Childbirth experiences of immigrant women in Chile: Trading human rights and autonomy for dignity and good care.

BACKGROUND: Childbirth is a transcendent life experience but may also be a moment of great vulnerability, especially when it occurs outside the mother's country of origin. OBJECTIVE: To explore the perceptions and experiences of Spanish-speaking immigrant women regarding the healthcare they received during labour and childbirth in Santiago, Chile. METHODS: This qualitative, transcendental phenomenological research was performed at two maternity hospitals using purposive criterion sampling. Eighteen individual and two group interviews were conducted. The resulting information was transcribed and then coded and categorised using phenomenological analysis. RESULTS: Six categories were extracted from the narratives which reflect a pragmatic relationship with the healthcare team that included a perception of 'justified' lack of care. The mothers' exercise of autonomy was subjugated by power-knowledge relations between the women and caregiver that compelled them to refrain from expressing their needs and preferences out of fear of abuse. The women valued emotional support, pain relief and satisfaction of needs in association with medical procedures and companionship. The women rated their experiences as positive if they avoided mistreatment and, as 'the essence of the experience', perceived the care as a favour rather than a right. CONCLUSION: Most immigrant women felt that they had received treatment similar to that of native-born mothers. However, low expectations of autonomy shaped their evaluations of the experiences. Also, a high value on companionship and pain relief, characterised the women's experiences of childbirth. These findings of the interviews reflect a need for a stronger focus on empowerment with an emphasis on gender and rights.

[Echinoderms from Marino Ballena National Park, Pacific, Costa Rica]. / Equinodermos del Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, Pacifico, Costa Rica.

A total of 25 species of echinoderms (four asteroids, six ophiuroids, five echinoids and ten holothurians) were recorded at Marino Ballena National Park, using 25 m2 quadrants, parallel to the coast, at seven sites. The ophiuroids were the most abundant group with 581 individuals and the asteroids the less abundant (48 individuals). Echinoderms densities were low, with the exception of the ophiuroids. Diversity, density and the number of groups were higher where sedimentation was lower. We suggest that sedimentation is having a negative effect on the diversity of echinoderms and on the development of the coral reefs in this park.

[Punta Cocles coral reef, Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica]. / El arrecife coralino de Punta Cocles, costa Caribe de Costa Rica.

This paper describes the Punta Cocles reef (Limón, Costa Rica). Data were obtained by sampling nine transects along the coast and observations done by skin diving between September and November of 2002. This reef consist of 10.5 hectares, where 13 species of corals, 39 of macroalgae, two of seagrasses, two of zoantids, one anemone, one corallimorpharian, and one sponge were identified. Life coral coverage (16%), was higher than in other years (5% for 1985, and 13.2% for 1995), and death coral coverage was very low (0.2%). Macroalgae have the highest coverage (59%), particularly brown algae with a patchy distribution of Sargassum and Padina. Laurencia brongniartii (Rhodophyta) is added to the list of marine flora of Costa Rica. The Punta Cocles reef works as a refuge for organisms, because there are no towns or river mouths nearby, and because of the coast formation. The refuge character is enhanced by the environmental conscience of the people that live close to the reef and help to protect the environment.

Role of the denitrifying Haloarchaea in the treatment of nitrite-brines.

Haloferax mediterranei is a denitrifying halophilic archaeon able to reduce nitrate and nitrite under oxic and anoxic conditions. In the presence of oxygen, nitrate and nitrite are used as nitrogen sources for growth. Under oxygen scarcity, this haloarchaeon uses both ions as electron acceptors via a denitrification pathway. In the present work, the maximal nitrite concentration tolerated by this organism was determined by studying the growth of H. mediterranei in minimal medium containing 30, 40 and 50 mM nitrite as sole nitrogen source and under initial oxic conditions at 42 degrees C. The results showed the ability of H. mediterranei to withstand nitrite concentrations up to 50 mM. At the beginning of the incubation, nitrate was detected in the medium, probably due to the spontaneous oxidation of nitrite under the initial oxic conditions. The complete removal of nitrite and nitrate was accomplished in most of the tested conditions, except in culture medium containing 50 mM nitrite, suggesting that this concentration compromised the denitrification capacity of the cells. Nitrite and nitrate reductases activities were analyzed at different growth stages of H. mediterranei. In all cases, the activities of the respiratory enzymes were higher than their assimilative counterparts; this was especially the case for NirK. The denitrifying and possibly detoxifying role of this enzyme might explain the high nitrite tolerance of H. mediterranei. This archaeon was also able to remove 60% of the nitrate and 75% of the nitrite initially present in brine samples collected from a wastewater treatment facility. These results suggest that H. mediterranei, and probably other halophilic denitrifying Archaea, are suitable candidates for the bioremediation of brines with high nitrite and nitrate concentrations.

El arrecife coralino de Punta Cocles, costa Caribe de Costa Rica / Punta Cocles coral reef, Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica

Este estudio describe al arrecife de Punta Cocles (Limón, Costa Rica). Los datos se obtienen por medio de un muestreo con nueve transectos, paralelos a la costa y por observaciones directas durante buceos a pulmón entre los meses de setiembre y noviembre del 2002. Este arrecife consta aproximadamente de 10.5 hectáreas, en las que se identifican 13 especies de corales, 39 de macroalgas, dos de pastos marinos, dos de zoántidos, una anémona, un coralimorfario y una esponja. Se observa un incremento en la cobertura de corales vivos (16%) con respecto a otros años (5% en 1985, y 13.2% en 1995), y una baja cobertura de coral muerto (0.2%). Las macroalgas presentan la cobertura más alta (59%), particularmente las algas pardas con una distribución en parches de Sargassum y Padina. Laurencia brongniartii (Rhodophyta) constituye una nueva adición para la flora ficológica de Costa Rica. El arrecife de Punta Cocles, funciona como un refugio para los organismos, debido a la ausencia de centros de población y desembocaduras de los ríos, además, del tipo de formación costera, lo que se ve favorecido por la conciencia ambiental que viven cerca del arrecife

This paper describes the Punta Cocles reef (Limón, Costa Rica). Data were obtained by sampling nine transects along the coast and observations done by skin diving between September and November of 2002. This reef consist of 10.5 hectares, where 13 species of corals, 39 of macroalgae, two of seagrasses, two of zoantids, one anemone, one corallimorpharian, and one sponge were identified. Life coral coverage (16%), was higher than in other years (5% for 1985, and 13.2% for 1995), and death coral coverage was very low (0.2%). Macroalgae have the highest coverage (59%), particularly brown algae with a patchy distribution of Sargassum and Padina. Laurencia brongniartii (Rhodophyta) is added to the list of marine flora of Costa Rica. The Punta Cocles reef works as a refuge for organisms, because there are no towns or river mouths nearby, and because of the coast formation. The refuge character is enhanced by the environmental conscience of the people that live close to the reef and help to protect the environment