Toxicity of allyl isothiocyanate applied in systems with or without recirculation for controlling Sitophilus zeamais, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Tribolium castaneum in corn grains.

BACKGROUND: The application of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) has been proposed as an alternative to control stored-grain insects. However, AITC is a compound with a low diffusion coefficient, making its distribution throughout the grain mass difficult. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of AITC applied in systems with or without recirculation for controlling Sitophilus zeamais (Mots. 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) infesting a corn grain mass. The assays used a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) prototype, dimensioned 1.60 m in length, 0.30 m in diameter, and a static capacity of 60 kg of grains. AITC toxicity to insects was evaluated at the base, 0.5 m from the base, and top of the grain column (1.0 m). Different concentrations of AITC were tested for an exposure period of 48 h. RESULTS: In the system without AITC recirculation, insect mortality was verified only at the base of the grain column. However, insect mortality was considered uniform at the different positions of the column when the AITC recirculation system was adopted. In this system, there was also a marked reduction in the instantaneous population growth rate of S. zeamais, T. castaneum, and R. dominica, and a decrease in the dry matter loss of the grains, when the AITC concentrations were increased. CONCLUSION: AITC recirculation proved to be a viable strategy for protecting grains against the species S. zeamais, R. dominica, and T. castaneum. AITC fumigation ultimately did not cause changes in grain quality. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Low-pressure ozone injection system: relationship between reaction kinetics and physical properties of grains.

BACKGROUND: The ozonation of grains in a closed system at low pressure is a strategy with the potential for treating packaged products. Research is necessary to characterize the reaction kinetics of ozone in this type of injection system so that it is possible to design chambers and determine the ozone concentrations suitable for commercial-scale applications. The objective of this study was therefore to characterize the low-pressure ozone injection system in relation to the physical properties of the grains and determine possible changes in their quality. Samples (5 kg each) of common beans, cowpea beans, corn, popcorn kernels, paddy rice, and polished rice were exposed to ozone in a 70 L hypobaric chamber. Initially, the internal pressure of the chamber was reduced to 500 hPa. Then, ozone was injected at a concentration of 32.10 g m-3 at a volumetric flow rate of 1 L min-1 until reaching a pressure of 1000 hPa. To relate the decomposition of ozone to the grains that were being evaluated, different physical properties were determined, and quality analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Ozone gas half-life outside and inside the package depended on the grain type. Ozone decomposition was quickest in polished rice and slowest in common beans. The half-life of the different grains ranged from 17.8 to 52.9 and 16.4 to 52.9 min, outside and inside the package, respectively. Considering the physical properties, specific surface (Ss), surface area (SA), and sphericity (φ) exhibited a significant correlation with the decomposition rate constant (k) of ozone. However, the variables volume (V), permeability (K), porosity (ε), and specific mass (ρ) showed no correlation with k. CONCLUSION: The physical properties of grain influenced the reaction kinetics of ozone gas during the low-pressure injection process. Ozone gas injection at low pressures did not alter the quality attributes of the grains under study. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Toxicological Stability of Ocimum basilicum Essential Oil and Its Major Components in the Control of Sitophilus zeamais.

Essential oils (EOs) are widely recognized as efficient and safe alternatives for controlling pest insects in foods. However, there is a lack of studies evaluating the toxicological stability of botanical insecticides in stored grains in order to establish criteria of use and ensure your efficiency. The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicological stability of basil essential oil (O. basilicum) and its linalool and estragole components for Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) adults in corn grains by fumigation. The identification of the chemical compounds of the essential oil was performed with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass selective detector. Mortality of insects was assessed after 24 h exposure. After storage for six (EO) and two months (linalool and estragole) under different conditions of temperature (5, 20, and 35 °C) and light (with and without exposure to light), its toxicological stability was evaluated. Studies revealed that the essential oil of O. basilicum and its main components exhibited insecticidal potential against adults of S. zeamais. For greater toxicological stability, suitable storage conditions for them include absence of light and temperatures equal to or less than 20 °C.

Method Validation and Evaluation of Safrole Persistence in Cowpea Beans Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography.

Bioinsecticides are regarded as important alternatives for controlling agricultural pests. However, few studies have determined the persistence of these compounds in stored grains. This study aimed at optimizing and validating a fast and effective method for extraction and quantification of residues of safrole (the main component of Piper hispidinervum essential oil) in cowpea beans. It also sought to assess the persistence of this substance in the grains treated by contact and fumigation. The proposed method used headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Factors such as temperature, extraction time and type of fiber were assessed to maximize the performance of the extraction technique. The performance of the method was appraised via the parameters selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. The LOD and LOQ of safrole were 0.0057 and 0.019 µg kg-1, respectively and the determination coefficient (R2) was >0.99. The relative recovery ranged from 99.26 to 104.85, with a coefficient of variation <15%. The validated method was applied to assess the persistence of safrole residue in grains, where concentrations ranged from 1.095 to 0.052 µg kg-1 (contact) and from 2.16 to 0.12 µg kg -1 (fumigation). The levels measured up from the fifth day represented less than 1% of the initial concentration, proving that safrole have low persistence in cowpea beans, thus being safe for bioinsecticide use. Thus, this work is relevant not only for the extraction method developed, but also for the possible use of a natural insecticide in pest management in stored grains.

Difenoconazole and linuron dissipation kinetics in carrots under open-field conditions.

The dissipation of difenoconazole and linuron using an open-field experimental approach with carrots exposed to one-, two- and fivefold the recommended dose of the pesticides was evaluated to provide safe recommendation to ensure food safety of carrots. The pesticide residue analysis was performed with solid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning technique (SLE/LTP) followed by gas chromatography analysis. The recovery percentages of extracts obtained from samples of carrot passed through SLE/LTP extraction and fortified with difenoconazole and linuron pesticides varied from 93.4% to 106.3% and from 95.1% to 116.6%, respectively. The limit of detection for difenoconazole was 0.02 and 0.12 mg kg-1 for linuron. The limit of quantification for difenoconazole was 0.05 and 0.36 mg kg-1 for linuron. The degradation time for fifty percent of the applied pesticide at the different doses ranged from 2.4 to 3.6 days for difenoconazole and from 7.5 to 10.5 days for linuron. At the end of the pre-harvest interval, carrots treated with fivefold the recommended dose of both pesticides were considered unfit for consumption. Despite monitoring the degradation products of the applied pesticides by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer, none degradation product was identified on the carrots.

Ozonation of Popcorn Kernels: Saturation Kinetics at Different Specific Flow Rates, Control of Aspergillus flavus Infection, and Grain Quality Analysis.

Ozone gas (O3) is a promising alternative for fungal inactivation in agricultural commodities. This study aimed to (i) investigate the influence of airflow on the saturation of popcorn kernels with ozone gas, (ii) evaluate its effectiveness in controlling Aspergillus flavus, and (iii) analyze the quality of ozonated grains. Samples of 3.0 kg of kernels were exposed to oxygen (control) or ozone at specific flow rates of 0.15 or 1.00 m3 min-1 t-1, with an input ozone concentration of 16.0 mg L-1 for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h. Quality parameters assessed included expansion volume, water content, electrical conductivity, and color. At 0.15 m3 min-1 t-1, ozone consumption and saturation time were lower, with an 80% reduction in A. flavus infection after 6 h. This flow rate did not affect grain expansion or water content. Conversely, at 1.0 m3 min-1 t-1, reductions in water content and expansion were observed with extended exposure. Electrical conductivity increased in both treatments, more significantly at the lower flow rate. In conclusion, ozonation at 0.15 m3 min-1 t-1 effectively inactivated A. flavus without compromising grain quality.

Ozonation for Pseudomonas paracarnis control: biofilm removal and preservation of chicken meat during refrigerated storage.

Ozone has been studied to control microorganisms in food, as well as to control biofilm. In this context, the goals of this work were to determine the effect of ozonated water in the removal of Pseudomonas paracarnis biofilm and the effect of ozone gas and ozonated water on inactivating P. paracarnis in deboned chicken breast meat and its effect on product color. AISI 304 coupons were used as a surface for biofilm formation. The coupons were immerged into minimal medium for Pseudomonas inoculated with the P. paracarnis overnight culture (1% w/v) followed by incubation at 25 °C for 7 days. To obtain ozonized water, two different systems were used: system with microbubble generator (MB) and system with porous stone diffuser (PSD). The inlet ozone concentration was 19 mg/L and flow rate of 1 L/min. The coupons were subjected to ozonized water for 10 and 20 min. The chicken breast meat was exposed to gaseous ozone and ozonized water for 40 min. After the ozonation process, chicken meat samples were stored at 8 °C, for 5 days. More expressive removals of biofilm were obtained when using ozonized water obtained in the system with microbubble generator (MB for 20 min-reduction of 2.3 log cycles) and system with porous stone diffuser (PSD for 10 min-reduction of 2.7 log cycles; PSD for 20 min-reduction of 2.6 log cycles). The treatment of chicken meat with ozone gas resulted in lower counting of Pseudomonas, when compared with the control treatments and with ozonized water, both immediately after ozonation (day 1) and after 5 days of storage. The luminosity in the chicken meat samples treated with ozonized water was higher than that verified in the control treatments and with ozone gas, immediately after ozonation (day 1). A similar trend was observed in hue angle and color difference, in which the highest values were obtained for treatment with ozonized water. Based on the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that ozonated water can be used to remove P. paracarnis biofilm from stainless steel under static conditions and gaseous ozone is more efficient in the inactivation of P. paracarnis from chicken breast meat, when compared to ozonated water.

Efficacy of ozone as a fungicidal and detoxifying agent of aflatoxins in peanuts.

BACKGROUND: Peanut contamination by fungi is a concern of processors and consumers owing to the association of these micro-organisms with quality deterioration and aflatoxin production. In this study the fungicidal and detoxifying effects of ozone on aflatoxins in peanuts was investigated. Peanut kernels were ozonated at concentrations of 13 and 21 mg L⁻¹ for periods of 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. RESULTS: Ozone was effective in controlling total fungi and potentially aflatoxigenic species in peanuts, with a reduction in colony-forming units per gram greater than 3 log cycles at the concentration of 21 mg L⁻¹ after 96 h of exposure. A reduction in the percentage of peanuts with internal fungal populations was also observed, particularly after exposure to ozone at 21 mg L⁻¹. A reduction in the concentrations of total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1 of approximately 30 and 25% respectively was observed for kernels exposed to ozone at 21 mg L⁻¹ for 96 h. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that ozone is an important alternative for peanut detoxification because it is effective in controlling potentially aflatoxigenic fungi and also acts in the reduction of aflatoxin levels in kernels.

The efficacy of washing strategies in the elimination of fungicide residues and the alterations on the quality of bell peppers.

Food safety problems caused by pesticide residues in vegetables have become a top issue to raise public concern. In this study, bell peppers were grown in an experimental field and sprayed with two systemic (azoxystrobin and difenoconazole) and one contact (chlorothalonil) fungicides. Ozone (ozonated water and water continuously bubble with ozone) or conventional domestic (washing with distilled water, detergent, acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium hypochlorite solutions) procedures were investigated to identify the most effective way to remove fungicide residues in bell peppers. The residues in the fruits and the washing solutions were determined by solid-liquid extraction with a low-temperature partition (SLE/LTP) and liquid-liquid extraction with a low-temperature partition (LLE/LTP), respectively, and analyzed by gas chromatography. Water continuously bubbled with ozone a concentration of 3 mg L-1 was the most efficient treatment with removal of fungicides residues ranging from 67% to 87%. However, similar treatment at a lower concentration (1 mg L-1) did not only efficiently removed fungicide residues (between 53% and 75%) but also preserving the quality of the fruit along a storage time of 13 days. Among the conventional solutions, sodium bicarbonate at 5% showed good efficiency removing between 60% and 81% of the fungicide residues from bell peppers, affecting the color quality of the fruit. Overall, the most affected physicochemical parameters in bell peppers after the treatments were weight loss, color, and vitamin C content.

Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction: Validation of the Method and Determination of Allyl Isothiocyanate Persistence in Cowpea Beans.

Essential oils are widely recognized as an efficient and safe alternative for controlling pests in foods. However, a few studies have determined the persistence of these compounds in stored grains. The present study optimized and validated a fast and effective method for extraction and quantification of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC-the main component of mustard essential oil) residue in cowpea beans. It also investigated the persistence of this substance in the grains. The proposed method employs headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). For optimizing it, a central composite design (CCD) was used, where the best conditions for the extraction of the AITC were achieved using 15 min fiber exposure at 30 °C. The performance of the method was assessed by studying selectivity, linearity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. The LOD and LOQ for AITC were 0.11 and 0.33 µg kg-1, respectively. The determination coefficient (R 2) was above 0.99. The relative recovery rate ranged from 108.2 to 114.8%, with an interday coefficient of variation below 9%. After 36 h, no residue was detected in the samples, demonstrating that the AITC has low persistence and can be safely used as a bioinsecticide for grains.

Insecticidal activity of Vanillosmopsis arborea essential oil and of its major constituent α-bisabolol against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Vigna unguiculata, one of the most important legumes, mainly in underdeveloped countries, is susceptible to post-harvest losses in storage by Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The work evaluated the toxicity, inhibition of oviposition, instantaneous rate of population growth (ri) and the development of fumigated C. maculatus with the essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea and its major constituent, α-bisabolol. The experimental units consisted of 0.8 L flasks treated with concentrations of 1.2-11.2 µL L-1of air of the essential oil of V. arborea or its major constituent applied to disks of filter paper. α-Bisabolol was quantified as 409.33 mL L-1 of the essential oil. The development rate of C. maculatus was evaluated by daily adult counts. Oviposition was evaluated at lethal concentrations (LC50, LC25, LC10 and LC1). The LC50 and LC95 of the essential oil of V. arborea and α-bisabolol were 5.23 and 12.97 µL L-1 of air and 2.47 and 8.82 µL L-1 of air, respectively. At some concentrations, the α-bisabolol was more toxic to males than to females of the insect. Increased concentrations of the essential oil reduced the ri, rate of development, oviposition, and number of eggs of C. maculatus and therefore have potential for pest control.

Host Potential and Adaptive Responses of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to Barbados Cherries.

Biological invasions are a global threat to agricultural crops worldwide. In the Neotropical region, the spotted-wing Drosophila [Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura)] has rapidly expanded its geographical range spreading throughout South America in recent years. Besides climatic factors, the remarkable success of its establishment and subsequent distribution in this region is closely dependent on the diversity and availability of host plants. We evaluated the host potential (e.g., as food and oviposition sources) of fruits of jabuticaba [Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel (Myrtales: Myrtaceae)], Barbados cherry (Malpighia emarginata DC) (Malpighiales: Malpighiaceae), bonnet pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) (Solanales : Solanaceae), and coffee (Coffea arabica L.) (Gentianales : Rubiaceae) and their effects on the biological and physiological traits of D. suzukii. For the fruit types where fly emergence occurred, we assessed the biological and physiological performance of the flies and compared these parameters with those recorded for flies reared on strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) (Rosales : Rosaceae) and an artificial diet. Our results revealed that oviposition into fruits and completion of the life cycle occurred on Barbados cherries only. Furthermore, field surveys revealed a higher emergence rate of D. suzukii on undamaged ripe Barbados cherries than damaged ones. Moreover, flies developing on Barbados cherries and an artificial diet presented earlier emergence, shorter developmental time, lower number of adults per female, and a female-biased sex ratio compared to flies developing on strawberries. Overall, our findings demonstrated suitability of Barbados cherry as a host for D. suzukii, which renders management of D. suzukii in Neotropical region an even more challenging task.

Eugenol diffusion coefficient and its potential to control Sitophilus zeamais in rice.

Given the insecticidal potential of eugenol as a fumigant, this work aimed to determine the diffusion coefficient of eugenol emanating from a pure standard solution (99%), as well as from clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophillata Thunb. (Myrtaceae)) through rice grain; to chemically analyse the volatile composition of commercially available eugenol and clove essential oil; and to evaluate the mortality of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: curculionidae) after exposure to eugenol inside a test chamber filled with rice. The solid phase microextraction method of extracting and quantifying eugenol by gas chromatography presented a good analytical response for the quantification of the analyte. There was no significant difference between the diffusion coefficient of eugenol diffusing from pure eugenol or from clove essential oil. The diffusion coefficient of eugenol through rice with the conditions herein adopted is 1.09 × 10-3 cm2 s-1. The characterization of clove essential oil confirmed the presence of eugenol as its major component (74.25%). A difference was observed in the composition of the distinct phases evaluated. The exposure of adult S. zeamais to diffused eugenol from pure eugenol over seven days resulted in significantly higher mortality rates (~37%) than eugenol diffused from clove essential oil (~11%). No differences in mortality rates were observed in individuals placed at different positions inside the test chamber during eugenol fumigation.

Use of ozone and detergent for removal of pesticides and improving storage quality of tomato.

The efficiencies of two conventional domestic procedures (immersion in pure water and detergent solution at 0.25 and 1%) and two treatments using ozone (immersion in water with bubbling O3 and immersion in ozonated water, both at 1 and 3 mg L-1) were evaluated for the removal of residues of the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil and difenoconazole in tomatoes. The fungicides were sprayed on the fruits at the recommended concentration for the crop. The residues in the tomatoes and in the washing solutions were determined by extraction with low-temperature partition techniques and analysis by gas chromatography. More concentrated solutions were more effective in removing pesticide residues. The water bubbled with ozone at 3 mg L-1 was the most efficient treatment for the removal of fungicides, reaching a reduction of 70-90% of the residues. However, the treatments with the lowest concentration of ozone had lower loss of fruit mass during storage.

Ozone treatment for pesticide removal from carrots: Optimization by response surface methodology.

The present study aimed to optimize ozone (O3) treatments, as gas and dissolved in water, to remove difenoconazole and linuron in carrots. We employed a central composite design to study three variables governing the efficacy of treatments: O3 concentration, temperature and treatment time. The temperature did not influence the efficacy of treatments. The removal percentage of pesticides increases with increases in ozone concentration and the time of treatment. O3 application promoted the removal of more than 80% of pesticides when the roots were exposed for approximately 120min at 5 and 10mgL-1, respectively, in treatments with O3 as gas and dissolved in water. After storage, pesticide removal was higher than 98% for difenoconazole and 95% for linuron. The degradation products from the pesticides resulting from treatment were monitored, but none were found. This is the first report demonstrating the removal of difenoconazole and linuron from carrots by ozone.

Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae): First Report on Black Sesame (Sesamum indicum).

Insect pests may make food products and by-products unfit for human consumption. This study reports the occurrence of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) in packaged seeds of black Sesamum indicum. An intact plastic pot of S. indicum seeds was purchased by a consumer in a supermarket in Divinópolis, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in April 2014 and was kept at his home for 3 months. Two hundred adults of this insect (196 dead and 4 alive) were counted in the pot with the seeds, besides three live larvae. This insect fed on S. indicum seeds, making them unfit for consumption. L. serricorne feed on and reproduce in S. indicum seeds stored in plastic packaging.

Potential of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Astigmata: Acaridae) for the Biological Control of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

This work investigated the potential of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Astigmata: Acaridae) to control Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) in the laboratory. L. serricorne is the most destructive insect pest ever found on stored tobacco. The experimental delineation had 33 arenas being each experimental unit with 11 arenas of experiments with eggs, larva of L. serricorne with the density of T. putrescentiae maintained constant, where from 11 of these arenas, eight were for the analysis of predation and three to evaluate the natural mortality of the insect. The highest predation rate was found during the larval stage with, approximately, 54, 68 and 78% mortality of L. serricorne from the fourth until the sixty day of predation. These results indicated that it was possible to use the predatory mite T. putrescentiae in pest management programs of L. serricorne in the storage units of tobacco.

Avaliação da qualidade tecnológica do feijão durante o armazenamento / Avaliation of the technological quality of the edible beans during the storage

No presente trabalho, conduziram-se os estudos para avaliar a qualidade tecnológica dos grãos de feijão, durante quatro meses de armazenamento, em condições ambientais e na presença do inseto-praga Acanthocelides obtectus. Foram utilizados grãos de feijão com teor de água de aproximadamente 18 ( por centob.s.). Para infestação do produto, foram colocados 20 insetos adultos em cada pote de vidro, que foi fechado com uma tampa telada. As análises tecnológicas foram realizadas no produto com e sem o inseto-praga, no início do experimento e a cada 28 dias, totalizando 112 dias de armazenagem. O teste de cocção foi realizado com aparelho de Mattson utilizando-se amostras previamente imersas por 12 horas. Para a determinação da absorção de água, as amostras foram submetidas à imersão em água destilada, durante um período de 12 horas, em diferentes temperaturas (20, 30, 40 e 50 °C). Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a presença do inseto-praga causa a deterioração intensa dos grãos de feijão, resultando na redução da sua qualidade tecnológica. A temperatura de embebição aumenta a absorção de água dos grãos de feijão, sendo intensificada pela presença do inseto-praga ao longo do período de armazenamento.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the technological quality of edible bean grain during four months of storage in ambient conditions and in the presence of insect Acanthocelides obtectus. The edible beans were stored at 18.0 ( percentd.b.). For the infestation of the product, were put 20 adults insects in wich recipient, than was closed with cover with screen. The technological analysis were made in product with and without the insect, in the begin of experiment and at wich 28 days, totalized 112 days of storage. The cooking test was made with Mattson apparatus utilized sample soaking for 12 hours. For determinate the water absorption, the samples were soaking in water distillated, during 12 hours in different temperatures (20, 30, 40 and 50 °C). For the results obtained, it was concluded that the presence of insect causes the deterioration intense of edible bean grain, result in reduction of technological quality. The temperature of soaking increase the water absorption of edible bean grain, being intensified for the presence of insect in the storage period.

Suscetibilidade de Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) ao enxofre / Susceptibility of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) to sulfur

As criações de Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) são freqüentemente infestadas pelo ácaro Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross e Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar doses de enxofre, acaricida eficaz contra A. lacunatus, não-prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento de R. dominica. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas de placas de Petri contendo 30 g de grãos de trigo infestados com 30 adultos de R. dominica. Os tratamentos consistiram na utilização de doses de enxofre sobre os grãos, correspondentes a 0,0; 0,6; 0,9; 1,2; 1,5; 3,0; 6,0; 12,0; 24,0 e 48,0mg i a g-1, em dez repetições. As unidades experimentais foram armazenadas por 60 dias a 30±1°C, 60±5 por cento UR e escotofase de 24h. O desenvolvimento de R. dominica foi afetado pela utilização de doses de enxofre maiores que 3,0mg i a g-1.

The laboratory rearing of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is frequently infested by the parasite mite Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross and Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae). This study was aimed at evaluating the sulfur doses, an effective acaricide against A. lacunatus, not harmful to the development of with R. dominica. The experimental units were Petri dishes containing 30g of whole wheat grains powdered with the different doses of the sulfur (0.0, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, 24.0 and 48.0mg a i g-1) infested with 30 adults of R. dominica, in ten replicates. All treatments were maintained under controlled conditions (30±1°C, 60±5 percent r h and 24h scotophase) for 60 days after the insect infestation. Sulfur doses higher than 3.0mg a i g-1 negatively affected R. dominica development.