Understanding the impacts of intermittent electro field on the bioelectrochemical aniline degradation system: Performance, microbial community and functional enzyme.

On account of the lack of a sustainable electron donor source and the inhibitory effect of aniline on denitrogenation make it tough to achieve simultaneous removal of aniline and nitrogen. Herein, the strategy of adjusting electric field mode was applied to the electro-enhanced sequential batch reactors (E-SBRs: R1 (continuous ON), R2 (2 h-ON/2 h-OFF), R3 (12 h-ON/12 h-OFF), R4 (in the aerobic phase ON), R5 (in the anoxic phase ON)) to treat aniline wastewater. Aniline removal rate reached approximately 99% in the five systems. Decreasing electrical stimulation interval from 12 to 2 h significantly improved the electron utilization efficiency for aniline degradation and nitrogen metabolism. The total nitrogen removal was achieved from 70.31% to 75.63%. Meanwhile, the hydrogenotrophic denitrifiers of Hydrogenophaga, Thauera, and Rhodospirillales, enriched in reactors of minor electrical stimulation interval. Accordingly, the expression of functional enzyme related to electron transport was incremental with the proper electrical stimulation frequency.

Understanding the effect of residual aluminum salt coagulant on activated sludge in sequencing batch reactor: Performance response, activity restoration and microbial community evolution.

To investigate the effect of residual coagulant after coagulation pretreatment on activated sludge system of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), comparative evaluation of lab-scale sequencing batch reactors under different poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) concentrations (20 and 55 mg/L), presenting the performance differences of reactors. Results showed that the PAC concentration of 20 mg/L slightly enhanced the average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN), up to 93.43% and 72.52%. Whereas, an inhibition effect was exerted at the PAC concentration of 55 mg/L, the average removal efficiencies decreased to 88.56% and 57.80% respectively. Similarly, the residual aluminum salts showed a concentration effect of low promotion and high inhibition on sludge activity index. The content of specific oxygen utilization rate (SOUR) and dehydrogenase (DHA) sharply decreased by 30.17% and 53.56% under the high PAC concentration of 55 mg/L. Activity recovery phase showed that the suppression of aluminum salt coagulant on biological system was reversible. High-throughput sequencing presented that the relative abundance of microbes showed obvious variations at different PAC concentrations, and certain bacteria in Chloroflexi and Bacteroidota exhibited better adaptability to the high PAC concentration environment. Nevertheless, the antagonism action between denitrifying genera and other genera as well as the downregulation of functional enzymes regarding nitrogen metabolism gave rise to the deterioration of denitrification under the high PAC concentration of 55 mg/L. This study revealed the influence mechanism of residual aluminum salt coagulant on activated sludge system, providing strategies for efficient decontamination and long-term stable operation of biological system in wastewater treatment plant under the condition of adding PAC.

The Role of Nasal Endoscopy in Allergic Rhinitis and House Dust Mite Sublingual Immunotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: While there exists considerable evidence for efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), its impact on the improvement of nasal signs in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients remains quite unclear. In this study, the endoscopic examination and the modified Lund-Kennedy (MLK) scoring system were performed to describe and evaluate the therapeutic effect of SLIT. METHODS: A total of 105 patients with AR induced by house dust mites were enrolled and treated with standardized Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae) drops for 1 year. The total nasal symptoms score (TNSS), total medication score (TMS), visual analog scale (VAS), and MLK scores were assessed at baseline and 6 and 12 months. The MLK score was also compared for its correlation with TNSS, TMS, and VAS. RESULTS: The TNSS, TMS, and VAS scores statistically decreased after SLIT compared to baseline (all p < 0.05). After 12 months of treatment, the rates of well-controlled, partial controlled, and uncontrolled AR patients were 42, 49.5, and 8.5%, respectively. The nasal endoscopy findings showed significant improvement in nasal signs, which mainly included color change of turbinate mucosa, reduction of nasal secretions, and improvement of nasal edema. A significant decrease was observed in MLK scores, and there was a positive correlation between MLK and VAS scores. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to commonly utilized subjective assessments (TMS, TNSS, and VAS), our results of endoscopic examination and the MLK scores consistently confirmed that SLIT is an effective therapeutic modality for AR patients. The MLK scores might be considered as an auxiliary tool to evaluate efficacy of SLIT in clinical practice and outcomes research.

Long intergenic noncoding RNA HOTAIR is overexpressed and regulates PTEN methylation in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Homeobox (HOX) transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) is a long intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA) that is significantly overexpressed in breast and hepatocellular cancers. It remains unclear, however, whether HOTAIR plays an oncogenic role in human laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC). We therefore investigated the expression and functional role of HOTAIR in LSCC. HOTAIR levels were significantly higher in LSCC than in corresponding adjacent non-neoplastic tissues, and patients with poor histological grade or advanced clinical stage had higher HOTAIR expression. Log-rank test showed a significant association between high levels of HOTAIR and poor prognosis in LSCC patients. Multivariate Cox analysis suggested that HOTAIR is an independent prognostic factor of LSCC. siRNA-mediated knockdown of HOTAIR led to reduced invasion and increased apoptosis of Hep-2 cells in vitro and significantly reduced growth of LSCC xenograft tumors in mice. Moreover, PTEN methylation was significantly reduced in Hep-2 cells depleted of HOTAIR. Taken together, these results suggest that the oncogenic role of HOTAIR in LSCC is related to promotion of PTEN methylation. HOTAIR could serve as a marker for LSCC prognosis and a potential target for therapeutic intervention.

Evolution of aniline degradation and nitrogen removal performance in electro-enhanced sequence batch reactor under salinity stress: Sludge characteristics and microbial diversity.

To explore the influence mechanism of different concentrations of salinity on the electro-enhanced aniline biodegradation system, a control group and experimental groups (0%-NaCl, 0.5%-NaCl, 1.5%-NaCl, 2.5%-NaCl, 3.5%-NaCl) were established. The experimental results showed that the electric field strengthened the denitrification performance, while salinity had little effect on the degradation efficiency of aniline and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The removal rate of TN reached 79.6% and 74.9% in 0.5%-NaCl and 1.5%-NaCl, respectively, which were superior than 0%-NaCl. As salinity increased, the nitrogen removal effect was negatively affected. Microbial diversity analysis indicated that the microbial community structure was uniform in the control group, 0%-NaCl, and 0.5%-NaCl, with the dominant genus OLB8 ensuring the nitrogen removal performance. In contrast, in the 2.5%-NaCl and 3.5%-NaCl experimental groups, the organic degrading bacteria were still active, while nitrifiers and denitrifiers were severely damaged. In conclusion, this study suggested that low concentrations of salinity can improve the decontamination performance of the electro-enhanced aniline biodegradation system, while high concentrations of salinity could lead to the collapse of the decontamination mechanism.

An attempt to stimulate aniline degrading bioreactor by exogenous auto-inducer: Decontamination performance, sludge characteristics, and microbial community structure response.

To break the contradiction between aniline and nitrogen metabolism in activated sludge reactor by influencing microbial interspecific communication, Auto-inducer C6-HSL and 3-oxo-C8-HSL were selected in this study to interfere with aniline degradation system. The two Auto-inducers enhanced the aniline degradation rate and ammonia removal efficiency of the systems, especially C6-HSL. Meanwhile, the main ammonia removal way was assimilation. Exogenous Auto-inducer effectively stabilized the sludge structure and activity from the destruction of aniline, and promoted EPS secretion. Microbial diversity analysis showed that most of functional microflora of seed sludge gradually deactivated with the operation of the reactor, while Rhodococcus, Leucobacter, g_norank_f_Saprospiraceae proliferated wildly under the action of Auto-inducer. Additionally, the interspecific relationship also demonstrated a different trend. Exogenous Auto-inducer was proved to exert positive effects on aniline degradation system to a certain extent, providing new insights in the field of aniline wastewater bio-degradation.

The changing C/N of aggressive aniline: Metagenomic analysis of pollutant removal, metabolic pathways and functional genes.

In order to optimize the degradation of high-concentration aniline wastewater, the operation of sequencing batch bioaugmentation reactors with different aniline concentrations (200 mg/L, 600 mg/L, 1000 mg/L) was studied. The results showed that the removal rates of aniline and COD in the three reactors could reach 100%. When the aniline increased to 600 mg/L, the nitrogen removal efficiency reached the peak (51.85%). The increase of aniline inhibited the nitrification, while denitrification was enhanced due to the increase of C/N ratio. But this change was reversed by the toxicity of high concentrations of aniline. The metagenomic analysis showed that when the aniline concentration was 600 mg/L, the abundance distribution of microbial samples was more uniform. The improved of aniline concentration had led to the increase of aromatic compounds degradation metabolic pathways. In addition, the abundance of aniline degradation and nitrogen metabolism genes (dmpB, xylE, norB) was also promoted.

Exploring the impact of intensity and duration of Cu (II) depression on aniline-degrading biosystem: Performance, sludge activity and microbial diversity.

To evaluate the ecological risk of aniline wastewater biodegradation, the aniline wastewater (200 mg/L) was treated in this work under the stress of Cu (II) at 3, 6 and 10 mg/L, respectively. The slight fluctuation of aniline-degrading performance and the significant inhibition of nitrogen removal was caused by the Cu (II) stress at below 6 mg/L. Meanwhile, the tolerance of nitrifying performance to Cu (II) was higher than denitrifying. The collapse of biosystem was caused by the Cu (II) stress at 10 mg/L and the decontamination function was disabled within 8 days. The activity and stability of sludge declined under the increase of Cu (II) content. Microbial diversity results demonstrated that the genera with heavy-metal tolerance represented by Zoogloea and Azospira significantly dominated under the continuously Cu (II) stress. Whereas, the biosystem with these dominant genera did not achieve the comparable aniline and nitrogen removal performance as the control group.

Transfer of functional microorganism: Regulation of N-acyl-homoserine lactones on the microbial community in aniline-degrading sequencing batch biofilm reactor.

Due to the inhibition of nitrification from aniline toxicity, exogenous N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) addition was attempted to enhance nitrogen removal in this work. Two sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs): S1 (the control) and S2 (C6-HSL and 3-oxo-C8-HSL dosing) were used to treat aniline wastewater. The NH4+-N and TN removal rates of S2 were 42.50% and 26.99% higher than S1 in the aerobic phase, respectively. It revealed the nitrogen removal performance of S2 much better than S1. High-throughput sequencing results indicated that many nitrifiers and denitrifiers of S2, such as Nitrosomonas and Thauera, transferred from sludge to biofilm significantly and built closer relationships each other. Overall, main nitrogen removal was contributed by biofilm rather than sludge with the regulation of AHLs. A mild and collaborative environment of biofilms for microorganisms enhanced nitrogen removal. The work provided a new idea for reconciling the contradiction between nitrification and denitrification in aniline wastewater treatment.

Control of aeration time in the aniline degrading-bioreactor with the analysis of metagenomic: Aniline degradation and nitrogen metabolism.

The strategy of adjusting aeration time (5 h/6 h/7 h) was applied to the sequential batch reactors to optimize the treatment of aniline wastewater (600 mg/L) conveniently and economically. Three reactors degraded aniline effectively. The nitrogen removal ability of system with 6 h aeration time was better, performing the similar denitrification property as 5 h and nitrification performance as 7 h. Meanwhile, longer aeration time potentially damaged the sludge structure. The metagenomic analysis explained the micro-mechanism for the better performance of the system with 6 h aeration time. Appropriate aeration time was conducive to the enrichment of synergistic microflora, including aniline degrading-bacteria, heterotrophic nitrifiers and denitrifiers. Then, the tilt of environmental resources to these floras in the system was beneficial to the maximum value utilization of living substrates. Accordingly, these bacteria were more closely related to genes, resulting in higher expression of functional genes in the system.

A metagenomic view of how different carbon sources enhance the aniline and simultaneous nitrogen removal capacities in the aniline degradation system.

To cross nitrogen removal barrier, carbon sources (sodium succinate (Z1), sodium acetate (Z2) and glucose (Z3)) were applied in aniline degradation reactor to enrich heterotrophic nitrifiers and denitrifiers. The aniline was degraded almost completely and the nitrogen removal performance was improved in three systems. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of Z2 was the highest. The dominant bacteria were phylum Proteobacteria, class BetaProteobacteria, and genus Thauera (Z1, Z3), Leptothrix (Z2). Different aniline degrading bacteria, heterotrophic nitrifiers and denitrifiers were enriched, and Z2 had more high-abundance communities. Three systems followed the meta-cleavage pathway for the aniline degradation according to the genes annotation. Particularly, the contribution of each genus to nitrogen metabolism and aromatic compounds degradation in the Z2 was more evenly distributed, rather than relying mainly on the contribution of Thauera in Z1 and Z3 so that more functional genes related nitrogen metabolism and aniline degradation were more abundant in Z2.

Microbial community and function evaluation in the start-up period of bioaugmented SBR fed with aniline wastewater.

An enhanced sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system was developed to treat synthetic wastewater rich in 600 mg/L aniline. The aniline degradation efficiency was almost 100%, and the total nitrogen (TN) removal rate was more than 50%. Metagenomics technology revealed the community structure, functional genes and metabolic mechanism during the start-up of the enhanced reactor. Sequencing results showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria were dominant phylum. The proportion of degradation of aromatic compounds function increased gradually, but the proportion of nitrogen metabolism function changed little. Functional genes involved in aniline degradation including benA-xylX and dmpB/xylE were detected. The functional genes of nitrogen metabolism were involved in complete nitrification, traditional denitrification, assimilation nitrate reduction and dissimilation nitrate reduction. The functional contribution analysis and network analysis showed that the cooperation and competition of Thauera, Delftia, Diaphorobacter, Micavibrio and Azoarcus ensured the effective removal of aniline and nitrogen.

Understanding the impacts of operation mode sequences on the biological aniline degradation system: Startup phase, pollutants removal rules and microbial response.

Comparative evaluation of SBRs under different modes (AX/O, AN/AX/O, AN/O/AX, O/AX) with same aniline wastewater arrangements, presenting the startup and performance differences of reactors. The results revealed that the four systems realized the efficient aniline and NH4+-N removal on the basis of sufficient aerobic time. Anaerobic aniline degradation was also achieved in the first three reactors after acclimation. The denitrification efficiency was the highest in O/AX reactor and the lowest in AN/O/AX due to mode sequence setup. Pollutants variations in the typical cycles experimental data combined with microbial diversity analysis were highlighted that aerobic denitrification contributed the most under O/AX mode, while the other three modes relied on anoxic denitrification. Meanwhile, low nitrifiers and aerobic denitrifiers abundance might be another reason for the poor denitrification of AN/O/AX mode. It was inferred that denitrification was most susceptible to operation mode sequences.

MiR-19a is correlated with prognosis and apoptosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by regulating TIMP-2 expression.

MiRNAs are small, noncoding RNA molecules that act as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression and function as important regulators in cancer-related processes. The miR-19a is overexpressed in various cancers and has been causally related to cellular proliferation and growth. To determine whether miR-19a plays a role in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), we used quantitative real time PCR to detect miR-19a expression in LSCC tissues. We found that miR-19a is overexpressed in LSCC and correlated with neck nodal metastasis, poor differentiation and advanced stage. Statistical analysis suggests that higher level of miR-19a was associated with reduced overall survival. In vitro functional study showed that inhibition of miR-19a by antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) led to apoptosis and reduction of cell proliferation in LSCC cells. Furthermore, growth of LSCC xenograft tumors was significantly suppressed by repeated injection of ASO-miR-19a lentivirus. The TUNEL stain and transmission electron microscopy also detected increased apoptotic cells in ASO-miR-19a treated LSCC xenografts. In addition, both realtime PCR and western blot showed ASO-miR-19a can upregulate TIMP-2 expression and this suggests miR-19a is related with TIMP-2 pathway in LSCC cells. Taken together, these data suggest that miR-19a plays an oncogenic role in the progression of LSCC, and may serve as a biomarker or therapeutic target for patients with LSCC.

Upregulation of ATF-3 is correlated with prognosis and proliferation of laryngeal cancer by regulating Cyclin D1 expression.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the expression and significance of ATF-3 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). METHODS: Expression of ATF-3 was examined using immunohistochemistry methods in samples from 83 cases of LSCC carcinoma. MTT assay was used to detect proliferation of Hep-2 cells after ATF-3 knocked down by siRNA lentivirus. A mouse model was used to investigate the inhibitive role of ATF-3 siRNA in LSCC xenografts. Realtime RCR was used to detect Cyclin D1 expression after ATF-3 downregulation in Hep-2 cells. RESULTS: The expression of ATF-3 was positively detected in all the 83 cases of LSCC cancer tissues while Only 4 cases of adjacent non-neoplastic tissues were detected with positive ATF-3 expression. The ATF-3 expression was statistically related with T stage, neck nodal metastasis, clinical stage and prognosis of LSCC. Both cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo were suppressed after ATF-3 knockdown. Furthermore, the expression of Cyclin D1 was decreased after ATF-3 downregulation in Hep-2 cells. CONCLUSION: ATF-3 is involved in the progress of LSCC, and may provide clinical information for evaluation of prognosis of LSCC. The oncologic role of ATF-3 may be correlated with Cyclin D1 regulation.

[Case-control study on risk factors of laryngeal cancer in Heilongjiang province].

OBJECTIVE: To study the incentives of laryngeal cancer in Heilongjiang province. METHOD: A 1:One matched case control study was used to study the risk factors of laryngeal cancer in Heilongjiang province, distributing all tested staff by the same gender, age, urban and rural. Logistic regression models were used to analysis the relationship. RESULT: In single Logistic regression models, such habit as high levels of education, frequently consumption of sauerkraut, BBQ food, processed meats, the less physical activity, a relatively short time, smoking, irascible, and other factors would increase the risk of suffering from laryngeal cancer. But regular consumption of fresh vegetables, coarse grains, eggs, milk, and regular physical activity would reduce the risk of suffering from laryngeal cancer. The odds ratios (OR) were calculated using multiple Logistic regression models, ORs for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake were 15.502 0 for high levels of education. 8.012 0 for smoking frequently. 7. 2680 for eating sauerkraut. 2.904 0 for eating BBQ food. 0.408 0 for exercise in protective factors. CONCLUSION: Potential risk factors for laryngeal cancer were eating sauerkraut. BBQ food and smoking frequently, but proper exercise may reduce the risk of laryngeal cancer.