 144 (94.7%) patients. Whereas for the effect on radiation dermatitis area, rhEGF showed improved effect on the radiation dermatitis area of 46 (30.2%) patients, detrimental effect on 15 (9.9%) patients, and no effect on 91 (59.9%) patients. The radiation dermatitis area of rhEGF side was significantly smaller than that of control side (P = 0.0007). CONCLUSIONS: rhEGF is a skin protective reagent for rectal and anal cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry identifier: ChiCTR1900020842; Date of registration: 20/01/2019.

A comparability study of immunohistochemical assays for PD-L1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein expression by immunohistochemistry is a promising biomarker for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma. There are a number of commercially available PD-L1 assays. Our study aimed to compare the analytical performance of different PD-L1 assays and evaluate the reliability of pathologists in PD-L1 scoring. Consecutive sections from tumor samples from 55 patients with surgically resected primary hepatocellular carcinoma were stained with four standardized PD-L1 assays (22C3, 28-8, SP142, and SP263). We also correlated the PD-L1 protein level by immunohistochemistry with the mRNA level of those genes associated with tumor immune microenvironment by the NanoString platform. Five pathologists independently assessed PD-L1 expression on tumor cells [tumor proportion score] together with tumor-infiltrating immune cells (combined positive score). The 22C3, 28-8, and SP263 assays had comparable sensitivity in detecting PD-L1 expression, whereas the SP142 assay was the least sensitive assay. The inter-assay agreement measured by intraclass correlation coefficients for the tumor proportion score and combined positive score were 0.646 and 0.780, respectively. The inter-rater agreement was good to excellent (the overall intraclass correlation coefficient for the tumor proportion score and combined positive score was 0.946 and 0.809, respectively). Pathologists were less reliable in scoring combined positive score than tumor proportion score, particularly when using the SP142 assay. Up to 18% of samples were misclassified by individual pathologists in comparison to the consensus score at the cutoff of combined positive score ≥ 1. The combined positive score by the 22C3 assay demonstrated the strongest correlation with immune-related gene mRNA signatures, closely followed by combined positive scores by the 28-8 and SP263 assays. In conclusion, the 22C3, 28-8, and SP263 assays are highly concordant in PD-L1 scoring and suggest the interchangeability of these three assays. Further improvement of the accuracy in assessing PD-L1 expression at a low cutoff is still necessary.

Early prediction of intestinal mucosal barrier function impairment by elevated serum procalcitonin in rats with severe acute pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels as a prognostic indicator of intestinal barrier function impairment in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS: Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly grouped into SAP group (injected sodium taurocholate via biliopancreatic duct), Gln group (gavaged with glutamine after modeling), and control group. Blood, pancreatic, and terminal ileum tissues were obtained from the rats after 6 h of modeling. Serum amylase (Amy) levels were determined using an automatic biochemical detector, while endotoxin (ET), diamine oxidase (DAO), and PCT levels were measured by ELISA test. The pathology of pancreatic and small intestine tissues were observed. PCT protein expression in intestinal tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot. RESULT: Pancreatic and intestinal injuries in Gln group were significantly lower than SAP group. Serum amylase, DAO, and PCT levels in SAP and Gln groups differed greatly and were significantly higher than control group. Immuno-histochemistry and western blot results showed that PCT protein expression levels in small intestine tissues of SAP group were higher than Gln group and control group. Serum PCT levels had a significant correlation with serum endotoxin, DAO levels and intestinal mucosal injury scores. CONCLUSION: PCT expression in serum and intestinal tissues in SAP rats increased significantly in the early stages of SAP, and was closely related to the onset and degree of intestinal barrier function impairment. Thus, our results showed that measuring serum PCT can be used to predict intestinal mucosal barrier function impairment in SAP rats.

Phosphorylated p38, a negative prognostic biomarker, complements TNM staging prognostication in colorectal cancer.

Phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) played a pivotal role in the regulation of disease progression and correlated with tumor prognosis. Here, we characterized the prognostic effect of p-p38 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Three hundred and sixteen CRC patients in stages I-III were recruited in this study. P-p38 expression was semi-quantitatively evaluated using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry staining. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), local failure-free survival (LFFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) of patient subgroups, segregated by p-p38 expression level and clinical stage, were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. We found that p-p38 was overexpressed in 48.1 % (152/316) CRC tissues, whereas low or deficiently expressed in normal adjacent epithelia. Overexpression of p-p38 predicted poor OS (P < 0.001), DFS (P = 0.002), LFFS (P = 0.016), and DMFS (P = 0.025) in CRC. Importantly, patient subgroups in the early stage (stages I + II) and with low p-p38 had similar OS, PFS, LFFS, and DMFS probabilities to that of stage I, whereas those with high p-p38 were similar to stage III disease. In addition, for stage III disease, the subgroup with low p-p38 had a similar survival probability to that of stage I, whereas the subgroup with high p-p38 had the worst survival. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed that p-p38 was indeed a significantly independent factor for death, recurrence, and distant metastases in CRC. Our results demonstrated that p-p38 was a negative independent prognostic factor for CRC. Complementing TNM staging with p-p38 might refine the risk definition more accurately for a subset of patients.

Prognosis value of mitotic kinase Aurora-A for primary duodenal adenocarcinoma.

Others and we have demonstrated that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and transcriptionally upregulated Aurora-A are required for disease progression in several tumors. We investigated the clinicopathological value of HIF-1α and Aurora-A in primary duodenal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Using immunohistochemistry, we evaluated Aurora-A and HIF-1α expression semiquantitatively in 140 PDA cases. There were 76 cases from one institute that formed the training set; 64 cases from another two institutes were used as the testing set to validate the prognostic value of Aurora-A and HIF-1α expression. Aurora-A expression was high or sufficient in the tumor zone, whereas expression was low in the adjacent normal epithelia. High Aurora-A expression, identified using the training set receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis-generated cutoff score, predicted poorer overall survival both in the testing set (18.0 vs. 45.1 %, P = 0.001) and training set (23.1 vs. 53.9 %, P = 0.011). Multivariate Cox regression confirmed that Aurora-A was an independent prognostic factor. Contrary to previous studies, we did not detect any correlation between Aurora-A and HIF-1α. Survival analysis showed that HIF-1α level was not correlated with patient outcome (P = 0.466). Activation of Aurora-A, an independent negative prognostic biomarker, might be used to identify particular PDA patients for more selective therapy.

Phase separation in DNA double-strand break response.

DNA double-strand break (DSB) is the most dangerous type of DNA damage, which may lead to cell death or oncogenic mutations. Homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) are two typical DSB repair mechanisms. Recently, many studies have revealed that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) plays a pivotal role in DSB repair and response. Through LLPS, the crucial biomolecules are quickly recruited to damaged sites with a high concentration to ensure DNA repair is conducted quickly and efficiently, which facilitates DSB repair factors activating downstream proteins or transmitting signals. In addition, the dysregulation of the DSB repair factor's phase separation has been reported to promote the development of a variety of diseases. This review not only provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging roles of LLPS in the repair of DSB but also sheds light on the regulatory patterns of phase separation in relation to the DNA damage response (DDR).

Beclin 1 activation enhances chemosensitivity and predicts a favorable outcome for primary duodenal adenocarcinoma.

We and others had proven that hypoxia-induced autophagy was essential to regulate cancer cell destiny under anticancer therapeutic stress. Here, we addressed the clinicopathologic effect of HIF-1α and autophagic Beclin 1 in primary duodenal adenocarcinoma (PDA). HIF-1α and Beclin 1 expression level were semi-quantitatively evaluated using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in 141 PDA patients. Among these patients, 77 acted as training set to select HIF-1α and Beclin 1 IHC cutoff score for patient outcome, and 64 cases were used as testing set to evaluate their prognostic effect. We found that Beclin 1 was cytoplasmic overexpressed, defined by training set fixed cutoff point, in 49.6 % PDA tissue, compared to 46.8 % patients had HIF-1α high expression. In testing set, Beclin 1 overexpression predicted a superior 5-year overall survival (OS) in both univariate (P = 0.010) and multivariate (P = 0.017) analyses. However, we did not detect any correlation between HIF-1α level and patient prognosis (P = 0.989). Significantly, among Beclin 1 overexpressed patients, radical surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy had a 23.1-month OS improvement than given radical surgery alone (59.2 vs 36.1 months; P = 0.01). For Beclin 1 lowly expressed patients, radical surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy and given radical surgery alone had the similar OS (P = 0.283). Contrary to previous studies, we failed to detect any correlation between Beclin 1 and HIF-1α levels in PDA (correlation coefficient 0.217, P = 0.099). In conclusions, our results confirmed that Beclin 1 was a favorable prognostic biomarker for PDA, and might be used to identify particular patients for more selective therapy.

Screening for differentially methylated genes among human colorectal cancer tissues and normal mucosa by microarray chip.

UNLABELLED: High density DNA methylation microarrays were used to study the differences of gene methylation level in six pairs of colorectal cancer (CRC) and adjacent normal mucosa. We analyzed the profile of methylated genes by NimbleGen Microarray and the biologic functions by NIH-NAVID. In addition, preliminary validation studies were done in six pairs of samples by MSP (methylation-specific PCR). A total of 4,644 genes had a difference in methylation levels. Among them 2,296 were hypermethylated (log2ratio > 1), 2,348 genes were hypomethylated (log2ratio < -1), in which 293 hypermethylated and 313 hypomethylated genes were unmapped according to the NIH-NAVID. All these genes were randomly distributed on all the chromosomes. However, chromosome 1 contained the most of the hypermethylated genes (232 genes), followed by chromosome 19 (149 genes), chromosome 11 (144 genes), chromosome 2 (141 genes), chromosomes 3 (127 genes). Through the analysis of the statistics, There were 2 hypermethylated/3 hypomethylated genes involved in six pairs of samples simultaneously, followed by 10/14 in five samples, 34/37 in four samples, 101/113 in three samples, 341/377 in two samples, 1,808/1,804 in one sample. According to gene ontology analysis, some physiological processes play important roles in the cell division and the development of tumor, such as apoptosis, DNA repair, immune, cell cycle, cell cycle checkpoint, cell adhesion and invasion etc. Through Preliminary validation, there were two genes (St3gal6, Opcml) in thirty top-ranking genes shown hypermethylated in six pairs of CRC and adjacent normal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: High density DNA methylation microarrays is an effective method for screening aberrantly methylated genes in CRC. The methylated genes should be further studied for diagnostic or prognostic markers for CRC.

Liquid-liquid phase separation in DNA double-strand breaks repair.

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the fatal type of DNA damage mostly induced by exposure genome to ionizing radiation or genotoxic chemicals. DSBs are mainly repaired by homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). To repair DSBs, a large amount of DNA repair factors was observed to be concentrated at the end of DSBs in a specific spatiotemporal manner to form a repair center. Recently, this repair center was characterized as a condensate derived from liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of key DSBs repair factors. LLPS has been found to be the mechanism of membraneless organelles formation and plays key roles in a variety of biological processes. In this review, the recent advances and mechanisms of LLPS in the formation of DSBs repair-related condensates are summarized.

CiRS-7 Enhances the Liquid-liquid Phase Separation of miRISC and Promotes DNA Damage Repair.

Noncoding RNAs have been found to play important roles in DNA damage repair, whereas the participation of circRNA remains undisclosed. Here, we characterized ciRS-7, a circRNA containing over 70 putative miR-7-binding sites, as an enhancer of miRISC condensation and DNA repair. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed the condensation of TNRC6B and AGO2, two core protein components of human miRISC. Moreover, overexpressing ciRS-7 largely increased the condensate number of TNRC6B and AGO2 in cells, while silencing ciRS-7 reduced it. Additionally, miR-7 overexpression also promoted miRISC condensation. Consistent with the previous report that AGO2 participated in RAD51-mediated DNA damage repair, the overexpression of ciRS-7 significantly promoted irradiation-induced DNA damage repair by enhancing RAD51 recruitment. Our results uncover a new role of circRNA in liquid-liquid phase separation and provide new insight into the regulatory mechanism of ciRS-7 on miRISC function and DNA repair.

Aurora-A activation, correlated with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, promotes radiochemoresistance and predicts poor outcome for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Previously, we and others showed that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and transcriptionally upregulated Aurora-A were required for disease progression in several tumors. Here, we address the clinicopathologic value of Aurora-A and HIF-1α in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Aurora-A and HIF-1α expression was semiquantitatively evaluated by immunohistochemistry staining in 144 cases from a randomized controlled trial. Of these patients, 69 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and acted as the training set, and 75 cases treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy were used as the testing set to validate the prognostic effect of Aurora-A and HIF-1α. We found that Aurora-A and HIF-1α were highly expressed in NPC, but were deficient in normal adjacent epithelia. In the testing set, Aurora-A overexpression predicted a shortened 5-year overall survival (59.1% vs 82.5%, P = 0.024), progression-free survival (44.8% vs 79.8%, P = 0.004), and distant metastasis-free survival (43.0% vs 17.3%, P = 0.016). Multivariate regression analysis confirmed that Aurora-A was indeed an independent prognostic factor for death, recurrence, and distant metastasis both in the testing set and overall patients. Moreover, a positive correlation between Aurora-A and HIF-1α was detected (P = 0.037). Importantly, although HIF-1α did not show any prognostic effect for patient outcome, the subset with Aurora-A and HIF-1α co-overexpression had the poorest overall, progression-free, and distant metastasis-free survival (all P < 0.05). Our results confirmed that Aurora-A was an independent prognostic factor for NPC. Aurora-A combined with HIF-1α refined the risk definition of the patient subset, thus potentially directing locally advanced NPC patients for more selective therapy.

NOP53 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation and promotes tumor radio-resistance.

Aberrant DNA damage response (DDR) axis remains the major molecular mechanism for tumor radio-resistance. We recently characterized liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) as an essential mechanism of DDR, and identified several key DDR factors as potential LLPS proteins, including nucleolar protein NOP53. In this study, we found that NOP53 formed highly concentrated droplets in vivo and in vitro, which had liquid-like properties including the fusion of adjacent condensates, rapid fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and the sensitivity to 1,6-hexanediol. Moreover, the intrinsically disordered region 1 (IDR1) is required for NOP53 phase separation. In addition, multivalent-arginine-rich linear motifs (M-R motifs), which are enriched in NOP53, were essential for its nucleolar localization, but were dispensable for the LLPS of NOP53. Functionally, NOP53 silencing diminished tumor cell growth, and significantly sensitized colorectal cancer (CRC) cells to radiotherapy. Mechanically, NOP53 negatively regulated p53 pathway in CRC cells treated with or without radiation. Importantly, data from clinical samples confirmed a correlation between NOP53 expression and tumor radio-resistance. Together, these results indicate an important role of NOP53 in radio-resistance, and provide a potential target for tumor radio-sensitization.

Expression Pattern and Prognostic Value of CTLA-4, CD86, and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Rectal Cancer after Neoadjuvant Chemo(radio)therapy.

The synergistic effect of combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy (nCRT) in colorectal cancer is still limited. We aimed to understand the impact of nCRT on the tumor microenvironment and to explore favorable immune markers of this combination. Herein, we investigated the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), CD86, CD4, and CD8 after nCRT and its association with clinicopathological characteristics. Immunostaining of immune-related molecules was performed in 255 surgically resected specimens from rectal cancer patients treated with nCRT. CD4 and CD8 expression on the tumor (tCD4/CD8), stroma (sCD4/CD8), and invasive front (iCD4/CD8) was evaluated. The expression levels of immune-related molecules were significantly lower in the nCRT-treated group, except for CTLA-4 and sCD8. However, patients with higher sCD8+ cell density and CTLA-4 expression had better progression-free survival (PFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). In addition, higher CD86 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS). Higher CTLA-4 expression was associated with higher tCD8+ cell density, whereas CD86 expression was correlated with the cell density of t/sCD8. Prognostic analysis confirmed that the relationships between CTLA-4 and DMFS as well as CD86 and OS were significantly correlated in low rather than high CD8+ cell density. Further the combination of CD8+ cell density and CD86 expression was shown to be an independent prognostic factor of OS, whereas the combination of CTLA-4 was not for DMFS. Together, these results demonstrate significant correlations between CD86 expression and t/sCD8+ cell density in rectal cancer after nCRT and could potentially have clinical implications for combining ICIs and nCRT.

Fibroblast CEBPD/SDF4 axis in response to chemotherapy-induced angiogenesis through CXCR4.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an essential role in supporting cancer progression. However, the details and consequent effects in response to the communication between CAFs and angiogenesis remain largely uninvestigated, especially in anticancer drug treatments. We found that cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil could induce fibroblast differentiation toward myofibroblasts via CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) and consequently promote proliferation, migration, and in vitro tube formation of vascular endothelial cells and angiogenesis in vivo. Stromal-cell-derived factor 4 (SDF4) is responsive to anticancer drugs via CEBPD activation in CAFs and contributes to create a permissive environment for tumor cell angiogenesis and promotion of distant metastasis. Importantly, we demonstrated that SDF4 interacts with CXCR4 to trigger VEGFD expression through the activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 pathways in endothelial cells. Taken together, our novel findings support that SDF4 can be a therapeutic target in inhibition of angiogenesis for chemotherapy drug-administrated cancer patients.

NONO phase separation enhances DNA damage repair by accelerating nuclear EGFR-induced DNA-PK activation.

Radioresistance is one of the main causes of cancer treatment failure, which leads to relapse and inferior survival outcome of cancer patients. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins is known to be involved in various biological processes, whereas its role in the regulation of radiosensitivity remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized NONO, an RNA/DNA binding protein with LLPS capacity, as an essential regulator of tumor radioresistance. In vitro assay showed that NONO involved in DNA repair via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) manner. NONO knockout significantly reduced DNA damage repair and sensitized tumor cells to irradiation in vitro and in vivo. NONO overexpression was correlated with an inferior survival outcome in cancer patients. Mechanically, NONO was associated with nuclear EGFR (nEGFR). Both irradiation and EGF treatment induced nEGFR accumulation, thereby increased the association between NONO and nEGFR. However, NONO was not a substrate of EGFR kinase. Furthermore, NONO promoted DNA damage-induced DNA-PK phosphorylation at T2609 by enhancing the interaction between EGFR and DNA-PK. Importantly, NONO protein formed high concentration LLPS droplets in vitro, and recruited EGFR and DNA-PK. Disruption of NONO droplets with LLPS inhibitor significantly reduced the interaction between EGFR and DNA-PK, and suppressed DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of T2609-DNA-PK. Taken together, LLPS of NONO recruits nuclear EGFR and DNA-PK and enhances their interaction, further increases DNA damage-activated pT2609-DNA-PK and promotes NHEJ-mediated DNA repair, finally leads to tumor radioresistance. NONO phase separation-mediated radioresistance may serve as a novel molecular target to sensitize tumor cell to radiotherapy.

Pathologic-Based Nomograms for Predicting Overall Survival and Disease-Free Survival Among Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer.

PURPOSE: Preoperative neoadjuvant therapy is standard before surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer in current clinical treatment. However, patients with the same clinical TNM stage before treatment vary in clinical outcomes. More and more studies noted that pathological findings after preoperative neoadjuvant therapy are better prognostic factors to determine prognosis than clinical TNM stage in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate models based on pathological findings to predict overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 3026 patients from two hospitals were included. The endpoint was OS and DFS. Significant predictors of OS on multivariate analysis were used to establish the nomogram. RESULTS: The Harrell's C index for OS prediction was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.77) in the training cohort, 0.66 (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.72) and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.73) in the internal and external validation cohorts. Using this nomogram, high- and low-risk groups for OS were defined in the training cohort. The 3-year OS was 78.1% (95% CI: 72.4-84.2%) for the high-risk group and 95% (95% CI: 93.6-96.5%) in the low-risk group (HR: 4.42, 95% CI: 3.22-6.05; P<0.001). This finding was also applied in the two external cohorts. Similarly, a nomogram that contained the same indices was developed and validated to predict for DFS. CONCLUSION: Nomograms based on pathological findings are a reliable tool to predict 3-year OS and DFS rate in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

Glycosylation of Siglec15 promotes immunoescape and tumor growth.

Siglec15 is a recently characterized immunosuppressive transmembrane protein, which expresses in various types of solid tumors and promotes cancer development. Several studies reported that Siglec15 is a prognostic biomarker of cancer patients, and targeting Siglec15 may be a promising strategy for cancer therapy. However, the regulation of Siglec15 function remains unclear. Here we show that the immunosuppression activity of Siglec15 is largely modulated by N-glycosylation. Through mass spectrum and site mutation analysis, we identified that Siglec15 was extensively glycosylated at N172 (N173 for mouse) in cancer cells. Meanwhile, Siglec15 N172Q had a similar molecular weight with PNGase-F-treated Siglec15, suggesting N172 as the only one glycosylation residue. In xenograft model, glycosylation deficiency of Siglec15 reduced tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice, but had no impact in nude mice, indicating the requirement of N-glycosylation for immunosuppressive function of Siglec15. Furthermore, colorectal cancer patients with high Siglec15 expression had a poor response to neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy and short survival time. Interestingly, removal of N-glycosylation enhances the detection of Siglec15, which may be employed in the prediction of immunotherapy response. Together, our results disclose a pivotal role of glycosylated Siglec15 in tumor immune escape, which may be a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.