Chloroplast and ITS phylogenies to understand the evolutionary history of southern South American Azorella, Laretia and Mulinum (Azorelloideae, Apiaceae).

Azorella, Laretia and Mulinum are taxonomically complex, and good candidates to study evolutionary radiations in the Andes and the importance of hybridizations. Previous phylogenetic studies of subfamily Azorelloideae agree that Azorella and Mulinum as currently conceived are not monophyletic, and hence a revision of their circumscription is necessary. However, these phylogenies were based only on chloroplast DNA sequence data. Here, phylogenetic relationships within Azorelloideae were inferred using sequence data from five chloroplast DNA (rps16 intron, trnQ-rps16, rps16-trnKUUU 5' -exon, trnGGCC-trnSGCU and rpL32-trnLUAG), and from nuclear rDNA ITS regions to assess the monophyly of Azorella and Mulinum and discuss generic re-circumscriptions, determine hybridization and radiation events, identify and characterize important lineages, and propose hypotheses on evolution of key morphological characters. In total, 121 accessions of Azorelloideae were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses of the different genomes were conducted separately and combined, with and without indels, using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. To analyze the incongruence between plastid and nuclear-derived trees a consensus network from strongly supported nodes from cpDNA and ITS trees was constructed. Internode certainty values were calculated to evaluate the reliability of the relationships estimated from the individual cpDNA and ITS data sets and to examine the degree of conflict within the total evidence data set. Azorella and Mulinum were confirmed as not monophyletic. Except three Azorella species, the remaining azorellas, all species of Mulinum, and Laretia form a monophyletic group, designated here as Andean-Patagonian. The three species of Azorella that are not part of the Andean-Patagonian lineage are grouped together with Huanaca and Schizeilema in another lineage, designated here as Austral. Within the Andean-Patagonian clade, three major lineages can be recognized: Diversifolia, Trifurcata, and Spinosum. Each of these lineages have different leaf morpho-anatomies, Diversifolia species being more mesomorphic compared to species of Trifurcata, and species of Spinosum being the most xeromorphic. Hybridizations have been important in the evolution of the group, especially within Diversifolia, with at least six reticulation events resulting in putative homoploid and allopolyploid hybrid species. Evidence from branch lengths and low sequence divergences suggest a rapid radiation in the Spinosum group, probably associated with the acquisition of wings in the fruits.

[Imagenological findings of stump appendicitis]. / Hallazgos imagenológicos de la apendicitis de muñón.

Stump appendicitis is a rare complication of appendectomy. It may develop from a few weeks to several years after the surgical procedure. To achieve its diagnosis a high index of suspicion is necessary. The objective of this publication is to make a review of two cases of this entity that occurred in our institution and to mention its most frequent imaging findings. Computed tomography is an excellent method to assess this entity, not only for its diagnosis but also to rule out other pathologies that present similar clinical features.

La apendicitis del muñón es una complicación poco frecuente de la apendicectomía. Puede aparecer desde unas semanas a varios años luego del procedimiento quirúrgico. Para arribar a su diagnóstico es necesario un alto índice de sospecha. El objetivo de esta publicación es hacer una reseña de dos casos de esta entidad ocurridos en nuestra institución y mencionar sus hallazgos imagenológicos más frecuentes. La tomografía computarizada es un excelente método para valorar esta entidad, no solo para su diagnóstico sino también para descartar otras patologías que presentan un cuadro clínico similar.

Localized argyria secondary to acupuncture mimicking blue nevus.

The typical clinical manifestation of localized cutaneous argyria is a blue-grayish asymptomatic macule, which may be caused by occupational exposure, topical treatment, dental amalgams and alternative medicine therapies. The lesions often are clinically indistinguishable from blue nevi and metastatic melanoma. The authors present a case of localized cutaneous argyria secondary to an acupuncture needle, emphasizing the importance of keeping this entity in mind in the differential diagnosis of blue-grayish pigmented lesion in a body area that could have been treated with acupuncture.

Advances in Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Prostate magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a widely used imaging technique to detect intraprostatic lesions and guide prostate biopsies, with continuous technical advances for better accuracy in prostate cancer diagnosis. Current evaluation of prostate multiparametric MR imaging mainly depends on qualitative evaluation, which is prone to inter-reader variation. Recent advances in prostate MR imaging, such as quantitative T2 mapping and abbreviated MR imaging protocols (eg, biparametric MR imaging), are designed to simplify prostate MR imaging acquisition and interpretation.

Hallazgos imagenológicos de la apendicitis de muñón / Imagenological findings of stump apendicitis

Resumen La apendicitis del muñón es una complicación poco frecuente de la apendicectomía. Puede aparecer desde unas semanas a varios años luego del procedimiento quirúrgico. Para arribar a su diagnóstico es necesario un alto índice de sospecha. El objetivo de esta publicación es hacer una reseña de dos casos de esta entidad ocurridos en nuestra institución y mencionar sus hallazgos imagenológicos más frecuentes. La tomografía computarizada es un excelente método para valorar esta entidad, no solo para su diagnóstico sino también para descartar otras patologías que presentan un cuadro clínico similar.

Abstract Stump appendicitis is a rare complication of appendectomy. It may develop from a few weeks to several years after the surgical procedure. To achieve its diagnosis a high index of suspicion is necessary. The objective of this publication is to make a re view of two cases of this entity that occurred in our institution and to mention its most frequent imaging findings. Computed tomography is an excellent method to assess this entity, not only for its diagnosis but also to rule out other pathologies that present similar clinical features.