Predictors of diagnostic stability in acute and transient psychotic disorders: validation of previous findings and implications for ICD-11.

Acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD) have moderate prospective diagnostic stability. Female gender, older age at onset, good premorbid adjustment, abrupt onset, shifting polymorphic symptomatology and absence of schizophrenic features have been found to be predictive factors of diagnostic stability in ATPDs. Nevertheless, most of these findings need to be replicated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic stability of patients with ATPD, and to determine whether previously accepted predictors of diagnostic stability for ATPD could be externally validated in our cohort. To that end, a prospective 2-year observational study was conducted on patients with first-episode ATPD. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine factors associated with ATPD diagnostic stability at the end of the follow-up period. The following prior knowledge variables were analyzed: female gender, older age at onset, good premorbid adjustment, abrupt onset, shifting polymorphic symptomatology and absence of schizophrenic features. Sixty-eight patients with first-episode ATPD completed the follow-up, of whom 55.9% (n = 38) retained their diagnosis of ATPD at the end of the study. Multivariate analysis revealed that diagnostic stability was independently significantly associated with the presence of shifting polymorphic symptomatology (OR = 7.42, 95% CI 1.65-33.30; p = 0.009) and the absence of schizophrenic features (OR = 6.37, 95% CI 1.47-27.54; p = 0.013) at the onset of the psychotic disorder. Our findings provide empirical support for the ICD-11 proposal restricting the new ATPD category to the acute polymorphic disorder without schizophrenia symptoms.

Prognostic significance of psychotic relapse in patients with first-episode acute and transient psychosis: New empirical support for ICD-11.

This study examined the impact of psychotic relapse on the diagnostic stability of acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD), and how this potential risk factor could differentiate 'acute polymorphic psychotic disorder without symptoms of schizophrenia' (APPD; ICD-10 code F23.0) from the remaining non-APPD subtypes (F23.1-9). A two-year cohort study was performed on 68 patients with first-episode ATPD. At the end of follow-up, the diagnostic stability of ATPD was 55.9% and the overall rate of psychotic relapse was 61.8%. Statistical analysis showed that recurrence was an independent risk factor for diagnostic shift in ATPDs (relative risk [RR] = 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17-2.39; p = 0.005) and that this risk differed among their subtypes insofar as its appearance significantly increased the likelihood of diagnostic change in patients with non-APPD subtypes (RR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.56-4.07; p < 0.001), but not in those with APPD (RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.57-1.57; p = 0.844). Our findings confirm the negative implications of recurrence in patients with ATPD, encourage long-term intervention targeting relapse prevention in this population, and provide new empirical evidence in support of narrowing the ATPD category to APPD in the upcoming ICD-11.

Acute stress and substance use as predictors of suicidal behaviour in acute and transient psychotic disorders.

Several authors have reported high rates of suicidal behaviour in acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD). However, the literature in this area remains scarce. We wanted to find out whether there are predictors of suicidal behaviour in ATPD. Of 1032 psychosis admissions examined over a five-year period, ATPD was confirmed in 39 patients according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnostic criteria. These patients were classified as suicidal behaviour (20.5%) or non-risk (79.5%) using a structured interview to assess suicidal risk. The following variables were analysed: previous history of suicide attempt or deliberate self-harm, history of depressive episodes, previous substance use history, education, ATPD subtype (polymorphic vs. non-polymorphic), type of onset (abrupt vs. acute), and presence of associated acute stress. Multivariate analysis revealed that acute stress and substance use are significantly associated with suicidal behaviour in ATPDs. To our knowledge, this is the first study identifying independent risk factors that could predict suicidal behaviour in individuals with ATPD.

Use of repeated intravenous ketamine therapy in treatment-resistant bipolar depression with suicidal behaviour: a case report from Spain.

The rapidly-acting antidepressant properties of ketamine are a trend topic in psychiatry. Despite its robust effects, these are ephemeral and can lead to certain adverse events. For this reason, there is still a general concern around the off-label use of ketamine in clinical practice settings. Nonetheless, for refractory depression, it should be an indication to consider. We report the case of a female patient admitted for several months due to a treatment-resistant depressive bipolar episode with chronic suicidal behaviour. After repeated intravenous ketamine infusions without remarkable side effects, the patient experienced a complete clinical recovery during the 4 weeks following hospital discharge. Unfortunately, depressive symptoms reappeared in the 5th week, and the patient was finally readmitted to hospital as a result of a suicide attempt.

Agudizaciones de asma bronquial, relación con niveles de conocimientos y acceso a la asistencia médica / Exacerbations of bronchial asthma, relation between level of knowledge and access to medical care

Con el objetivo de precisar la relación de los niveles de conocimientos sobre las agudizaciones del asma bronquial, con su aparición y la relación entre el tiempo en buscar la atención médica y su duración, se realizó un estudio analítico, de corte transversal, retrospectivo, en los consultorios 29 y 30 del área de salud «Hermanos Cruz¼ de Pinar del Río de septiembre 2010 a septiembre 2011. Se estudiaron 34 pacientes con agudizaciones y 84 que no tuvieron. Se aplicó un cuestionario para explorar las variables de interés. Para verificar la asociación entre variables se utilizó el estadígrafo ji cuadrado para un valor de significación estadística á= 0.05. Existió una asociación entre las agudizaciones y el nivel de conocimiento (X2= 15,04; p= 0,00011); OR= 5,8. Los factores desencadenantes de agudizaciones más frecuentes fueron: los cambios meteorológicos (91,5%), sustancias inhaladas (88,98%) e infecciones respiratorias (54,2%). 47,1% tuvo un período de tiempo desde los pródromos hasta las agudizaciones menor de seis horas; 67,6% buscó la asistencia médica después de 12 horas (Z= 2,57; p=4,94 E-03). Existió un predominio de estos últimos pacientes que tuvieron crisis mayores de 24 horas (X2=12,36; p=0,014). Se evidenció la relación entre el nivel de conocimiento de medidas para evitar agudizaciones y la aparición de estas. La mayoría de los pacientes tuvo un período prodrómico corto, y demoraron en buscar la asistencia médica, lo cual se relaciona con las duraciones prolongadas de las agudizaciones.

An analytical, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted at 29 and 30 Doctor´s Offices with the purpose of specifying the relation among levels of knowledge concerning bronchial asthma exacerbation together with its onset, access to medical care and duration of the status asthmaticus, during September 2010 to September 2011 at «Hermanos Cruz¼ Health Area. 34 patients presenting exacerbations of bronchial asthma, and other 84 who did not present exacerbations participated in the study. A questionnaire to explore variables of interest was applied, and chi square test was used to verify the association of variables up to a value of ƒ¿=0.05 of statistical significance. An association between exacerbation and level of knowledge was observed (X2= 15, 04; p= 0, 00011); OR= 5, 8. Triggering factors were: weather changes (91, 5%), inhalation of substances (88, 98%) and contagious respiratory diseases (54, 2%). Less than 6 hours was the time (47, 1%) from the onset of symptoms to the exacerbations; 67,6% attended to medical care 12 hours after (Z= 2,57; p=4,94 E-03). Prevailing this last group of patients with an exacerbation of asthma greater than 24 hours (X2=12, 36; p=0,014). The relationship between level of knowledge to avoid exacerbations of asthma and the onset was confirmed. The majority of patients presented short periods of symptoms and delayed medical care, which was related to the durations of these prolonged exacerbations of bronchial asthma.

Estrés oxidativo: enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y tabaquismo / Oxidative stress: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and smoking

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y descriptivo, para conocer el comportamiento del estrés oxidativo en una muestra de 80 individuos con edades entre 45 y 65 años, y divididos a partes iguales en 4 grupos de estudio: I. Individuos aparentemente sanos, no fumadores; II. Sujetos aparentemente sanos, fumadores; III. Pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, fumadores; y IV. Pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, exfumadores, los 2 primeros grupos seleccionados del Policlínico Docente "Primero de Enero" de Consolación del Sur, y los otros 2, de la consulta de Neumología del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Abel Santamaría" de Pinar del Río, en el período comprendido desde el 1ro de septiembre de 1999 al 31 de marzo del 2002. A todos se les determinó concentración sanguínea de malonildialdehído, actividad de catalasa y actividad de superóxido dismutasa, y se categorizaron según edad y sexo. Se concluyó que la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica predominó en edades superiores a 55 años, y en pacientes masculinos. Los marcadores de estrés oxidativo malonildialdehído, catalasa y superóxido dismutasa se elevaron significativamente en los fumadores con esta enfermedad, disminuyeron en los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica exfumadores, se demostró la importancia del estrés oxidativo en la génesis de dicha entidad, y su estrecha relación con el tabaquismo