RESUMO
A series of (5-substituted pyrrolidinyl-2-carbonyl)-2-cyanopyrrolidine (C5-Pro-Pro) analogues was discovered as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) inhibitors as a potential treatment of diabetes and obesity. X-ray crystallography data show that these inhibitors bind to the catalytic site of DPPIV with the cyano group forming a covalent bond with the serine residue of DPPIV. The C5-substituents make various interactions with the enzyme and affect potency, chemical stability, selectivity, and PK properties of the inhibitors. Optimized analogues are extremely potent with subnanomolar K(i)'s, are chemically stable, show very little potency decrease in the presence of plasma, and exhibit more than 1,000-fold selectivity against related peptidases. The best compounds also possess good PK and are efficacious in lowering blood glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test in ZDF rats.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/síntese química , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/metabolismo , Hipoglicemiantes/síntese química , Nitrilas/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteases/síntese química , Pirrolidinas/síntese química , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacocinética , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Glicemia/análise , Domínio Catalítico , Cristalografia por Raios X , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacocinética , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Modelos Moleculares , Nitrilas/farmacocinética , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinética , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ratos Zucker , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are poised to be the next major drug class for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Structure-activity studies of substitutions at the C5 position of the 2-cyanopyrrolidide warhead led to the discovery of potent inhibitors of DPP-IV that lack activity against DPP8 and DPP9. Further modification led to an extremely potent (Ki(DPP)(-)(IV) = 1.0 nM) and selective (Ki(DPP8) > 30 microM; Ki(DPP9) > 30 microM) clinical candidate, ABT-279, that is orally available, efficacious, and remarkably safe in preclinical safety studies.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Adenosina Desaminase , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV , Glicoproteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Hipoglicemiantes/síntese química , Piridinas/síntese química , Pirrolidinas/síntese química , Adenosina Desaminase/química , Administração Oral , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Células CACO-2 , Cristalografia por Raios X , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/química , Cães , Feminino , Intolerância à Glucose/tratamento farmacológico , Glicoproteínas/química , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacocinética , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Macaca fascicularis , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Piridinas/farmacologia , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinética , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ratos Zucker , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeAssuntos
Dissecação/métodos , Cartilagens Laríngeas/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ultrassônicos/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Dissecação/instrumentação , Desenho de Equipamento , Feminino , Humanos , Laringoplastia/instrumentação , Laringoplastia/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Otorrinolaringológicos/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sucção , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ultrassônicos/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
The enantioselective synthesis of endothelin-A antagonist ABT-546 has been accomplished via the discovery and development of a highly selective catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition of ketoesters to nitroolefins. Employing just 4 mol % bis(oxazoline)-Mg(OTf)(2) complex with an amine cocatalyst, we obtained the product nitroketone with 88% selectivity at the aryl-bearing stereocenter and in good yield on scales ranging to 13 mol. The effects of ligand structure, metal salt, and solvent on the reaction are described. Particularly important to the reaction is the water content. While water is necessary during the generation of the catalyst, the water must be then removed to maximize stereoselectivity and reactivity. The reaction has been extended to other dicarbonyl substrates, and a variety of substitution patterns are tolerated on the nitroolefin partner. The reaction has also been employed in the synthesis of the antidepressant rolipram. Investigations relating to the mechanism of the reaction are also described.