RESUMO
Research toward a next-generation HCV NS5A inhibitor has identified fluorobenzimidazole analogs that demonstrate potent, broad-genotype in vitro activity against HCV genotypes 1-6 replicons as well as HCV NS5A variants that are orders of magnitude less susceptible to inhibition by first-generation NS5A inhibitors in comparison to wild-type replicons. The fluorobenzimidazole inhibitors have improved pharmacokinetic properties in comparison to non-fluorinated benzimidazole analogs. Discovery of these inhibitors was facilitated by exploring SAR in a structurally simplified inhibitor series.
Assuntos
Antivirais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Benzimidazóis/química , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Benzimidazóis/farmacocinética , Cães , Genótipo , Halogenação , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepacivirus/metabolismo , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Camundongos , Ratos , Replicon/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a novel aryl uracil series which contains a fused 5,6-bicyclic ring unit for HCV NS5B inhibition is described. Several analogs display replicon cell culture potencies in the low nanomolar range along with excellent rat pharmacokinetic values.
Assuntos
Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/química , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Uracila/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/síntese química , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/farmacocinética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/metabolismo , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Uracila/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
Aryl dihydrouracil derivatives were identified from high throughput screening as potent inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. The aryl dihydrouracil derivatives were shown to be non-competitive with respect to template RNA and elongation nucleotide substrates. They demonstrated genotype 1 specific activity towards HCV NS5B polymerases. Structure activity relationships and genotype specific activities of aryl dihydrouracil derivatives suggested that they bind to the palm initiation nucleotide pocket, a hypothesis which was confirmed by studies with polymerases containing mutations in various inhibitor binding sites. Therefore, aryl dihydrouracil derivatives represent a novel class of palm initiation site inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Proteases/química , Uracila/análogos & derivados , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , Cinética , Inibidores de Proteases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sítio de Iniciação de Transcrição , Uracila/síntese química , Uracila/química , Uracila/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
A series of quinoline derivatives was synthesized as potential bioisosteric replacements for the benzothiadiazine moiety of earlier Hepatitis C NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Several of these compounds exhibited potent activity in enzymatic and replicon assays.
Assuntos
Benzotiadiazinas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Benzotiadiazinas/química , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , Hepacivirus/fisiologia , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Replicação ViralRESUMO
The HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir (RTV) is also a potent inhibitor of the metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and is clinically useful in HIV therapy in its ability to enhance human plasma levels of other HIV protease inhibitors (PIs). A novel series of CYP3A inhibitors was designed around the structural elements of RTV believed to be important to CYP3A inhibition, with general design features being the attachment of groups that mimic the P2-P3 segment of RTV to a soluble core. Several analogs were found to strongly enhance plasma levels of lopinavir (LPV), including 8, which compares favorably with RTV in the same model. Interestingly, an inverse correlation between in vitro inhibition of CYP3A and elevation of LPV was observed. The compounds described in this study may be useful for enhancing the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A.
Assuntos
Inibidores do Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/sangue , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/farmacologia , Pirimidinonas/sangue , Ritonavir/farmacologia , Animais , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Cães , Desenho de Fármacos , Interações Medicamentosas , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/química , Humanos , Lopinavir , Ritonavir/análogos & derivados , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Curative interferon and ribavirin sparing treatments for hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients require a combination of mechanistically orthogonal direct acting antivirals. A shared component of these treatments is usually an HCV NS5A inhibitor. First generation FDA approved treatments, including the component NS5A inhibitors, do not exhibit equivalent efficacy against HCV virus genotypes 1-6. In particular, these first generation NS5A inhibitors tend to select for viral drug resistance. Ombitasvir is a first generation HCV NS5A inhibitor included as a key component of Viekira Pak for the treatment of patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. Since the launch of next generation HCV treatments, functional cure for genotype 1-6 HCV infections has been achieved, as well as shortened treatment duration across a wider spectrum of genotypes. In this paper, we show how we have modified the anchor, linker, and end-cap architecture of our NS5A inhibitor design template to discover a next generation NS5A inhibitor pibrentasvir (ABT-530), which exhibits potent inhibition of the replication of wild-type genotype 1-6 HCV replicons, as well as improved activity against replicon variants demonstrating resistance against first generation NS5A inhibitors.
Assuntos
Antivirais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Benzimidazóis/química , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirrolidinas/química , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Animais , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Benzimidazóis/farmacocinética , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepacivirus/fisiologia , Camundongos , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinética , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Distribuição Tecidual , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A series of symmetry-based HIV protease inhibitors was designed and synthesized. Modification of the core regiochemistry and stereochemistry significantly affected the potency, metabolic stability, and oral bioavailability of the inhibitors, as did the variation of a pendent arylmethyl P3 group. Optimization led to the selection of two compounds, 10c (A-790742) and 9d (A-792611), for advancement to preclinical studies. Both compounds displayed low nanomolar potency against wild type HIV in the presence of human serum, low rates of metabolism in human liver microsomes, and high oral bioavailability in animal models. The compounds were examined in a preclinical model for the hyperbilirubinemia observed with some HIV PIs, and both exhibited less bilirubin elevation than comparator compounds. X-ray crystallographic analyses of the new cores were used to examine differences in their binding modes. The antiviral activity of the compounds against protease inhibitor resistant strains of HIV was also determined.
Assuntos
Carbamatos/síntese química , Dipeptídeos/síntese química , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/síntese química , Putrescina/análogos & derivados , Piridinas/síntese química , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Disponibilidade Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Carbamatos/metabolismo , Carbamatos/farmacologia , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular , Cristalografia por Raios X , Dipeptídeos/efeitos adversos , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Cães , Farmacorresistência Viral , Protease de HIV/genética , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/farmacologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/enzimologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Hiperbilirrubinemia/induzido quimicamente , Hiperlipidemias/induzido quimicamente , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação , Putrescina/síntese química , Putrescina/metabolismo , Putrescina/farmacologia , Piridinas/efeitos adversos , Piridinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Gunn , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Benzothiadiazine inhibitors of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are an important class of non-nucleoside inhibitors that have received considerable attention in the search for novel HCV therapeutics. Research in our laboratories has identified a novel series of tetracyclic benzothiadiazine inhibitors of HCV polymerase bearing a benzylamino substituent on the B-ring. Compounds in this series exhibit low-nanomolar activities in both genotypes 1a and 1b polymerase inhibition assays and subgenomic replicon assays. Optimization of pharmacokinetic properties in rat led to compound 30, which has good oral bioavailability (F = 56%) and a favorable tissue distribution drug profile, with high liver to plasma ratios. Compound 30 is a potent inhibitor in replicon assays, with EC(50) values of 10 and 6 nM against genotypes 1a and 1b, respectively.
Assuntos
Benzotiadiazinas/síntese química , Benzotiadiazinas/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Antivirais/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/antagonistas & inibidores , Benzotiadiazinas/farmacocinética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
As a continuation of the recently communicated discovery of oximinoarylsulfonamides as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease, compounds bearing pyridylmethyl substituents at P3 were designed and synthesized. Potent analogs in this series provided low single-digit nanomolar EC50 values against both wild-type HIV and resistant mutant virus (A17), attenuated some 3- to 12-fold in the presence of 50% human serum. Pharmacokinetic results for compounds in this series showed good to excellent exposure when co-administered orally with an equal amount of ritonavir (5mg/kg each) in the rat, with average AUC >8 microg h/mL. Similar dosing in dog resulted in significantly lower plasma levels (average AUC <2 microg h/mL). The 3-pyridylmethyl analog 30 gave the best overall exposure (rat AUC=7.1 microg h/mL and dog AUC=4.9 microg h/mL), however, this compound was found to be a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A (Ki=2.4 nM).
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/síntese química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacocinética , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/síntese química , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/farmacocinética , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Animais , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Área Sob a Curva , Inibidores do Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Cães , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/química , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Conformação Molecular , Piridinas/química , Ratos , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMO
The need for a potent HIV protease inhibitor (PI) to combat emerging PI-resistant viruses is anticipated. Analogs formulated from the combination of structural fragments of Ritonavir, Lopinavir, and Amprenavir were synthesized. Analogs containing the oxime pharmacophore were found to have improved activities against both wild type and resistant (A17) viruses. The synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) based upon the in vitro IC50 of this series of compounds are reported.