[Cosmetic surgery of the female genitalia]. / Chirurgie cosmétique de l'appareil génital féminin.

INTRODUCTION: This review studies rationale and outcome of vulvovaginal aesthetic surgery. METHOD: Medline search of the existing literature utilizing terms labiaplasty, clitoral hood reduction, hymenoplasty, vaginoplasty, perineoplasty, female genital surgery, sexual satisfaction/body image, and anterior/posterior colporrhaphy; references from bibliographies of papers found through the literature search and in the author's reading of available literature until January 2012. Clinicians who receive requests from patients for such procedures should discuss with the patient the reason for request and perform an evaluation for any physical signs or symptoms that may indicate the need for surgical intervention. RESULTS: A physical psychological and sexological evaluation is mandatory before a procedure of female cosmetic genital surgery. Perineoplasties in wide vagina sensations should be proposed after careful evaluation of patients, by trained surgeons, in part of a multidisciplinary approach especially sexologic, after attempt of conservative treatments (pelvic floor rehabilitation). Patients should be informed of results and complications. Female genital mutilation repair with surgery is possible and improve majority of patients. Improvement mechanism is complex and clinical trials are ongoing. Asking for this surgery, is more often result of a deep reflexion for patient who integrate his own story and those of her family. She should be listened to, respected and managed in a reference center. Sexotherapy should be systematically proposed. Concerning hymenoplasty, the procedure is considered as "legally" by medical doctors. Several techniques are available, few described, and there is no evidence-based publication. Labioplasty is a procedure whose patient expectations should be properly evaluated by surgeon and benefits risks should be informed. A preliminary discussion around "normality" and a psychotherapy should be tried, in order to not treat a dysmorphobia by surgery. Vaginal "rejuvenation" and G spot ampliation principles and techniques are very controversial and there is no evidence-based study. CONCLUSION: Cosmetic surgery of the female genitalia covers a variety of techniques corresponding to extremely diverse situations. It requires careful and multidisciplinary evaluation as well as clear and honest information of patients. Reconstructive surgery of female genital mutilation and sexual crimes does not pose a real problem in term of indication or justification.

[Clitoris and G spot: an intimate affair]. / Clitoris et point G: liaison fatale.

Ultrasonography is a good means for studying the clitoris and its relationship with the G spot. We used it to demonstrate that clitoral bodies have a descending movement and come close to the distal anterior vaginal wall during a voluntary or reflex contraction of levator ani muscles. This fact could explain the particular sensitivity of the G spot and its role in the orgasm.

[Results of surgical clitoral repair after ritual excision: 453 cases]. / Résultats de la réparation chirurgicale du clitoris après mutilation sexuelle: 453 cas.

OBJECTIVE: Ritual excision is responsible for urologic, gynaecologic and obstetrical complications, whose surgical treatment has been fully described. Sexual sequelae deserve the same attention. We describe and analyze the results of a surgical procedure for clitoral rehabilitation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Women requesting this surgery between 1992 and 2005 have been prospectively included in this study. The skin covering the stump was resected and the clitoris identified. The suspensor ligament was sectioned in order to mobilize the stump, the sclerous tissues were removed from the extremity and the neo glans brought to a normal situation. Pre operative pain and clitoral impairment were assessed within five categories. The same was done with anatomical and functional postoperative results at six months. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty-three patients have been completely evaluated. Hospitalisation stay was 24 hours and the procedure never lasted more than 30 minutes. Minor early complications were recorded in 58 patients (hematoma, disrupture of the suture, pain). Four patients reported persisting pain at four months. A visible clitoral massif could be restored in 87% of the cases and a real improvement in clitoral function was obtained in 75% of the patients. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This surgical procedure is easy and reliable. It provides promising cosmetic and functional results with minor complications.

Minimal operative mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass with significant left ventricular dysfunction by maximization of metabolic and mechanical support.

Between January 1, 1992, and January 23, 1996, 111 consecutive patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. The ejection fraction in these patients ranged from 10% to 34% (mean 27.9% +/- 5.4%); in 18 patients the value was less than 20%. The high operative mortality rate (7.6% in Society of Thoracic Surgeons database) in this group of patients at high risk was targeted for reduction by provision of, in addition to the usual inotropic support, progressively more intensive metabolic and mechanical support. The metabolic support consisted of triiodothyronine; glucose, insulin, and potassium; aspartate/glutamate in the cardioplegic solution; and warm-cold-warm/antegrade-retrograde-antegrade cardioplegia. Mechanical support included liberal use of the intraaortic balloon pump, use of a new occlusive retrograde cardioplegia catheter, ultrafiltration to remove myocardial depressant factors, and, finally, delayed sternal closure. The operative mortality rate was 1.8% (2/111). Complications included reoperation because of bleeding (3.6%, 4/111), mediastinitis (1.8%, 2/111), and stroke (0.9%, 1/111) and there were no occurrences of new postoperative acute renal failure (0.0%, 0/111). The intensive care unit stay was 2.2 +/- 0.9 days with a length of stay in the hospital of 13.7 +/- 22.1 days. These techniques done before operation, intraoperatively, and postoperatively optimize the milieu of the depressed left ventricle by maximizing perioperative high-energy phosphate bonds; increasing the effectiveness of inotropic agents; unloading the left ventricle by chemical, metabolic, and mechanical support; and removing known myocardial depressant factors, which reduced the operative mortality rate to 1.8% compared with 7.6% as reported in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons' database.

[Extensive nephrectomy in severe forms of cancer of the kidney in the adult]. / Néphrectomie élargie dans les formes graves du cancer du rein de l'adulte.

Resection of renal tumours may be useless when the staging procedures reveal that the disease is too far advanced. A retrospective study of 100 radical nephrectomies for renal cell carcinoma distinguished the following groups: advanced cancers in young patients; cancers in patients over the age of 70 years. Despite the limited follow-up of this series, the study of survival demonstrates the following points: the difficulty of predicting the degree of lymph node involvement on pre-operative staging, the value of an anterior sub-costal and abdominal approach which facilitates radical nephrectomy in elderly and fragile patients, the poor prognosis of lymph node invasion and metastases, although some patients have survived for 12 months after resection of metastatic tumours.

[Biopsy of the internal mammary lymph node by anterior thoracotomy (author's transl)]. / Biopsie de la chaîne mammaire interne par thoracotomie antérieure (pour bilan pronostique du cancer du sein).

The authors suggest a new technique of biopsy of the internal mammary lymph node by anterior thoracotomy, through the large pectoral respecting entirely the costal presentation. After a presentation of different operating cycles, they report their results.

[Bronchial conservative surgical procedure without any pulmonary resection (author's transl)]. / Chirurgie plastique brochique d'exérèse sans résection pulmonaire.

The authors report a study of 3 cases of bronchial tumors treated by conservative surgical procedures, without any pulmonary resection. This treatment is applied in 3 different cases: a bronchial carcinoid tumor; an inflammatory granuloma; an epidermoid carcinoma.

Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia: influences of neuroleptic treatment and the question of specificity.

The authors investigated smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs) in 66 schizophrenic and 40 major affective patients and 39 healthy controls. The results showed significant differences of both patient groups as compared to the controls. Schizophrenics with neuroleptic treatment in the preceding 2 years were significantly more disturbed than the controls, the affective patients and the untreated schizophrenics. Acute neuroleptic medication and neuroleptic treatment of a duration of 4-6 weeks appear not to significantly influence the quality of SPEMs.

Premorbid adjustment of schizophrenic criminal offenders.

The premorbid psychosocial adjustment of 28 schizophrenic criminal offenders, 23 non-criminal-offender schizophrenics (ICD-9) and 14 nonpsychotic criminals was compared by means of the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS). The schizophrenic groups did not differ regarding age, marital status, diagnostic subgroup or length of illness. PAS scores showed highly significant differences between the schizophrenic groups and the controls on every subscale and on average scores. Yet, aside from 2 items (sociability/withdrawal in adulthood and education), no differences could be found between offender and non-offender schizophrenics. Furthermore, the PAS scores showed a markedly better premorbid psychosocial adjustment in schizophrenics with offending behaviour (and convictions) before the onset of the psychosis than in schizophrenics without previous convictions, who committed one rather severe crime that was closely connected to psychosis itself.

Clinical, EEG mapping and psychometric studies in negative schizophrenia: comparative trials with amisulpride and fluphenazine.

Based on recent quantitative EEG findings of increased slow activity in negative schizophrenia indicating organicity, it was hypothesized that neuroleptics decreasing delta/theta activity should be beneficial for schizophrenics with predominantly negative symptoms. Thus, a double-blind, clinical, psychometric and neurophysiological study was carried out in 40 hospitalized patients with unproductive schizophrenia (mean age: 31 years; ICD diagnoses: 295.0, 295.1 and 295.6) who were treated randomly either with the benzamide amisulpride (AMI; n = 19) or low doses of fluphenazine (FLU; n = 21). In the first 2 weeks the daily doses were 50 mg AMI or 2 mg FLU, respectively, from the third week on up to the sixth week 100 mg AMI and 4 mg FLU. Clinical evaluations, psychometry and EEG mapping were performed on day 1 (hours 0 and 4--acute effect), on day 14 (hour 0--subacute effect) and on day 42 (hours 0 and 4--chronic and superimposed effects). Three AMI patients discontinued therapy prematurely because of productive symptoms (days 14, 28 and 35), while in the FLU group 2 patients dropped out due to depressive symptoms (days 21, 28), 1 due to productive symptoms (day 35), 1 due to ineffectiveness (day 28), and 1 because of an akinetic crisis (day 6). Statistical evaluation demonstrated a significant improvement in the AMDP apathy and Andreasen SANS score in both groups with the patients remaining severely ill as rated by the CGI. FLU-treated patients needed significantly more anticholinergic medication than the AMI-treated group. Psychometric evaluation showed in regard to the noopsyche significant improvement after subacute, chronic and superimposed AMI, while FLU-treated patients showed significant improvement only after subacute treatment. AMI was significantly superior to FLU at the hours 0 and 4 of day 42. The thymopsyche improved after subacute, chronic and superimposed administration of both compounds with a significant superiority of AMI on days 14 and 42 (4 h postdrug). EEG mapping showed a decrease of delta/theta and increase of beta activity as well as an acceleration of the centroid after acute and superimposed AMI on day 42 as compared with baseline; FLU patients exhibited a decrease of delta/theta activity and an acceleration of the total centroid too, while alpha activity was augmented and beta activity tended to be reduced. Our study demonstrated that, in addition to the new benzamide AMI, FLU in low doses may also be regarded as a neuroleptic with activating properties and may be utilized in the treatment of schizophrenics with predominantly negative symptoms.