Alphavirus capsid protease inhibitors as potential antiviral agents for Chikungunya infection.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus and currently, no antiviral drug is available to combat it. Capsid protein (CP) of alphaviruses present at the N-terminus of the structural polyprotein possesses auto-proteolytic activity which is essential for initiating the structural polyprotein processing. We are reporting for the first time antiviral molecules targeting capsid proteolytic activity. Structure-assisted drug-repositioning identified three molecules: P1,P4-Di(adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (AP4), Eptifibatide acetate (EAC) and Paromomycin sulphate (PSU) as potential capsid protease inhibitors. A FRET-based proteolytic assay confirmed anti-proteolytic activity of these molecules. Additionally, in vitro cell-based antiviral studies showed that EAC, AP4, and PSU drastically stifled CHIKV at the post-entry step with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 4.01 µM, 10.66 µM and 22.91 µM; respectively. Interestingly, the inhibitors had no adverse effect on viral RNA synthesis and treatment of cells with inhibitors diminished levels of CP in virus-infected cells, which confirmed inhibition of capsid auto-proteolytic activity. In conclusion, the discovery of antiviral molecules targeting capsid protease demystifies the alphavirus capsid protease as a potential target for antiviral drug discovery.

Inhibition of chikungunya virus by picolinate that targets viral capsid protein.

The protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of the transmembrane glycoprotein E2 with the hydrophobic pocket on the surface of capsid protein (CP) plays a critical role in alphavirus life cycle. Dioxane based derivatives targeting PPIs have been reported to possess antiviral activity against Sindbis Virus (SINV), the prototype alphavirus. In this study, the binding of picolinic acid (PCA) to the conserved hydrophobic pocket of capsid protein was analyzed by molecular docking, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The binding constant KD obtained for PCA was 2.1×10(-7)M. Additionally, PCA significantly inhibited CHIKV replication in infected Vero cells, decreasing viral mRNA and viral load as assessed by qRT-PCR and plaque reduction assay, respectively. This study is suggestive of the potential of pyridine ring compounds as antivirals against alphaviruses and may serve as the basis for the development of PCA based drugs against alphaviral diseases.