A New Modified Bipedicle Scrotal Skin Flap Technique for the Reconstruction of Penile Skin in Patients with Paraffin-Induced Sclerosing Lipogranuloma of the Penis.

PURPOSE: We introduce a new modified penile skin reconstruction technique to treat paraffin-induced sclerosing lipogranuloma of the penis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2017 to 2020, 49 patients underwent the procedure. Complete removal of the lipogranuloma-involved penile skin was performed. A subcutaneous tunnel was then created between a horizontal scrotal incision and a proximal penile circumferential incision. The denuded penis was pulled through the tunnel, and a subcoronal and longitudinal dorsal penile suture line was made. An inverted V-shaped incision was made on the scrotum on the ventral side of the penis, followed by longitudinal closure. Outcomes and complications of the procedure were retrospectively studied. The long-term effect of surgery on sexual function and overall satisfaction was measured using a patient-reported questionnaire, which was completed by 30 patients. RESULTS: The overall complication rate was 26.5%. Clavien-Dindo grade 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4 and 5 complications occurred in the postoperative period 5, 0, 8, 1, 0 and 0 times, respectively, in 13 patients. Surgery was successful in 27 (90%) patients according to the patient-reported questionnaire. Erectile dysfunction, pain/tension during erection, premature ejaculation and penile lymphedema were observed in 2, 3, 1 and 1 patients, respectively. All patients reported sexual intercourse ability. CONCLUSIONS: The type of penile skin reconstruction after the removal of sclerosing lipogranuloma of the penis is controversial. The reconstruction technique presented herein is an effective single-stage treatment option with a high success rate in patients with sclerosing lipogranuloma of the penis with intact scrotal skin.

Expression of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) and Type-I LHRH Receptor in Transitional Cell Carcinoma Type of Human Bladder Cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most frequently detected cancer in both sexes. Type-I luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) receptor (LHRH-R-I) is expressed not only in the pituitary, but also in several types of cancer disease. There are few data about LHRH-R-I expression in human BC. This study aimed to investigate the expression of LHRH and LHRH-R-I in the transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) type of human BC. RNA was extracted from 24 human bladder tumor specimens and three BC cell lines. RT-PCR was performed to detect mRNA for LHRH and LHRH-R-I. The protein of LHRH-R-I was further studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC), ligand competition assay, and Western Blot. PCR products of LHRH were found in 19 of 24 (79%) specimens and mRNA of LHRH-R-I was detected in 20 of 24 specimens (83%). Positive immunostaining for LHRH-R-I with different expression intensity was found in all samples examined, showing negative correlation with TCC grade. Radioligand binding studies also showed the presence of specific LHRH-R-I and high affinity binding of LHRH analogs. The high incidence of LHRH-R in BC suggests that it could serve as a molecular target for therapy of human BC with cytotoxic LHRH analogs or modern powerful antagonistic analogs of LHRH.

Renal Tumor in Pregnancy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

The authors present their renal tumor cases observed during pregnancy and review the literature related to this topic. Between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2015, altogether 3 patients were treated for renal tumor during pregnancy. Two of them had surgery performed during pregnancy, while in the other, premature birth of the baby preceded surgery. In the first case, a laparoscopic tumor resection was performed in the 29th week of the patient's pregnancy. In the second case, a transperitoneal radical nephrectomy was carried out during the 10th week of pregnancy. In the case of the third patient, a caesarean section was performed during the 32nd week of gestation, and then followed later by surgery for the metastatic renal tumor. However, the tumor was found to be inoperable.

Surgical Management and Outcome of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus.

INTRODUCTION: The authors of this paper assessed the surgical management and outcome of renal cancers when tumor thrombus extended into the inferior vena cava (IVC). METHODS: From 2000 to 2015, 46 radical nephrectomies were performed on patients with tumor thrombus in the IVC. The mean age of the patients was 60 ± 11 years. Radical nephrectomy and thrombectomies were performed in a single session. There were 18 level-IV, 23 level-III, and 5 level-II tumor thrombi. The operations were performed using cardiopulmonary bypass in 14 patients, while deep hypothermic cardiac arrest was carried out in 4 cases. RESULTS: The mean size of the tumors was 9.4 ± 3.5 cm. Histology showed the tumor stages to be pT3b in 21cases, pT3c in 22, and pT4 in 3 patients. The mean follow-up period of the patients was 3.6 ± 3.0 years. During the follow-up period, local recurrence was observed in 7 patients, while distant metastases occurred in 8 cases. The median time to progression was 37 ± 27 months. The 5-year overall survival was 43.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy provided reasonable long-term survival for patients with renal cancer and IVC thrombus. However, tumor progression was detected in 41.6%. The presence of tumor thrombus had a negative effect on tumor progression and survival.

[The Great Imitator. Case report]. / A nagy imitátor.

Authors present two patients suffering from renal tuberculosis, which caused differential diagnostic problems. The first patient was examined because of fever and left flank pain. Computed tomography revealed renal shrinkage on the left side. Retrograde pyelography demonstrated ureteric stricture and dilated calices. Urine culture showed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Two months after initiation of the antituberculotic therapy nephrectomy was performed. The second patient was referred to the department because of fever after unsuccessful antibiotic treatment. Ultrasound examination showed a staghorn stone, dilated renal pelvis and perirenal abscess on the left side. Double J catheter insertion and percutaneous puncture of the abscess were performed. Culture of the pus aspirated proved Proteus morganii. Fever and complaints of the patient relieved after antibiotic treatment. Two months later double J catheter was changed because of persistent pyelonephritis. One week later the patient returned to the hospital with fever, which could not be reduced with intravenous antibiotics. Computed tomography showed purulent fluid in the left kidney, and nephrectomy was performed. Histology revealed renal tuberculosis. The authors summarize the diagnosis and treatment of renal tuberculosis on the basis of these two cases.

[11C-choline PET/CT in the diagnosis of prostate cancer -- Hungarian experience]. / 11C-kolin-PET/CT a prosztatarák diagnosztikájában -- a hazai tapasztalatok tükrében.

11C-choline has been used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with prostate cancer for years. Choline PET/CT has been available in human care since March, 2014 in our country. Unfortunately this examination has not been reimbursed by the National Health Insurance so far. We retrospectively analysed and assessed the results of 40 patients who underwent 11C-choline PET/CT on the basis of previous literature. As our study group was heterogeneous statistical analysis was not performed.

Present practice of thrombosis prophylaxis of radical prostatectomy in a European country: a Hungarian multicenter study.

Venous thromboembolism is a possible fatal complication after pelvic surgery. There is a lack of trials assessing the effect of prophylactic measures in urology. The aim of the study was to evaluate the practice of thrombosis prophylaxis in a Central European country. A questionnaire of performed radical prostatectomies, way of thrombosis prophylaxis and number of experienced thrombotic events was posted to all departments of urology in Hungary. With a response rate of 59%, 506 radical prostatectomies were reported. Low molecular weight heparin was administered by 100% of the departments. Graduated support stockings were applied by 37% of the patients. Early mobilization was the most common form of mechanic prophylaxis (57%). Thrombotic events were experienced in 1.4%, 0.2% were fatal. The thrombosis prophylaxis of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy is not unified. Due to the potential mortality of thrombotic complications it should be evaluated and prophylaxis should be recommended in urological guidelines.

Expression of hsa-miRNA-15b, -99b, -181a and Their Relationship to Angiogenesis in Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a regulatory role in various human cancers. The roles of hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-99b-5p, and hsa-miR-181a-5p have not been fully explored in the angiogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). AIMS: The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of these miRNAs in tumorous and adjacent healthy tissues of RCC. METHODS: Paired tumorous and adjacent normal kidney tissues from 20 patients were studied. The expression levels of hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-99b-5p, and hsa-miR-181a-5p were quantified by TaqMan miRNA Assays. Putative targets were analyzed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS: Significant downregulation of all three miRNAs investigated was observed in tumorous samples compared to adjacent normal kidney tissues. Spearman analysis showed a negative correlation between the expression levels of miRNAs and the pathological grades of the patients. Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), was observed in tumorous samples compared to adjacent normal tissues. Depletion of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was detected compared to normal adjacent tissues. The examined miRNAs might function as contributing factors to renal carcinogenesis. However, more prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the potential role of miRNAs in RCC angiogenesis.

[Penile epithelioid hemangioma]. / A hímvesszo epithelioid haemangiomája.

Epithelioid hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor. Complete surgical excision is curative, there is no tendency to recurrence or metastasize. Its penile occurrence is extremely rare, only 33 cases have been reported in English literature. A patient with epithelioid hemangioma of the deep dorsal vein of the penis is reported. To our knowledge, this is the first report of penile epithelioid hemangioma in Hungarian literature. The 64-year-old patient presented to our department with painful erection caused by a palpable penile mass. Physical examination revealed a mobile subcutaneous nodule on the dorsum of the penis. Penile ultrasound showed a 10 mm homogeneous, well circumscribed lesion superficial to the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa without intralesional blood flow. Local excision was performed through a dorsal longitudinal penile incision. The deep dorsal vein was dissected circumferentially, then the lesion was removed following ligation of the vein proximal and distal to the mass. Histopathological examination revealed epithelioid hemangioma. At three months after surgery, the patient reported complete resolution of pain, his International Index of Erectile Function Score was 21. At four years after the operation, there were no signs of recurrence or metastasis. Successful treatment of epithelioid hemangioma of the penis requires in-depth knowledge of processes resulting in penile subcutaneous masses, therefore the differential diagnosis is detailed in discussion. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(21): 836-840.

Potential Role of VHL, PTEN, and BAP1 Mutations in Renal Tumors.

The genetic profiling of renal tumors has revealed genomic regions commonly affected by structural changes and a general genetic heterogeneity. The VHL, PTEN, and BAP1 genes are often mutated in renal tumors. The frequency and clinical relevance of these mutations in renal tumors are still being researched. In our study, we investigated VHL, PTEN, and BAP1 genes and the sequencing of 24 samples of patients with renal tumors, revealing that VHL was mutated at a noticeable frequency (25%). Six of the investigated samples showed mutations, and one genetic polymorphism (rs779805) was detected in both heterozygote and homozygote forms. PTEN gene mutation was observed in only one sample, and one specimen showed genetic polymorphism. In the case of the BAP1 gene, all of the samples were wild types. Interestingly, VHL mutation was detected in two female patients diagnosed with AML and in one with oncocytoma. We assume that VHL or PTEN mutations may contribute to the development of human renal cancer. However, the overall mutation rate was low in all specimens investigated, and the development and prognosis of the disease were not exclusively associated with these types of genetic alterations.

Laparoscopic removal of a paracaval air gun bullet in a child.

Air guns are known as low-velocity arms and are considered harmless. However, injuries from air weapons can be serious and even fatal, particularly in children. We present a potentially life-threatening penetrating retroperitoneal injury of a 3-year-old boy caused by an air gun, and the successful removal of the bullet via a laparoscopic approach. The patient was brought to our center with a penetrating air gunshot wound on his right side in the waist area. He was accidentally shot by his brother at their home. The patient's clinical condition was stable. Computed tomography scan showed the bullet in the retroperitoneum near the inferior vena cava. A three-port laparoscopic transperitoneal approach was performed. The bullet was found just 0.5 cm caudal to the right renal hilum and 0.5 cm near the inferior vena cava; it was then removed. Operation time was 42 min and the postoperative course was uneventful. Thanks to improvements in laparoscopic surgical techniques, laparoscopy has become a feasible and effective treatment modality even for the removal of foreign bodies in children.

[Nondetectable prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens]. / Kimutathatatlan prosztatarák radikális prostatectomiás szövetmintákban.

UNLABELLED: Since the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen, early diagnosis of prostate cancer at an early stage has been increased. Consequently, a greater frequency of low-volume disease or no tumor has been found in radical prostatectomy specimen. AIMS: In the present study authors analyzed patients classified as pT0 after radical prostatectomy at their center. METHODS: 1134 radical prostatectomies were evaluated retrospectively at the author's center between 1996 and 2010. If there was no evidence of prostate cancer in the specimen, patient was staged as pT0. Patients were divided into two groups: received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy or not. RESULTS: Overall 32 (2.8%) patients were staged as pT0. The rate of pT0 staging was 9.3% and 1.2% in the hormonally treated group and non-hormonally treated group. False-positive prostate biopsy was found in 2 cases. The rate of pT0 staging was higher in patients with incidental prostate cancer, low Gleason score and enlarged prostate. Biochemical relapse was observed in 3 pT0 patients in the hormonally treated group, among them there was one clinical relapse. In non-hormonally treated group no recurrence was detected. CONCLUSION: The rate of pT0 staging was higher in the hormonally treated group. Because of biochemical and clinical relapse despite vanishing prostate cancer phenomenon, these cases are considered not to be true pT0. On the basis of present study and other reports the rate of pT0 staging is about one percentage in non-hormonally treated patients. Prognosis of these patients is excellent.

Ilixadencel, a Cell-based Immune Primer, plus Sunitinib Versus Sunitinib Alone in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Randomized Phase 2 Study.

Background: The prognosis of patients with synchronous metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is poor. Whereas single-agent tyrosine kinase inhibition (TKI) is clearly insufficient, the effects can be enhanced by combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Innovative treatment options combining TKI and other immune-stimulating agents could prove beneficial. Objective: To evaluate the clinical effects on metastatic disease when two doses of allogeneic monocyte-derived dendritic cells (ilixadencel) are administrated intratumorally followed by nephrectomy and treatment with sunitinib compared with nephrectomy and sunitinib monotherapy, in patients with synchronous mRCC. Design setting and participants: A randomized (2:1) phase 2 multicenter trial enrolled 88 patients with newly diagnosed mRCC to treatment with the combination ilixadencel/sunitinib (ILIXA/SUN; 58 patients) or sunitinib alone (SUN; 30 patients). Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The primary endpoints were 18-mo survival rate and overall survival (OS). A secondary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) assessed up to 18 mo after enrollment. Statistic evaluations included Kaplan-Meier estimates, log-rank tests, Cox regression, and stratified Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests. Results and limitations: The median OS was 35.6 mo in the ILIXA/SUN arm versus 25.3 mo in the SUN arm (hazard ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.42-1.27; p = 0.25), while the 18-mo OS rates were 63% and 66% in the ILIXA/SUN and SUN arms, respectively. The confirmed ORR in the ILIXA/SUN arm were 42.2% (19/45), including three patients with complete response, versus 24.0% (six/25) in the SUN arm (p = 0.13) without complete responses. The study was not adequately powered to detect modest differences in survival. Conclusions: The study failed to meet its primary endpoints. However, ilixadencel in combination with sunitinib was associated with a numerically higher, nonsignificant, confirmed response rate, including complete responses, compared with sunitinib monotherapy. Patient summary: We studied the effects of intratumoral vaccination with ilixadencel followed by sunitinib versus sunitinib only in a randomized phase 2 study. The combination treatment showed numerically higher numbers of confirmed responses, suggesting an immunologic effect.

Receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) as potential molecular targets for therapy with LHRH antagonist cetrorelix.

BACKGROUND: The majority of men will develop symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) after 70 years of age. Various studies indicate that antagonists of LHRH, such as cetrorelix, exert direct inhibitory effects on BPH mediated by specific LHRH receptors. Our aim was to investigate the mRNA for LHRH and LHRH receptors and the expression of LHRH receptors in specimens of human BPH. METHODS: The expression of mRNA for LHRH (n=35) and LHRH receptors (n=55) was investigated by RT-PCR in surgical specimens of BPH, using specific primers. The characteristics of binding sites for LHRH on 20 samples were determined by ligand competition assays. The LHRH receptor expression was also examined in 64 BPH specimens by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: PCR products for LHRH were found in 18 of 35 (51%) BPH tissues and mRNA for LHRH receptors was detected in 39 of 55 (71%) BPH specimens. Eighteen of 20 (90%) samples showed a single class of high affinity binding sites for [D-Trp(6) ]LHRH with a mean K(d) of 4.04 nM and a mean B(max) of 527.6 fmol/mg membrane protein. LHRH antagonist cetrorelix showed high affinity binding to LHRH receptors in BPH. Positive immunohistochemical reaction for LHRH receptors was present in 42 of 64 (67%) BPH specimens. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of LHRH receptors in BPH supports the use of LHRH antagonists such as cetrorelix, for treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms from BPH.

[The emotions of oncologists]. / Az onkológusok érzelmei.

Emotions are parts of organizational reality to an ever increasing extent. Importantly, they are not just tools in the hand of healthcare workers to achieve better physician / healthcare professional-to-patient interactions but intrinsic processes and characteristics with psychic, cognitive and somatic actions. For a thorough investigation of the issue, a PANAS-X questionnaire was used to examine the emotions of 187 physicians and other healthcare professionals, all engaged in oncology, in 2009. The research succeeded in exploring the overall emotional state oncology professionals had assumed in relation with their job as well as enabled the authors of this study to draw the respondents' emotional map and assess their fundamental emotional attitudes. Furthermore, the authors managed to identify groups of respondents that had felt more intense positive, and/or less intense negative emotions that are socially accepted than others. They included those of senior experienced oncologists, males, individuals with families, childless individuals, ward workers, and skilled professionals. According to the findings, the range of emotions an oncologist experiences / feels intently during his everyday work is dependent upon a great number of factors.

Our experience with cytoreductive radical prostatectomy in patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer / Cytoreductiv radikális prostatectomiával szerzett tapasztalataink oligometastaticus prosztatadaganatok esetében.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Az utóbbi években az oligometastaticus prosztatadaganatok kezelése során a szisztémás kezelés mellett egyre gyakrabban végzik a primer tumor lokális kezelését is. Célkituzés: A szerzok a tanulmányban a cytoreductiv radikális prostatectomia szerepét vizsgálták az oligometastaticus prosztatadaganatok kezelése során. Módszer: 2012. 01. 01. és 2019. 01. 01. között összesen hét betegben végeztek cytoreductiv radikális prostatectomiát oligometastaticus prosztatadaganat esetében. A betegek átlagos életkora 64 év, az átlagos PSA-koncentráció 43 ng/ml volt. Az áttétek száma minden beteg vonatkozásában maximum három volt, és valamennyi esetben csontáttét volt jelen. A betegek androgéndeprivatiós hormonkezelést kaptak, és közülük négy esetben már a mutét elott elkezdték a hormonterápiát. Négy betegnél a csontmetastasisok miatt az áttétek sugárkezelése is megtörtént. Eredmények: A cytoreductiv prostatectomia szövettana öt esetben igazolt lokálisan elorehaladott (pT3) daganatot, és két alkalommal marginpozitivitás volt jelen. Emiatt öt beteg kapott adjuváns lokális irradiációt a metastasisok besugárzásán kívül. A mutétet követoen biokémiai progresszió egy esetben jelentkezett. Ennek oka lokális recidíva volt, mely miatt a beteg 'salvage' irradiációt kapott. Az átlagosan 38 hónapos utánkövetés során új metastasist nem diagnosztizáltak, és tumor okozta halálozás nem fordult elo. Következtetés: A cytoreductiv prostatectomia oligometastaticus prosztatarákos betegek kezelésében - válogatott beteganyagon - megvalósítható lehetoség. Ugyanakkor a cytoreductiv prostatectomia elonyei a tumorprogresszió szempontjából még nem egyértelmuek, ennek eldöntéséhez további vizsgálatok szükségesek. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(13): 483-487. INTRODUCTION: In recent years, in addition to systemic therapy, local treatment of primary tumor has become increasingly common in the treatment of oligometastatic prostate cancers. Objectve: The authors measured the role of cytoreductive radical prostatectomy in the treatment of oligometastatic prostate carcinoma. METHODS: From Janury 2012 to January 2019, they performed cytoreductive radical prostatectomy in seven patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer. The mean age of the patients was 64 years, and the mean PSA value was 43 ng/ml. The patients had maximum three distant metastases and all metastases were localized to the bones. The patients received androgene deprivation therapy and this treatment was started before the surgery in four cases. Irradiation of the bone metastasis was performed in four cases. RESULTS: The histology of the cytoreductive radical prostatectomy showed locally advanced tumor (pT3) in five patients and margin-positive status was present in two cases. Hence, adjuvant irradiation was administered locally in five patients in addition to the irradiation of bone metastases. Biochemical progression was detected in one patient during the follow-up period. It was caused by local recurrence of the tumor and the patient was treated with salvage irradiation. During the 38 months follow-up period neither new distant metastasis nor cancer-related mortality was detected. CONCLUSION: The cytoreductive radical prostatectomy is a feasible option in selected cases with oligometastatic prostate cancer. However, the benefits of cytoreductive radical prostatectomy regarding tumor progression are not clear yet and further studies are required. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(13): 483-487.

Staged penile skin reconstruction for sclerosing lipogranuloma / A hímvesszo borének helyreállítása szklerotizáló lipogranuloma okozta deformitás miatt.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A hímtag körméretének növelése érdekében, az annak bore alá bejuttatott zsírnemu anyag szklerotizáló lipogranulomát okoz. Hazánkban a szklerotizáló lipogranuloma okozta hímvesszo-deformitások kezelésének legelterjedtebb módszere a két ülésben végzett borpótlás. Ennek ellenére a magyar nyelvu szakirodalomban kevés adat áll rendelkezésre a kétüléses mutét eredményességérol és várható szövodményeirol. Célkituzés: Tanulmányunkban a szklerotizáló lipogranuloma okozta deformitások miatti - két ülésben végzett - hímvesszobor-helyreállítással szerzett tapasztalatainkról, a mutét után kialakuló szövodményekrol számolunk be retrospektív adatgyujtés alapján. Módszer: 2008. március 1. és 2020. március 1. között a Debreceni Egyetem Urológiai Klinikáján 17 betegen végeztünk kétüléses hímvesszobor-helyreállító mutétet. A szklerotizáló lipogranuloma által érintett bort teljes mértékben eltávolítottuk, majd a lecsupaszított hímtagot a herezacskó elülso felszínén kialakított subcutan csatornába helyeztük. A második ülés során a herezacskó bore alá ültetett hímvesszot felszabadítottuk. Eredmények: A Clavien-Dindo-beosztás szerint az elso ülés után három, a második ülés után egy I. gradusú szövodmény alakult ki; II-V. gradusú szövodményt nem figyeltünk meg. Azon 9 beteg közül, akik mindkét ülésen átestek, 7 beteg elégedett volt a beavatkozás eredményével, 2 beteg korrekciós mutéten esett át fél és 9 évvel a második ülés után. A 8 beteg közül, akik csak ez elso ülést vállalták, egy korrekciós mutét történt 4 hónappal a mutét után. Következtetés: A hímvesszo szklerotizáló lipogranulomája esetén az érintett borterület kimetszése után hímvesszobor-helyreállítás szükséges. A herezacskó-borlebeny alkalmazásának elonye, hogy a herezacskó színe és elaszticitása a hímvesszoboréhez hasonló, a tapintás- és erogén érzet megmarad. A kétüléses hímvesszobor-helyreállítás kevés szövodménnyel, plasztikai sebészeti jártasság nélkül elvégezheto. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(35): 1413-1417. INTRODUCTION: Subcutaneous injection of liquid fatty materials to enhance penile girth induce sclerosing lipogranuloma of the penis. In spite of its well known severe consequences there has been a persistent use of this practice in non-medical circumstances. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to present our observations with staged penile skin reconstruction for sclerosing lipogranuloma and to evaluate postoperative complications in a retrospective manner. METHOD: Between 2008 and 2020, 17 patients underwent surgery to treat sclerosing lipogranuloma of the penis by staged penile skin reconstruction at our department. Complete exscision of the involved tissue was performed, then the denuded penile shaft was inserted into a subcutaneous channel on the anterior side of the scrotum during the first stage. The second stage of reconstruction consisted of releasing the penile shaft from the scrotum. The second stage was performed merely on 9 in 17 patients. RESULTS: According to the Clavien-Dindo classification system, 3 grade I and 1 grade I complications occurred in the postoperative period after the first and second stage, respectively. Grade II-V complications were not observed. 7 of 9 patients who underwent both stages were satisfied with the final result, 2 patients had minor correction surgery 6 months and 9 years following the second stage. 1 of 8 patients who underwent only the first stage had minor correction surgery 4 months following the operation. CONCLUSION: In case of sclerosing lipogranuloma of the penis, excision of the affected tissue and reconstruction of the penile skin are indicated. Advantages of using scrotal skin flaps are that colour and elasticity of the scrotal skin are similar to penile skin, erogenous sensation of the scrotal flap remains intact. Applying staged penile skin reconstruction with scrotal skin flap has the advantage of few postoperative complications and it is easy to perform. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(35): 1413-1417.

Analysis of pathological and biological features of small renal masses based on the tumor size / Kis méretu vesedaganatok patológiai és biológiai jellemzoinek elemzése a tumorméret alapján.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A kis méretu vesedaganatok között lényegesen gyakoribbak a benignus elváltozások, és a kis malignus tumorok biológiai tulajdonságai is kedvezobbek, mint a nagyobb daganatokéi. Célkituzés: Szerzok a kis méretu vesetumorok tulajdonságait vizsgáltuk különbözo alcsoportokban. Módszer: 2000. január 1. és 2015. január 1. között 1272 beteg esetén végeztünk mutétet vesedaganat miatt. Közülük 496 betegnek volt kis méretu vesetumora. A betegek átlagéletkora 59 ± 12 év volt. A betegeket a tumorméret alapján három csoportba osztottuk. Az 1. csoportban a daganat mérete ≤4 cm, a 2. csoportban ≤3 cm és a 3. csoportban ≤2 cm volt. Eredmények: Az eltávolított daganat nagysága átlagosan 29 ± 8 mm volt. A szövettan 418 esetben (84%) malignus, míg 78 alkalommal (16%) benignus elváltozást mutatott. A 2 cm-nél kisebb daganatoknál malignitás csak az esetek 73,2%-ában fordult elo. A malignus és a benignus tumorok méretében szignifikáns eltérés volt (p = 0,008). Rosszul differenciált daganat - grade 3. és 4. - az esetek 10,8%-ában, 14,4%-ában, illetve 20,7%-ában volt jelen, amikor a tumorméret kisebb mint 2 cm, 2,1-3 cm, illetve 3,1-4,0 cm volt. A vesecarcinomáknál az átlagosan 10 éves utánkövetési ido alatt progresszió az esetek 5,5%-ában fordult elo. Következtetés: A kis méretu vesetumor az összes vesedaganat 39%-át tette ki. Ezek nagy része malignus volt, és benignus elváltozás az esetek 16%-ában fordult elo. A malignitás elofordulása a 2 cm-nél kisebb tumoroknál volt a legalacsonyabb. A tumorméret szoros összefüggést mutatott a malignitás gyakoriságával és a daganat differenciáltságával. A kedvezo patológiai és biológiai eredmények alapján a 2 cm alatti daganatoknál felmerül annak lehetosége, hogy esetükben az aktív követés vagy minimálisan invazív kezelés alkalmazása kerüljön elotérbe. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(42): 1693-1697. INTRODUCTION: The incidence of benign lesions is more common in small renal masses (SRMs) and biological behavior of small malignancies is better compared to larger ones. OBJECTIVE: The authors measured the characteristics of SRMs in different subgroups. METHOD: From January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2015, 1272 patients underwent surgery for renal tumors. In 496 of the 1272 cases, the patients had SRMs. The mean age of the patients was 59 ± 12 years. Based on the sizes, the SRMs were divided into three groups. The sizes of the renal tumors were ≤4 cm in Group 1, ≤3 cm in Group 2 and ≤2 cm in Group 3. RESULTS: The mean diameter of the removed SRMs was 29 ± 8 mm. Histology confirmed renal cell carcinoma in 418 cases (84%), while benign tumor was present in 78 patients (16%). However, with the tumor size ≤2 cm, malignancy was detected in 73.2% of the cases. There was a significant difference in the sizes of the malignant and the benign masses (p = 0.008). Grade 3 or 4 tumors were present in 10.8%, 14.4% and 20.7% when the tumor size was ≤2 cm, 2.1 to 3 cm, and 3.1 to 4 cm in diameter, respectively. During the mean 10-year follow-up period, tumor progression was detected only in 5.5% of malignancies. CONCLUSION: In 39% of all cases, the patients had SRMs. The majority of SRMs were malignant, and benign lesion occurred only in 16% of the cases. The incidence of malignant tumors was the lowest when the size of SRMs was ≤2 cm. The size of the tumor was highly associated with probability of malignancy and tumor grading. Based on the favorable pathological and biological results in tumors below 2 cm, active surveillance or minimally invasive treatment could be the preferred management. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(42): 1693-1697.

Surgical complications after kidney transplantation based on the Clavien classification, especially with regard to the types of ureteral anastomoses / Veseátültetés utáni sebészeti szövodmények elofordulása a Clavien-beosztás szerint, különös tekintettel a húgyvezeték-anastomosis típusára.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Veseátültetést követoen a graft és a beteg túlélésére hatással lehetnek a posztoperatív intervenciót igénylo szövodmények. Fontos szempont a mutéttechnikai eredményesség monitorozása. Többek között az irodalomban számos lehetoség ismert a veseátültetés sarokpontjának számító ureteranastomosis elkészítésére is, de az éranastomosisok technikája szintén dönto lehet. Célkituzés és módszer: Retrospektíven vizsgáltuk a 2010 és 2020 között végzett veseátültetéseket a Debreceni Egyetem Sebészeti Klinikáján. Célul tuztük ki a sebészeti szövodmények vizsgálatát, melyeket rendszereztünk, a módosított Clavien-féle beosztás alapján. A legnagyobb figyelmet az ureteranastomosisokra fordítottuk. Minden betegnél az adott kategóriában legsúlyosabb szövodményt vettük alapul a beosztáshoz. A minimális utánkövetési ido 1 év volt. Az adatokat az SPSS statisztikai program segítségével elemeztük. Eredmények: A vizsgált periódusban 406 veseátültetés történt, melybol 24,4% (n = 99) vesetranszplantáltnál alakult ki intervenciós (sebészeti, radiológiai, urológiai) szövodmény. A betegek átlagéletkora 49,5 ± 13,7 év, 60,8% férfi volt. A kumulatív mortalitás 10,1% volt. Grade 4-es szövodmény a betegek 6,9%-ánál (n = 28), Grade 3-as a 6,7%-ánál (n = 27), Grade 2-es a 3%-ánál (n = 12), Grade 1-es a 7,9%-ánál (n = 32) jelentkezett. A veseátültetés után 20,4%-ban (n = 83) alakult ki késon induló graftfunkció. Következtetés: A legenyhébb kategóriába (Grade 1.) került a legtöbb beteg, a szövodmények jelentos része sebészi, intervenciós radiológiai és urológiai közremuködéssel megoldható volt. Az ureteranastomosisok mutéti technikája és a releváns szövodmények kialakulása között nincs szignifikáns összefüggés. Megfelelo és idoben alkalmazott korrekciós kezelés mellett a graft- és betegtúlélést nem rontja szignifikánsan az enyhe és középsúlyos (Grade 1-3.) szövodmények kialakulása. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(26): 1038-1051. INTRODUCTION: Complications associated with postoperative intervention may affect graft and patient survival after kidney transplantation. Monitoring the effectiveness of surgery is an important aspect. Ureter anastomosis can be the pivot of kidney transplant, the same as vascular anastomosis, so efficiency of the surgical technique is important to follow up. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: We retrospectively examined kidney transplants performed between 2010 and 2020 at the Department of Surgery of the University of Debrecen. Data were analyzed by the SPSS statistical program. We aimed to investigate surgical complications, which were systematized based on the modified Clavien classification. In one patient, the most severe complication was used as the basis for the schedule. The minimum follow-up time was 1 year. RESULTS: 406 kidney transplants were performed in the examined period, of which 24.4% (n = 99) developed renal transplant complications (surgical, radiological, urological). The mean age of the patients was 49.5 ± 13.7 years, and 60.8% were male. The cumulative mortality was 10.1%. Grade 4 complication developed in 6.9% (n = 28) of the recipients, Grade 3 in 6.7% (n = 27), Grade 2 in 3% (n = 12), and Grade 1 in 7.9% (n = 32). 20.4% of the recipients had delayed graft function. CONCLUSION: The Grade 1 group had the biggest case number, so a significant part of the complications could be solved with the help of interventional radiology and urologists. There is no significant association between the surgical technique of ureteral anastomoses and the development of related complications. With appropriate therapy, graft and patient survival are not significantly impaired by the development of Grade 1-3 complications. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(26): 1038-1051.

Impaired Vitamin D Signaling Is Associated With Frequent Development of Renal Cell Tumor in End-stage Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND/AIM: End-stage kidney disease is characterized by chronic inflammation and frequent development of cancer. The level of circulating vitamin D is generally low in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Experimental studies have implicated the role of dysfunctional vitamin D metabolism in tumorigenesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1) and cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (CYP24A1), the key genes involved in vitamin D signaling, in kidneys from patients with ESRD, tissue microarrays containing ESRD-associated renal cell tumors, as well as in their precursor lesions by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Kidneys from patients with ESRD showed strong structural rearrangement with only few tubules and epithelial cell groups embedded in fibrotic-inflammatory stroma. Only an estimated 1-3% of the epithelial cells showed positive staining with antibodies to VDR, CYP27B1 and CYP24A1, which contrasted with the 100%, 40-50% and 40-50% of positively stained cells, respectively, found in normal kidneys. Down-regulation of the vitamin D signaling proteins was found in patients with renal cancer, with the exception of tumors and their precursors occurring exclusively in ESRD. CONCLUSION: The significantly reduced activity of CYP27B1 in kidney from patients with ESRD explains the low level of circulating vitamin D. We suggest that the lack of anti-tumorigenic effect of vitamin D is a crucial factor in the frequent development of unique types of renal cell cancer in in patients with ESRD.