Tools for the ex situ conservation of the threatened species, Cycladenia humilis var. jonesii.

Ex situ conservation is critical for hedging against the loss of plant diversity. For those species (exceptional species) that cannot be conserved long-term in standard seed banks, alternative methods are required, often involving in vitro culture and cryopreservation, or storage in liquid nitrogen. Cycladenia humilis var. jonesii is a federally threatened perennial native to Utah and Arizona. It is classified as an exceptional species, because it produces few seeds, and, thus, in vitro propagation and cryopreservation were investigated as tools for its propagation and preservation. Shoot-propagating cultures were established from both seedling and wild-collected shoots, but cultures from both sources displayed an extreme form of the physiological disorder, hyperhydricity. This phenotype could be at least partially normalized by the use of vented closures, as well as by using agar, rather than gellan gum, in the medium. The hyperhydric (HH) phenotype had a lower dry weight, more branching, minimal leaf development and more poorly developed vascular tissue than the more normal (MN) phenotype. Only more normalized shoots could be rooted and the resulting plants acclimatized. Both HH and MN shoots also provided shoot tips capable of surviving cryopreservation using the droplet vitrification method. These in vitro and cryopreservation methods provide tools that can be used for propagating plants of C. humilis var. jonesii for research and restoration, as well as for supplying shoot tips for the ex situ conservation of this species. The two distinct phenotypes also provide a useful system for studying factors involved in the HH response of this dryland species in vitro.

Survival against drugs: education for school-age children.

PROBLEM: Alcohol and drug use of young school-age children continue to escalate. Comprehensive, effective interventions are needed to treat and prevent future alcohol and drug use. METHODS: The alcohol and drug use of 69 school-age children participating in afterschool programs was explored; parents completed a family climate scale. An investigator-developed educational program was evaluated for its effect on self-efficacy of the children to prevent drug and alcohol use. FINDINGS: Although family climate scales indicated functioning families, 25% of the children indicated they have used drugs or alcohol and 49% indicated a possible problem with alcohol or drugs being used at home by parents. A significant correlation with a child's self-efficacy and drug use was found. CONCLUSIONS: The educational program taught children survival skills to resist the use of alcohol and drugs. Children with a plan to resist the use of drugs were more likely not to use drugs.