T2-Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pseudoprogression in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas treated with procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy alone.

BACKGROUND: Pseudoprogression in gliomas has been extensively described after radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, but not after chemotherapy alone. Here we describe the occurrence of pseudoprogression in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas treated with postoperative procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy alone. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical and radiological files of patients with 1p/19q codeleted, IDH-mutant anaplastic oligodendrogliomas treated with PCV chemotherapy alone who presented magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modifications suggestive of tumour progression and in whom the final diagnosis was a pseudoprogression. RESULTS: We identified six patients. All patients underwent a surgical resection and were treated with PCV chemotherapy without radiotherapy. After a median of 11 months following the initiation of chemotherapy (range: 3-49 months), the patients developed asymptomatic white matter MRI modifications around the surgical cavity leading to the suspicion of a tumour progression. These modifications appeared as hyperintense on T2-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence, hypointense on T1 sequence, and lacked mass effect (0/6), contrast enhancement (0/6), restriction on diffusion-weighted imaging (0/4), relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) increase on perfusion MRI (0/4), and hypermetabolism on 18 F-fluoro-L-dopa positron emission tomography (18 F-DOPA PET) scan (0/3). One patient underwent a surgical resection demonstrating no tumour recurrence; the five other patients were considered as having post-therapeutic modifications based on imaging characteristics. After a median follow-up of 4 years all patients were progression-free. CONCLUSIONS: Anaplastic oligodendroglioma patients treated with postoperative PCV chemotherapy alone occasionally develop T2/FLAIR hyperintensities around the surgical cavity that can wrongly suggest tumour progression. Multimodal imaging and close follow-up should be considered in this situation.

WHO grading system for invasive pulmonary lung adenocarcinoma reveals distinct molecular signature: An analysis from the cancer genome atlas database.

Lung adenocarcinoma grading has gained interest in the past years. Recently a three-tier tumor grading was proposed showing that it is related to patients' prognosis. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular basis of this morphological grading remains partly unknown. The aim of our work is to take advantage of The Cancer Genome Atlas lung adenocarcinoma (TCGA_LUAD) cohort to describe the molecular data associated to tumor grading. We performed a study on publicly available data of the TCGA database first by assessing a tumor grade on downloadable tumor slides. Secondly we analyzed the molecular features of each tumor grade group. Our work was performed on a study group of 449 patients. We show that aneuploidy score was significantly different between grade 2 and grade 3 groups with different chromosomal imbalance (p < 0.001). SCGB1A1 mRNA expression was higher in grade 2 (p = 0.0179) whereas NUP155, CHFR, POLQ and CDC7 have a higher expression in grade 3 (p = 0.0189, 0.0427, 0.0427 and 0.427 respectively). GZMB and KRT80 have a higher methylation of DNA in grade 2 (p = 0.0201 and 0.0359 respectively). MT1G, CLEC12B and NDUFA7 have a higher methylation of DNA in grade 3 (p < 0.001, 0.0246 and 0.0359 respectively). We showed that the number of activated pathways is different between grade 2 and grade 3 patients (p = 0.004). We showed that differentially expressed genes by mRNA analysis and DNA methylation analysis involve several genes implied in chemoresistance. This could suggest that grade 3 lung adenocarcinoma might be more resistant to chemotherapy.

Value of immunohistochemistry in crushed areas of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuroendocrine differentiation is often performed in routine diagnostic practice for lung neuroendocrine carcinoma. However, these carcinomas are often crushed, especially on small specimens. The value of immunohistochemistry on crushed areas is not known. We aimed to assess the value of immunohistochemical markers in crushed areas. We performed a retrospective study of 299 patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma. We showed that the markers TTF-1, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, CD56, and INSM1 were more often negative in crushed areas compared with well-preserved areas. The proliferation index with anti-Ki67 was decreased but remained on average around 90%. For all markers, the percentage of labeled cells was lower than in the preserved areas. Finally, we show that cases without labeling in the crushed areas and maintained labeling in the non-crushed areas have a lower percentage of labeling than cases without this labeling mismatch. Finally, there were no false positives of these stains. Neuroendocrine markers are valid in crushed areas when positive. However, the percentage of labeled cells may be lower than on preserved areas and lead to false negatives. Finally, the proliferation index, although decreased, remains close to that on preserved areas.

Histopathological and molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma skin metastases reveals specific features.

AIMS: Little is known regarding the histopathological and molecular features of lung adenocarcinoma skin metastases. Our study is the largest, to our knowledge, to comprehensively explore these to date. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a retrospective cohort study analysing 42 lung adenocarcinoma skin metastasis samples obtained from a database of 2659 lung adenocarcinomas collected between 2010 and 2020. EGFR exon 19 deletion was detected in one patient and KRAS mutations were detected in 12 (33.3%) patients. The programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumour proportion score was <1% in 27 patients, ≥1% and <50% in eight patients, ≥50% in six patients and not assessable in one patient. We showed that the predominant histopathological subtype is different from that at other metastatic sites (P = 0.024). Thyroid transcription factor I (TTF-1) was more often negative in skin metastases compared to other sites (P < 0.001). The EGFR mutation rate tended to be lower for skin metastases compared to other sites (P = 0.079). Skin metastases were associated with a high rate of PD-L1-negative cases (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Our work shows that the skin metastases of lung adenocarcinoma have a specific histopathological profile.

Glioma Associated Microglia/Macrophages Distribution is Conserved in Glioblastoma Regrowth: A Morphometric Study.

We compared the morphological aspect of glioblastoma-associated microglia/macrophages cells in 15 paired recurrent glioblastomas to check the ability of glioblastoma to recreate its microenvironment. The absolute number of GAMs is lower in normal tissue (21/mm2) than in the isolated tumor cells area (100-112/mm2) than in the solid tumor area (212-220/mm2) (p < 0.01). The morphology of GAMs remained the same in each tumor area with a reduced covered area by cell processes (196 to 216/mm2) than in normal tissue (708/mm2) (p < 0.01). In paired tumors, GAMs morphology remained the same in successive resections and was not modified by the treatments.

Autophagy and immune microenvironment in craniopharyngioma and ameloblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Craniopharyngiomas and ameloblastomas show remarkable histologic and molecular similarities. The immune microenvironment of craniopharyngiomas has been recently studied showing interesting findings, while its composition in ameloblastomas is unknown. Similarly, some evidence of autophagic activity, a process of cellular constituents' degradation has been found in ameloblastomas, but no studies exist in craniopharyngiomas. Thus, the aim of the study is to compare factors of the immune microenvironment and the autophagic apparatus between these two tumor types. METHODS: 26 craniopharyngiomas and 14 ameloblastomas were immunohistochemically studied for PD-L1, CD8, CD20, S100, CD163, MECA-79, LC3B and p62. RESULTS: Craniopharyngiomas showed higher LC3B tumor cell expression, higher CD8+ T cells and higher CD163+ macrophages in comparison to ameloblastomas. LC3B tumor cell expression was associated with overall survival in craniopharyngioma patients and p62 nuclear expression was associated with overall survival in ameloblastoma patients. CONCLUSION: This is the first study showing the presence of autophagic markers in craniopharyngiomas and describing the immune microenvironment of ameloblastomas.

Cyclin D1 expression in ganglioglioma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma and pilocytic astrocytoma.

Ganglioglioma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) and pilocytic astrocytoma are rare brain neoplasms with frequent activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. A downstream marker of MAP-kinase pathway activation is cyclin D1. However, the expression of cyclin D1 has not been studied in the differential diagnosis between these brain tumors. The aim of this work is to compare the expression of cyclin D1 in ganglioglioma, PXA, pilocytic astrocytoma. We also compared cyclin D1 expression in giant cell glioblastoma and in IDH wild type glioblastoma. Our work shows that roughly half of gangliogliomas have ganglion cells stained by cyclin D1 while two third of PXA have pleormophic cells stained by cyclin D1 and 15% of giant cell glioblastoma have pleomorphic cells stained by cyclin D1 (p < 0.001). Cyclin D1 never stains normal neurons either in the adjacent cortex of circumscribed tumor, or in entrapped neurons in IDH wild type glioblastomas. The expression of cyclin D1 is correlated to the presence of BRAF V600E mutation in ganglioglioma and PXA (p = 0.002). To conclude, cyclin D1 positivity might be used to confirm the neoplastic nature of ganglion cells. Cyclin D1 is expressed in most cases of BRAF V600E mutated gangliogliomas but also in cases without BRAF mutations suggesting an activation of MAP-kinase pathway through another way. Cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry has currently no or little role in the differential diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma. Its role in the differential diagnosis between PXA and giant cell glioblastoma needs to be further investigated on external series.

Detection of refractive photokeratectomy traces during eye banking: impossible with organ culture but possible with an active storage machine: case report.

The detection of corneas operated on for refractive surgery [LASIK or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)] will become a major concern for eye banks in the coming years because this surgery is often forgotten during the interview with the deceased's relatives. We present here 2 corneas operated on with PKR and stored successively in organ culture (OC) and in the active storage machine (ASM) that restores intraocular pressure, restores the cornea to its original shape, respects transparency and incorporates non-invasive controls. The 2 corneas of a 49-year-old donor operated 17 years earlier by PRK for -2 and -3 diopters myopia were stored in OC for 14 days and then placed in ASM for 48 h. Thickness map and OCT topography were performed under the 2 storage conditions, histology and electron microscopy were then performed. Traces of PRK remained unnoticed in OC while they were evident in ASM with central epithelial anomaly, central thinning and flattening of central keratometry shown by OCT. Histology and ultrastructure confirmed the absence of Bowman's membrane in the center. By placing the cornea under physiological conditions, and in particular by triggering its deswelling and by restoring its natural curvature, the ASM allows effective detection of subtle refractive surgery traces like those present after PRK.

Pineoblastoma segregates into molecular sub-groups with distinct clinico-pathologic features: a Rare Brain Tumor Consortium registry study.

Pineoblastomas (PBs) are rare, aggressive pediatric brain tumors of the pineal gland with modest overall survival despite intensive therapy. We sought to define the clinical and molecular spectra of PB to inform new treatment approaches for this orphan cancer. Tumor, blood, and clinical data from 91 patients with PB or supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (sPNETs/CNS-PNETs), and 2 pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation (PPTIDs) were collected from 29 centres in the Rare Brain Tumor Consortium. We used global DNA methylation profiling to define a core group of PB from 72/93 cases, which were delineated into five molecular sub-groups. Copy number, whole exome and targeted sequencing, and miRNA expression analyses were used to evaluate the clinico-pathologic significance of each sub-group. Tumors designated as group 1 and 2 almost exclusively exhibited deleterious homozygous loss-of-function alterations in miRNA biogenesis genes (DICER1, DROSHA, and DGCR8) in 62 and 100% of group 1 and 2 tumors, respectively. Recurrent alterations of the oncogenic MYC-miR-17/92-RB1 pathway were observed in the RB and MYC sub-group, respectively, characterized by RB1 loss with gain of miR-17/92, and recurrent gain or amplification of MYC. PB sub-groups exhibited distinct clinical features: group 1-3 arose in older children (median ages 5.2-14.0 years) and had intermediate to excellent survival (5-year OS of 68.0-100%), while Group RB and MYC PB patients were much younger (median age 1.3-1.4 years) with dismal survival (5-year OS 37.5% and 28.6%, respectively). We identified age < 3 years at diagnosis, metastatic disease, omission of upfront radiation, and chr 16q loss as significant negative prognostic factors across all PBs. Our findings demonstrate that PB exhibits substantial molecular heterogeneity with sub-group-associated clinical phenotypes and survival. In addition to revealing novel biology and therapeutics, molecular sub-grouping of PB can be exploited to reduce treatment intensity for patients with favorable biology tumors.

Innovative corneal active storage machine for long-term eye banking.

Optimal ex vivo corneal storage in eye banks is crucial to increase both the number of corneas suitable for graft and their intrinsic quality, mainly the number of viable endothelial cells, which dictates graft survival in recipients. With both passive storage methods used worldwide (short-term cold storage in the United States, long-term organ culture in Europe), significant endothelial cell loss is inevitable. Here we show that, with an active storage machine, also called a bioreactor, which restores 2 fundamental physiological parameters, intraocular pressure and medium renewal, endothelial cell survival is improved by 23% compared with organ culture after 4 weeks' storage. Also observed in the bioreactor is a 4-fold higher expression of Na+ /K+ ATPase, which supports one of the major endothelial cell pumping functions. In addition, corneas remain thin and transparent, so they are suitable for surgery at any time. This new active eye banking method may help to reduce the severe global scarcity of donor corneas.

Compliance to regional recommendations for molecular analyses and management of advanced lung cancer patients.

Aim: We performed a clinical audit of the management of patients with EGFR mutations, 1 year after the introduction of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) in first-line treatment. Methods: Compliance was defined by tumor molecular profiling for stage IIIB and IV non-small-cell lung cancer and first-line treatment as recommended by the French guidelines. Results: Among the 169 EGFR-mutated patients, compliance was 76.4%. The most common noncompliance criterion was chemotherapy given in first-line treatment instead of EGFR-TKI. No dedicated multidisciplinary meeting and type of institutions were independent unfavorable predictors for compliance. Compliance to guidelines was significantly correlated with time-to-first subsequent treatment improvement (2.5 vs 9.1 months; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Implementation of new standards of care is challenging. Our results reinforce the role of multidisciplinary meetings to provide a better access to innovating therapeutics.

[Guidelines for the macroscopic management of surgically resected lung carcinoma]. / Recommandations SFP pour la prise en charge macroscopique des pièces de résections de tumeurs pulmonaires.

Gross examination is an essential step for pathological report of a surgical sample. It includes the description of the surgical specimen and their disease(s), the precise and exhaustive sampling of tumoral and adjacent tumoral tissue areas. This examination requires a good knowledge of the updated pTNM classification. Pathologists from the PATTERN group have collaborated with thoracic surgeons, under the auspices of the Sociéte française de pathologie, to propose guidelines for resected specimen management. This approach fits into the context of the elaboration of structured pathological report proposed by the société française de pathologie, which is necessary for a standardized management of patients.

Community-Acquired Staphylococcus argenteus Sequence Type 2250 Bone and Joint Infection, France, 2017.

We report a rare case of Staphylococcus argenteus bone and joint infection in a 9-year-old boy in France. His finger arthritis was complicated by osteitis 5 weeks later, which resulted in a secondary intervention. This case indicates the virulence of S. argenteus, an emerging pathogen whose clinical effects are poorly described.

FOXA1 in HPV associated carcinomas: Its expression in carcinomas of the head and neck and of the uterine cervix.

BACKGROUND: FOXA1 is a major transcription factor involved in the action of human papilloma virus (HPV). However, it has been never studied in HPV-associated tumors. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate its expression in cervical and head and neck tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 63 cervical carcinomas/dysplasias and 152 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) were immunohistochemically studied for the expression of FOXA1. RESULTS: 63.1% of cervical SCC and 40.7% of endocervical adenocarcinomas strongly expressed FOXA1. Most (90%) pre-invasive lesions (CIN3 and in situ adenocarcinomas) strongly expressed FOXA1 and this difference from invasive lesions was statistically significant (p=0.005). No association with clinicopathological factors was found. 51.3% of HNSCC expressed FOXA1. In these tumors, FOXA1 expression was associated with the non-keratinizing morphology but not with the HPV/p16 status neither other clinicopathological features. Of normal structures, salivary glands, endocervical glands and basal/parabasal cell layer of squamous epithelium of both uterine cervix and head and neck mucosa, all strongly expressed FOXA1. CONCLUSION: FOXA1 is expressed by basal cells of squamous epithelium, pre-invasion lesions of the uterine cervix and the head/neck and almost half invasive cervical and head/neck carcinomas, supporting its possible implication in HPV pathogenesis.

EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and HER2 testing in metastatic lung adenocarcinoma: Value of testing on samples with poor specimen adequacy and analysis of discrepancies.

Molecular testing on metastatic lung adenocarcinoma or on non-small cell non-squamous lung carcinoma often relies on small specimen. In this group of patient with poor specimen adequacy, we analyzed the rate of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and HER2 mutations compared to their rate in optimal specimen. We analyzed discrepancies in molecular testing results in patients with iterative analysis on several samples. We performed a retrospective study of 1538 samples consecutively analyzed. 263/665 (39,5%) biopsies and 37/708 (5,2%) surgical specimens were considered as samples with poor specimen adequacy (p<0,0001). A lower tumor cell content was associated with a lower rate of KRAS mutation: 15,8% in samples with <10% of tumor cells or <100 tumor cells versus 29,8% in samples with >10% tumor cell and >100 tumor cells (p=0,001). KRAS mutational rate was at 11,1% in cytology specimens, significantly lower than in biopsy or surgical specimens respectively at 28,2% and 28,5% (p=0,0002). Tumor cell content was not associated with mutational rate for EGFR, BRAF and HER2 mutations. DNA quantity was not associated with mutational rate for EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and HER2. A discrepancy in molecular testing was found in 16 patients. For 5 patients there was also a discrepancy for TTF-1 expression. On the 11 without TTF-1 discrepancy, specimen adequacy was not fulfilled in 10 cases at least for tumor content. Discrepancies were found in the case of low cellularity, poor cell content or testing on cytological specimens. Tumor cell content is a crucial parameter for molecular analysis rather than the type of specimen or the DNA quantity. Discrepancies in molecular testing results are rare but might suggest the presence of another tumor type, the emergence of another clone or a molecular testing in a sample with low cell content.

Frozen Sections in Pleural Pathology: A Valuable Tool.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of pleural malignancy can lead to immediate pleurodesis during thoracoscopy. However, the accuracy of pleural frozen sections is largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the accuracy of frozen sections in pleural tumor pathology. METHODS: A total of 156 frozen pleural sections performed with the question of malignancy were retrospectively reviewed. The original frozen sections were compared to the permanent section slides which were considered as the gold standard. The influence of the following parameters on the frozen section response was evaluated: specimen size, clinical information, as well as the processing by a specialized pulmonary pathologist or not. The reasons of discrepancies were categorized as sampling errors or interpretation errors. RESULTS: Frozen sections made up 16.4% of 951 pleural biopsies performed in the same time period. Accurate diagnosis was feasible in 92.3% of the cases. There were 7 (4.5%) deferred (inconclusive) cases and 5 (3.2%) discrepant cases. Sensitivity of the method was 96.26%, specificity 97.87%, the positive predictive value was 99.04%, and the negative predictive value was 92%. There was no association between the responses given during frozen section and specimen size, clinical information, or the evaluation by a specialized pulmonary pathologist. Four of the 12 cases were sampling errors, while 8 cases were interpretation errors mostly made in the absence of fat tissue invasion. Thus, paucicellular lesions without prominent invasion - fat invasion or haphazardly invading cellular proliferation - were those posing most of the difficulties during frozen section. CONCLUSIONS: Frozen sections are a highly accurate tool in pleural pathology. Thus, they can be used when an immediate pleurodesis is requested.