Quinine and chloroquine: Potential preclinical candidates for the treatment of tegumentary Leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in more than 90 countries, constituting a relevant public health problem. Limited treatment options, increase in resistance, and therapeutic failure are important aspects for the discovery of new treatment options. Drug repurposing may accelerate the discovery of antiLeishmanial drugs. Recent tests indicating the in vitro potential of antimalarials Leishmania resulted in the design of this study. This study aimed at evaluating the susceptibility of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis to chloroquine (CQ) and quinine (QN), alone or in combination with amphotericin B (AFT) and pentamidine (PTN). In the in vitro tests, first, we evaluated the growth inhibition of 50 % of promastigotes (IC50) and cytotoxicity for HepG2 and THP-1 cells (CC50). The IC50 values of AFT and PNT were below 1 µM, while the IC50 values of CQ and QN ranged between 4 and 13 µM. Concerning cytotoxicity, CC50 values ranged between 7 and 30 µM for AFT and PNT, and between 22 and 157 µM for the antimalarials. We also calculated the Selectivity Index (SI), where AFT and PTN obtained the highest values, while the antimalarias obtained values between 5 and 12. Both antimalarials were additive (Æ©FIC 1.05-1.8) in combination with AFT and PTN. For anti-amastigote activity, the drugs obtained the following ICA50 values: AFT (0.26 µM), PNT (2.09 µM), CQ (3.77 µM) and QN (24.5 µM). In the in vivo tests, we observed that the effective dose for the death of 50 % of parasites (ED50) of AFT and CQ were 0.63 mg/kg and 27.29 mg/kg, respectively. When combining CQ with AFT, a decrease in parasitemia was observed, being statistically equal to the naive group. For cytokine quantification, it was observed that CQ, despite presenting anti-inflammatory activity was effective at increasing the production of IFN-γ. Overall, our data indicate that chloroquine will probably be a candidate for repurposing and use in drug combination therapy.

Antiplasmodial and antileishmanial activities of compounds from Piper tuberculatum Jacq fruits.

INTRODUCTION: This study assessed the activity of compounds from Piper tuberculatum against Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania guyanensis. METHODS: The effects of compounds from P. tuberculatum fruits on P. falciparum and L. guyanensis promastigote growth in vitro were determined. Hemolytic action and cytotoxicity in HepG2 and J774 cells were measured. RESULTS: Three compounds showed strong antiplasmodial activity and one compound showed strong antileishmanial activity. Two compounds were non-toxic to HepG2 cells and all were toxic to J774 cells. The compounds showed no hemolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS: The tested compounds from P. tuberculatum exhibited antiparasitic and cytotoxic effects.

Evaluation of triterpenes derivatives in the viability of Leishmania amazonensis and Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis and Leishmania spp. are protozoal species responsible for millions of cases of parasitic diseases worldwide. Considering the potential of natural products and the need for more effective and less toxic alternatives to treat trichomoniasis and leishmaniasis, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of two series of triterpenes derivatives with different modifications at C-3 and C-28 positions of the ursolic acid (UA) and betulinic acid (BA) against trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis and promastigotes forms of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. The compounds modified just at C-3 were the most active. The 3β-acetyl betulinic acid (1b) reduced the trophozoites viability of T. vaginalis at 74%, followed by the 3-oxo ursolic acid and 3-oxo betulinic acid (3a and 3b) compounds (55% of reduction). The compound 3β-isobutyl ursolic acid (7a) inhibited the viability of L. amazonensis promastigotes by 55%. Therefore, analyzing the structure-activity relationship and the data of literature, it is possible to suppose that the inclusion of polar groups in the skeletons could improve the antiprotozoal activity. Overall, further studies are necessary to develop triterpenic derivatives with more powerful trichomonicidal and leishmanicidal properties.

Antiplasmodial and antileishmanial activities of compounds from Piper tuberculatum Jacq fruits

Abstract INTRODUCTION This study assessed the activity of compounds from Piper tuberculatum against Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania guyanensis. METHODS The effects of compounds from P. tuberculatum fruits on P. falciparum and L. guyanensis promastigote growth in vitro were determined. Hemolytic action and cytotoxicity in HepG2 and J774 cells were measured. RESULTS Three compounds showed strong antiplasmodial activity and one compound showed strong antileishmanial activity. Two compounds were non-toxic to HepG2 cells and all were toxic to J774 cells. The compounds showed no hemolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS The tested compounds from P. tuberculatum exhibited antiparasitic and cytotoxic effects.