The Spatiotemporal Coupling: Regional Energy Failure and Aberrant Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

The spatial and temporal coordination of each element is a pivotal characteristic of systems, and the central nervous system (CNS) is not an exception. Glial elements and the vascular interface have been considered more recently, together with the extracellular matrix and the immune system. However, the knowledge of the single-element configuration is not sufficient to predict physiological or pathological long-lasting changes. Ionic currents, complex molecular cascades, genomic rearrangement, and the regional energy demand can be different even in neighboring cells of the same phenotype, and their differential expression could explain the region-specific progression of the most studied neurodegenerative diseases. We here reviewed the main nodes and edges of the system, which could be studied to develop a comprehensive knowledge of CNS plasticity from the neurovascular unit to the synaptic cleft. The future goal is to redefine the modeling of synaptic plasticity and achieve a better understanding of neurological diseases, pointing out cellular, subcellular, and molecular components that couple in specific neuroanatomical and functional regions.

Modulation of the Thrombin Pathway Restores LTP in a Pilocarpine Mice Model of Status Epilepticus.

Background: Status epilepticus (SE) leads to memory impairment following a seizure, attributed to long-term potentiation (LTP) reduction. Thrombin, a coagulation factor that activates protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is involved in cognitive impairment following traumatic brain injury by reducing hippocampal LTP and in seizures as seen in a SE pilocarpine-induced mice model. Thrombin pathway inhibition prevents this cognitive impairment. We evaluated the effect of thrombin pathway inhibition in the pilocarpine-induced SE mice model, on LTP, hippocampal, and serum markers for inflammation, the PAR1 pathway, and neuronal cell damage. Methods: SE was induced by injecting C57BL/6J mice with pilocarpine. Before pilocarpine injection, mice were injected with either the specific thrombin inhibitor α-NAPAP [Nα-(2-naphthalene-sulfonylglycyl)-4-amidino-DL-phenylalaninepiperidide], the PAR1 antagonist SCH79797, or vehicle-only solution. Recordings of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) were conducted from hippocampal slices 24 h following pilocarpine injection. Hippocampal real-time PCR for the quantification of the PAR1, prothrombin, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) mRNA expression levels was conducted. Serum levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) and TNF-α were measured by a single molecule array assay. Results: The EPSP was reduced in the pilocarpine-induced SE mice (p < 0.001). This reduction was prevented by both NAPAP and SCH79797 treatments (p < 0.001 for both treatments). Hippocampal expression of TNF-α was elevated in the pilocarpine-induced SE group compared to the control (p < 0.01), however, serum levels of TNF-α were not changed. NfL levels were elevated in the pilocarpine-induced SE group (p = 0.04) but not in the treated groups. Conclusions: Pilocarpine-induced SE reduces LTP, in a thrombin PAR1-related mechanism. Elevation of serum NfL supports neuronal damage accompanying this functional abnormality which may be prevented by PAR1 pathway modulation.