Polymorphisms and expressions of ADSL, MC4R and CAPN1 genes and their effects on economic traits in Egyptian chicken breeds.

In recent years, strategic plans for poultry production have emphasized quantitative traits, particularly body weight and carcass traits (meat yield), in response to overpopulation challenges. Candidate genes such as adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R), and calpain 1 (CAPN1) have played vital roles in this context due to their associations with muscle growth and body composition. This study aims to investigate the influence of polymorphisms and gene expressions of the aforementioned genes on body weight (BW), growth rate (GR), breast weight (BrW), and thigh weight (TW) across four distinct chicken breeds: Fayoumi, Matrouh, Mamourah, and Leghorn. The use of PCR-SSCP analysis revealed genetic polymorphisms through the identification of various patterns (genotypes) within the three examined genes. The ADSL, MC4R, and CAPN1 genes exhibited five, three, and two different genotypes, respectively. These polymorphisms displayed promising connections with enhancing economically significant production traits, particularly BW, BrW and TW. Furthermore, gene expression analyses were conducted on breast and thigh tissues obtained from the chicken breeds at 60 days of age, where ADSL and MC4R exhibited a noteworthy up-regulation in Fayoumi and Matrouh breeds, and down-regulation in Mamourah and Leghorn. In contrast, CAPN1 expression decreased across most breeds with a slight increase noted in Fayoumi breed. In conclusion, this investigation underscores the substantial impact of ADSL, MC4R, and CAPN1 genes on economically important production traits within Egyptian domestic chicken breeds. Consequently, these genes emerge as significant molecular markers, holding potential utility in avian selection and breeding programs aimed at enhancing productive performance.

Various investigations of ameliorative role of Ashwagandha seeds (Withania somnifera) against amoxicillin toxicity.

Several studies showed the adverse effects of amoxicillin on various body organs. So, this research has been designed to evaluate the modulatory role of Ashwagandha seed extract (ASE) against amoxicillin (AM) toxicity. Rats treated with AM (90 mg/kg), protected by ASE doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg), and treated by ASE at the same three doses. At the end of the experimental period, DNA comet assay, cytogenetic examinations, sperm-shape analysis, evaluation of the malondialdehyde (MDA) percentages, histopathological examinations, and biophysical tests (modulus, relaxation time, permittivity, entropy, and internal energy change of brain) were documented. The results confirmed that AM treatment induced significant elevation of DNA damage, cytogenetic aberrations, and MDA content in brain, liver, and testis tissues and sperm-shape anomalies. ASE treatment significantly minimized the genetic changes, sperm-shape anomalies, and MDA generation. These enhancements were more pronounced by protective ASE and increased by increasing the dose level. In histopathological examinations, AM treatment caused neurotoxicity in brain tissue. ASE treatment, partially, minimized these damages and the positive effects of therapeutic ASE were more noticeable. Biophysical parameters showed that therapeutic ASE was better for relaxation time, permittivity, and free energy change. Protective and therapeutic ASE were able to recover entropy and internal energy changes in variant degrees.

Detection of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 from Arabian Horses with different clinical presentations between 2016-2019 in Egypt.

Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important virus causing pathological disorders in horses. This highly contagious pathogen causes persistent outbreaks of upper respiratory tract infection, ocular affections, abortion, and neurological disorders with high mortality in Arabian horses in Egypt. The quick and accurate diagnosis is important to broaden our understanding about EHV-1 in the field, and to implicate stronger preventive, and control measures. Sixty-six Arabian horses from Cairo and Giza governorates were sampled from respiratory, abortigenic and neurological outbreaks over a period of 4 years. EHV-1 was diagnosed in these cases by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody against EHV-1 glycoprotein B and molecular detection using gB, ORF33 specific real-time PCR. EHV-1 was detected in 25 cases, mostly from abortigenic outbreaks (14 abortions, 3 stillbirths, and two early neonatal deaths), in addition to 5 respiratory affections and single EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy. Molecular characterization revealed that the ORF33 sequences from this study were almost identical and closely related to the European EHV-1 strains. Furthermore, no difference in the amino acid sequences compared to previously published EHV-1 sequences from Egypt. The data in this study provides some insights about the prevalance of EHV-1 infection in Arabian horses, discusses EHV-1 diagnostic approaches, highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and the importance of pregnant mare vaccination, and adds to the previous knowledge about EHV-1 in Egypt which may help in better controlling EHV-1 infections in the future.

A study on mutation points of GDF9 gene and their association with prolificacy in Egyptian small ruminants.

BACKGROUND: Genetic variants of the GDF9 gene were considered to be the potent gene markers for improving fecundity traits in Egyptian sheep and goats. Also, these favorable gene variants could be applied in the breeding program by gene-assisted selection (GAS), aiming towards the potential amelioration of reproduction and production in such small ruminants. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the genetic variants of the GDF9 gene on fecundity traits including the mean number of lambing "MNL" and mean number of twin production "MNTP" of Egyptian sheep and goats. RESULTS: This experiment involved 113 mothers, 83 of sheep and 30 of goats, at first, second, third, and fourth parity, and also 26 young females, 12 of sheep and 14 of goats at age of sexual maturation. T-ARMS-PCR analysis was performed on five mutation points (G1, G4, G6, G7, and G8). In sheep, the heterozygous mothers of G4 had significant elevation (P ≤ 0.05) of MNL and MNTP than wild-type homozygous ewes. However, the heterozygous mothers of G1 and G6 gave a reduction of MNL and MNTP as compared to mothers with wild-type genotypes. The ewes of G7 had heterozygous genotype (AG), and the ewes of G8 had wild type (CC). In goat, G4 and G7 were polymorphic, and G1, G6, and G8 were monomorphic type. Based on these findings, it must be selected the young sheep females of heterozygous in G4, and the young goat females of heterozygous in G4 and G7 for participating in a successful breeding program, because they will have potential high fecundity traits. CONCLUSION: The present results confirmed that the genetic variants of the GDF9 gene were considered to be the major gene markers for enhancement of the prolificacy in Egyptian sheep and goats and could be applied in a successful breeding program by gene-assisted selection (GAS) in small ruminants.

Left and right ventricular speckle tracking study before and after percutaneous atrial septal defect closure in children.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the acute and short-term deformation changes of both right (RV) and left (LV) ventricular wall before and after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) secundum in children. OUTCOME MEASURES: To determine the feasibility of tissue Doppler and myocardial deformation imaging for evaluating RV and LV functions in children undergoing transcatheter ASD closure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was performed for 32 children with hemodynamic significant ASD secundum before and 6 months after percutaneous ASD closure in the Pediatric Cardiology Division of Specialized Pediatric Hospital, Cairo University. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) of LV and RV global analysis (longitudinal and circumferential strain) before and after ASD transcatheter closure was performed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 6.01 ± 3.19 (range: 3-9) years with a female to male ratio of 1.3:1. There was an improvement in the RV and LV myocardial performance index (MPI) 6 months post-ASD closure (RVMPI = 0.46 ± 0.069 vs. 0.38 ± 0.05, p < 0.0001; LVMPI = 0.49 ± 0.12 vs. 0.38 ± 0.08, p < 0.0001, respectively). By 2D STE, there was a significant improvement in the RV global longitudinal strain (GLS) 6 months post-ASD closure (-20.17 ± 3.14% vs. -25.86 ± 5.02%, p < 0.0001). There was a significant increase in the LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) and LV end-systolic volume (ESV) using 4D STE after device closure (LVEDV = 32.96 ± 10.99 mL vs. 44.024 ± 14.9017 mL, p < 0.0001; LVESV = 15.16 ± 6.08 mL vs. 21.76 ± 8.34 mL, p < 0.0001, respectively). Additionally, there was a significant improvement in the LV GLS after device occlusion (-19.17 ± 3.67% vs. -22.36 ± 4.72%, p = 0.009) using 4D TomTec software. There was a significant decrease in the RVEDV (54.65 ± 10.05 mL vs. 15.73 ± 8.67 mL) and RV stroke volume (25.15 ± 6.36 vs. 20.06 ± 7.2) after device occlusion using 4D TomTec software. CONCLUSION: By using 4D STE, the LV GLS was significantly improved; in contrast, by 2D STE, the RV volume overload decreased and the RV GLS was improved on short term after transcatheter ASD secundum closure in children.