Identification of the pre-T-cell receptor alpha chain in nonmammalian vertebrates challenges the structure-function of the molecule.

In humans and mice, the early development of αß T cells is controlled by the pre-T-cell receptor α chain (pTα) that is covalently associated with the T-cell receptor ß (TCRß) chain to form the pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR) at the thymocyte surface. Pre-TCR functions in a ligand-independent manner through self-oligomerization mediated by pTα. Using in silico and gene synteny-based approaches, we identified the pTα gene (PTCRA) in four sauropsid (three birds and one reptile) genomes. We also identified 25 mammalian PTCRA sequences now covering all mammalian lineages. Gene synteny around PTCRA is remarkably conserved in mammals but differences upstream of PTCRA in sauropsids suggest chromosomal rearrangements. PTCRA organization is highly similar in sauropsids and mammals. However, comparative analyses of the pTα functional domains indicate that sauropsids, monotremes, marsupials, and lagomorphs display a short pTα cytoplasmic tail and lack most residues shown to be critical for human and murine pre-TCR self-oligomerization. Chicken PTCRA transcripts similar to those in mammals were detected in immature double-negative and double-positive thymocytes. These findings give clues about the evolution of this key molecule in amniotes and suggest that the ancestral function of pTα was exclusively to enable expression of the TCRß chain at the thymocyte surface and to allow binding of pre-TCR to the CD3 complex. Together, our data provide arguments for revisiting the current model of pTα signaling.

Molecular and biochemical characterization of the Mexican axolotl CD3 (CD3ε and CD3γ/δ).

In mammals, the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex expressed on mature T-cells consists of α/ß or γ/δ clonotypic heterodimers non-covalently associated with four invariant chains forming the CD3 complex (CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε and CD3ζ). The TCR is the unit implicated in the antigenic peptide recognition whereas the CD3 subunits present as three different dimers (δ-ε, γ-ε and ζ-ζ) in the receptor complex participate to the signal transduction and are indispensable for the expression of the TCR at the cell surface. We report the cloning, characterization and expression analysis of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε genes in an amphibian urodele, the Mexican axolotl. Amino acid comparisons show that important motifs and residues were preserved between the axolotl CD3 chains and various vertebrate CD3ε, CD3γ, CD3δ and CD3γ/δ chains. During ontogeny, CD3ε transcripts are first detected in the dorsal region of tail-bud embryos before thymus organogenesis. CD3γ/δ transcripts are first detected in the head of 4-week-old larvae. A cross-reactive polyclonal anti-CD3ε antibody was used for the co-immunoprecipitation of the two CD3 proteins of 25 and 29 kDa, respectively, associated with the 90-kDa αß TCR heterodimer.

[On the origin of the adaptative immune system (AIS): the hypothesis]. / Emergence du système immunitaire adaptatif: hypothèses en présence.

The adaptive immune system (AIS) appears exclusively at the vertebrate ones with jaw. In parallel, the lymphoid tissu associated with the digestive tract, or GALT (gut associated lymphoïd tissu), seems to play an essential part in the development of this response immune with memory. That one could find its origin in the innate immune system of the invertebrates and closer the cyclostomes (vertebrates without jaws). But the transition is brutal since the chondrychtyens (lines, sharks) do have the AIS but the cyclostomes not. Moreover, it is still enigmatic and source of speculations. The gnathostomes (vertebrate with jaw) raise ancestral and adaptive innate defences of which acquisition will be discussed here. We will also discuss the consequences of integration in the genome by rag1 and rag2 genes (recombination activating genes).

Cloning and modeling of CD8 beta in the amphibian ambystoma Mexicanum. Evolutionary conserved structures for interactions with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules.

Mammalian and avian T-cells exhibit a large number of well characterized surface molecules associated with their maturation degree. Very little is known in comparison with T-cell differentiation in ectothermic vertebrates. This is mainly due to the lack of probes to identify T-cell subsets. We cloned and sequenced the first ectothermic CD8 beta DNA complementary to RNA from an amphibian species, the Mexican axolotl. The CD8 beta chain was 30-36% identical with its avian and mammalian homologues. The extracellular V-like domain contained the two typically conserved cysteines and was followed by a J-like sequence containing the canonical Phe-Gly-X-Gly stretch. The connecting peptide was much longer than in other species and contained potential O-glycosylation sites. The axolotl CD8 beta and major histocompatibility complex class I molecules were modeled using human HLA-A2/CD8 alphaalpha complex as template. The backbone conformation of axolotl CD8 beta matched well with the CD8 alpha-2 subunit of the human complex but significant structural differences were located in the CDR1, CDR2 and DE loops. Both axolotl and human class I showed large negative surface potential. The interacting area of the human CD8 alpha chain and of the corresponding region of axolotl CD8 beta had positive electrostatic potential compatible with complexation with the corresponding class I molecules. The presence of a CD8 beta homologue in an amphibian species implies that it was already present in the Devonian ancestor of amphibians and mammals, i.e. more than 400 million years ago.

Highly restricted diversity of TCR delta chains of the amphibian Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) in peripheral tissues.

Gammadelta T cells localize at mammalian epithelial surfaces to exert both protective and regulatory roles in response to infections. We have previously characterized the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) T cell receptor delta (TRD) chain. In this study, TRD repertoires in spleen, liver, intestine and skin from larvae, pre-adult and adult axolotls were examined and compared to the thymic TRD repertoire. A TRDV transcript without N/D diversity, TRDV1S1-TRDJ1, dominates the TRD repertoires until sexual maturation. In adult tissues, this canonical transcript is replaced by another dominant TRDV1S1-TRDJ1 transcript. In the thymus, these two transcripts are detected early in development. Our results suggest that gammadelta T cells that express the canonical TRDV1S1-TRDJ1 transcript emerge from the thymus and colonize the peripheral tissues, where they are selectively expanded by recurrent ligands. This particular situation is probably related to the neotenic state and the slow development of the axolotl. In thymectomized axolotls, TRD repertoires appear different from those of normal axolotls, suggesting that extrathymic gammadelta T cell differentiation could occur. Gene expression analysis showed the importance of the gut in T cell development.

Identification and expression of Helios, a member of the Ikaros family, in the Mexican axolotl: implications for the embryonic origin of lymphocyte progenitors.

Transcription factors of the Ikaros gene family are critical for the differentiation of T and B lymphocytes from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. To study the first steps of lymphopoiesis in the Mexican axolotl, we have cloned the Helios ortholog in this urodele amphibian species. We demonstrated that the axolotl Helios contains a 144-bp deletion at the 5' end of the activation domain. Helios is expressed in both the thymus and spleen but not in the liver of the pre-adult axolotl. During ontogeny, Helios transcripts are detected from neurula stage, before the apparition of the first Ikaros transcripts and the colonization of lymphoid tissues. Interestingly, Helios and Ikaros mRNA are found predominantly in the ventral blood islands of late tail-bud embryos. These results suggest that in contrast to the Xenopus and amniote embryos where two sites of hematopoiesis have been characterized, the ventral blood islands could be the major site of hematopoiesis in the axolotl.

Early expression of two TdT isoforms in the hematopoietic system of the Mexican axolotl. Implications for the evolutionary origin of the N-nucleotide addition.

Nontemplate (N)-nucleotide addition by the terminal dideoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) at the junctions of rearranging V( D) J gene segments greatly contribute to antigen-receptor diversity. TdT has been identified in several vertebrate species, where it is highly conserved. We report here the isolation of two forms of TdT mRNA in an amphibian, the Mexican axolotl. The isoform TdT1 shares all of the conserved structural motifs required for TdT activity and displays an average of 50-58% similarity at the amino acid level with TdT of other species. The second axolotl TdT variant ( TdT2) differs from TdT1 by a 57-amino acid deletion located between amino acids 165-222 of TdT1, including the first helix-hairpin-helix DNA-binding motif. During ontogeny, TdT products are first detected in the head of 6-week-old larvae and further in the head and trunk of 8-month-old larvae. These developmental stages correspond to the first detection of RAG1 and antigen-receptor (TCRbeta and IgHmicro) products in axolotl larvae. Our results suggest that in contrast to mammalian development, N diversity occurs early in axolotl development to diversify the primary repertoire. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that TdT and DNA polymerase mu(Pol mu) genes are closely related, and that both enzymes were already present in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates.

Structure, diversity and expression of the TCRdelta chains in the Mexican axolotl.

Mammals and birds have two major populations of T cells, based on the molecular composition and biological properties of their antigen receptors (TCR). alpha beta T cells recognize antigenic peptides linked to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and gamma delta T cells recognize native peptide or non-peptide antigens independently of MHC. Very little is known about gamma delta T cells in ectothermic vertebrates. We have cloned and characterized the TCRdelta chains of an urodele amphibian, the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). The Cdelta domain is structurally similar to its mammalian homologues and the transmembrane domain is very well conserved. Four of the six Valpha regions that can associate with Calpha (Valpha2, Valpha3, Valpha5 and Valpha6) can also associate with Cdelta, but no specific Vdelta regions were found. This suggests that the axolotl TRD locus is nested within the TRA locus, as in mammals, and that this organization has been present in all tetrapod vertebrates and in the common ancestor of Lissamphibians and mammals, for over 400 million years. Two Jdelta regions were identified, but no Ddelta segments were clearly recognized at the Vdelta-Jdelta junctions. This results in shorter and less variable CDR3 loops than in other vertebrates and the size range of the Vdelta-Jdelta junctions is similar to that of mammalian immunoglobulin light chains. Equivalent quantities of TRD mRNA were found in the lymphoid organs, and in the skin and the intestines of normal and thymectomized axolotls. The analysis of several Valpha/delta6-Cdelta and Vbeta7-Cbeta junctions showed that both the TCRdelta and the TCRbeta chains were limited in diversity in thymectomized axolotls.