Right lateral position for laparoscopic splenic flexure mobilization.

AIM: Standard laparoscopic splenic flexure mobilization is often hampered by redundant small bowel and usually necessitates additional ports. The retraction required runs the risk of inadvertent injury to the surrounding structures including the spleen. METHOD: We present a new technique that permits a safe, rapid and complete mobilization of the splenic flexure even for the more difficult patients. RESULTS: We have used it in 15 consecutive patients without mortality, re-operation or conversion to open surgery. CONCLUSION: The right lateral position for splenic flexure mobilization gives better exposure of the left upper quadrant allowing complete dissection of the splenic flexure from the tail of the pancreas facilitating mobilization even in more difficult cases.

Routine use of unilateral and bilateral radial arteries for coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the routine use of radial artery (RA) grafts in patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization. BACKGROUND: Previous long-term studies have documented poor patency of saphenous vein grafts compared with internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts. METHODS: We performed a prospective review of 175 of 249 consecutive patients. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients had bilateral RAs harvested. Mean number (+/- SD) of grafts/patient was 3.27 +/- 0.93, with 2.76 +/- 0.97 arterial grafts; a mean of 1.53 +/- 0.68 grafts were performed with the RA. The operative mortality rate was 1.6%. No deaths were related to RA grafts, and there were no RA harvest site hematomas or infections. Transient dysesthesia 1 day to 4 weeks in duration occurred in the distribution of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve in six extremities (2.6%). Elective cardiac catheterization in 60 patients at 12 weeks postoperatively demonstrated a 95.7% patency rate. CONCLUSIONS: Because of potential benefit of long-term patency associated with arterial grafts, minimal morbidity and mortality associated with use of the RA and excellent short-term patency rates, we cautiously recommend use of one or both RAs as additional conduits to be used concomitantly with the ITA for arterial revascularization of the coronary arteries.

Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: patient survival, battery longevity and shock delivery analysis.

The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) has been shown to reduce the mortality rate of patients with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. This report describes experience with implantation of 36 automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (AID-B and AID-BR models) in 22 persons over a 44 month patient follow-up period (mean 19.6 months). There were five deaths: two patients died suddenly 22 and 29 months, respectively, after their second implant, one died of congestive heart failure, one died of respiratory failure and one died of catheter sepsis. Although 11 (50%) of the 22 patients never received a countershock for a ventricular tachyarrhythmia and are still alive, the other 11 received one or more spontaneous countershocks. Nine patients (41%) experienced spurious shocks during the follow-up period. Assuming that the first shock for presumed ventricular tachyarrhythmia prevented death, the hypothetical cumulative survival of patients at 42 months would have been 34 +/- 14.1% in the absence of an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator rather than the actual survival rate of 59 +/- 16.8%. The cumulative device survival of the 36 AID-B units was 92 +/- 5.62% at 15 months but diminished to 37 +/- 14.4% by 20 months. No unit lasted longer than 22 months. There were 12 battery depletions. The number of shocks emitted did not influence unit longevity. The manufacturer's elective replacement indicator is of uncertain validity. Six units remained active 7 to 17 months after surpassing their replacement indicator. The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator prolongs the life of many patients with otherwise intractable arrhythmias.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Comparison of left ventricular cryolesions created by liquid nitrogen and nitrous oxide.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to compare the cryosurgical lesions produced by liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C) and nitrous oxide (-76 degrees C). BACKGROUND: Cryosurgical ablation is a useful method of arrhythmia surgery, but information on the dimensions of cardiac lesions produced by modifying cryoprobe temperature is limited. METHODS: We compared the dimensions, volumes and electrophysiologic effects of cryolesions created by a liquid nitrogen cryoprobe (Group I) and a nitrous oxide cryoprobe (Group II) on the left ventricular myocardium in the beating canine heart. Exposure time was compared at 1, 2, 3 and 4 min. In each of 18 dogs, two to four lesions were created on the left ventricle and analyzed: 35 lesions created with use of the nitrous oxide cryoprobe and 30 lesions created with the liquid nitrogen cryoprobe. Lesions were measured at the time of induced death 6 weeks postoperatively and assessed by tissue staining with the Masson trichrome technique. RESULTS: The volumes (mm3) of the cryolesions created by the liquid nitrogen cryoprobe were significantly larger (p < 0.05) than those of lesions created by nitrous oxide: 826 +/- 163 versus 493 +/- 197 at 1 min; 1,101 +/- 327 versus 666 +/- 185 at 2 min; 1,356 +/- 318 versus 787 +/- 258 at 3 min and 1,735 +/- 534 versus 923 +/- 376 at 4 min. CONCLUSIONS: Decreasing the temperature of the cryoprobe by using liquid nitrogen increases the volume of the lesions. Programmed electrical stimulation before and 6 weeks after cryoablation indicated no arrhythmogenicity.

Flecanide-induced immune neutropenia. Documentation of a hapten-mediated mechanism of cell destruction.

Immune-mediated granulocytopenia due to cardiac antiarrhythmic medications is a rare, but potentially dangerous, event. This article characterizes the first case, to our knowledge, of severe granulocytopenia associated with the administration of flecanide acetate, a new class I antiarrhythmic drug. Immunologic studies determined that flecanide was capable of binding to the surface of normal neutrophils. The patient's serum contained an IgG antibody that could specifically bind to the haptenized neutrophils, presumably mediating enhanced destruction of mature granulocytes both in the serum and within the bone marrow. Cessation of flecanide therapy resulted in resolution of the granulocytopenia. The titer of antineutrophil antibody in the patient's serum decreased to background levels within the next five months. Similar antibodies were not found in serum from nonsensitized individuals. The capacity of flecanide to bind to normal neutrophils may prove to be a significant risk factor for the subsequent development of antineutrophil antibodies and agranulocytosis in patients receiving this drug. Careful hematologic monitoring of all patients who are receiving this medication is, therefore, strongly urged.

Comparison of defibrillator therapy and other therapeutic modalities for sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation associated with coronary artery disease.

Outcomes of 282 patients referred to the arrhythmia service at Montefiore Medical Center for sustained ventricular tachycardia (n = 214) or ventricular fibrillation (n = 68) associated with coronary artery disease were analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent serial drug trials by electrophysiologic testing and Holter monitoring. Sixty-eight patients who did not respond to drug therapy were treated with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD group), and 214 patients were treated with other methods guided by electrophysiologic testing and Holter monitoring (non-ICD group). The non-ICD group included 49 patients who responded to drug therapy as judged by electrophysiologic testing, as well as patients who did not respond and were not treated with defibrillator therapy for various reasons. Ten patients died in the hospital (2 patients in the ICD group, 8 in the non-ICD group). Actuarial survival rates free of total cardiac death at 1, 2, and 3 years were, respectively, 94%, 87%, and 85% in the ICD group, and 82%, 78%, and 73% in the non-ICD group (p = NS). Survival rates free of total death at 1, 2, and 3 years were 90%, 82%, and 76% in the ICD group, and 82%, 76%, and 70% in the non-ICD group, respectively (p = NS). Survival rates free of total cardiac and total deaths of 49 patients treated with an effective regimen determined by electrophysiologic testing were not significantly different from those of the ICD group. This retrospective study suggests that outcomes of patients treated with ICDs may not be dramatically different from those of patients treated with other methods guided primarily by electrophysiologic testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Removal of infected transvenous leads requiring cardiopulmonary bypass or inflow occlusion.

Infection, although uncommon, can be the most lethal of all potential complications after transvenous pacemaker implantation. The infection rate at our institution has been 0.56% (42 implants) during the preceding 17 years for 7435 transvenous pacemakers implanted in 4333 patients. Four of the 42 patients required use of cardiopulmonary bypass or inflow occlusion to remove the infected transvenous leads. Seven patients had their pacemakers implanted elsewhere and were transferred to our medical center for treatment. One patient died postoperatively because of persistent sepsis from a retained lead segment. All other patients survived, and none had recurrent infection. We recommend removal of all hardware if there is infection of the pacemaker system. If traction or other methods fail to remove the transvenous portion of the pacemaker system, open methods of removal, although rarely required, are safe and effective and should be used without delay.

Atrial natriuretic peptide replacement therapy in rats subjected to biatrial appendectomy.

The postoperative fluid retention found in some patients after the Cox maze procedure has been attributed to surgically induced loss of atrial natriuretic peptide. We postulated that exogenous atrial natriuretic peptide could reverse this antidiuresis. A rat model was used to investigate this hypothesis. In group I, the sham group, the atrial appendages were left intact and the animals were then subjected to a fluid challenge equivalent to 1% of the animal's body weight. In group II, after biatrial appendectomy, the animals were subjected to a fluid challenge similar to that in group I. Animals in group III underwent the same protocol as that for group II plus intravenous administration of atriopeptin III at varying concentrations. Urine output and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels were significantly decreased after biatrial appendectomies (p < or = 0.01). Urine output returned to control levels after biatrial appendectomies with low-dose atrial natriuretic peptide infusion (0.5 pmol/min = 25.5 pg/min), although circulating atrial natriuretic peptide levels were lower. Urine output and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels increased with atrial natriuretic peptide infusions between 0.5 and 50 pmol/min. Heart rate and mean blood pressure did not vary significantly with atrial natriuretic peptide infusions. Thus atrial natriuretic peptide can be used effectively in low doses to induce a diuresis after biatrial appendectomies. Atrial natriuretic peptide may have clinical application after the Cox maze procedure.

Early postoperative angiographic assessment of radial grafts used for coronary artery bypass grafting.

UNLABELLED: Despite a revival of interest in using the radial artery as an alternative conduit for myocardial revascularization, little angiographic documentation of early postoperative results has been presented, particularly in North America. Accordingly, 60 of 150 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass with radial arteries from November 1993 to July 1995 have had postoperative cardiac catheterization at our institution. The patency rate of the radial artery grafts was 95.7% (90 of 94 grafts patent) with an average internal diameter of 2.51 mm. Four radial artery grafts showed diffuse narrowing. The patency rate of the internal thoracic artery grafts was 100% with an average internal diameter of 2.25 mm. Three of 62 grafts demonstrated diffuse narrowing. Two of 24 (7.7%) saphenous vein grafts were occluded; the average internal diameter was 3.23 mm. The internal thoracic artery, the radial artery, and saphenous vein grafts were, respectively, 7.5%, 19.5%, and 53.3% larger than the anastomosed native coronary arteries. Graft-dependent flow was found in 81.1% of the radial artery grafts. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that the short-term patency rate of radial artery grafts is excellent.

Technique for harvesting the radial artery as a coronary artery bypass graft.

The radial artery was proposed and then abandoned as a coronary artery bypass graft in the 1970s. Development of new pharmacologic antispasmodic agents and minimally traumatic harvesting techniques has led to a revival of the use of the radial artery in coronary artery bypass procedures. Unlike the saphenous vein in the lower extremities, the radial artery in the volar forearm is not a subcutaneous structure. Safe harvest of the artery requires an understanding of volar forearm anatomy. Based on review of anatomy, cadaver dissection, and clinical experience with 40 patients, we have developed a technique for radial artery harvest. The volar forearm is divided into three zones: the proximal zone, the middle zone, and the distal zone. In each zone, important anatomic landmarks are identified. Our harvesting technique has resulted in minimal postoperative morbidity and no postoperative ischemic complications. Although the pedicled internal thoracic artery graft remains the primary arterial conduit for myocardial revascularization, the radial artery is an excellent additional bypass conduit.

Pathology of the radial and internal thoracic arteries used as coronary artery bypass grafts.

BACKGROUND: This investigation compared the incidence and the degree of atherosclerosis present in radial artery (RA) and internal thoracic artery segments remaining after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: One hundred seventy specimens from 102 patients were histologically analyzed, including 106 RA specimens. RESULTS: The mean degree of pathology for the RA was 0.89 on a 0 (none) to 4 (lumen completely obliterated) scale; the mean grade of pathology for the internal thoracic artery was 0.30 (p < 0.001). Presence of diabetes, aortofemoral disease, femoral-popliteal disease, age, and male gender correlated with an increase in RA pathology. Flow in the in situ RA did not correlate with the degree of pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Study of the excess RA and internal thoracic artery segments remaining after coronary artery bypass grafting demonstrated that the RA had a higher degree of atherosclerosis than the internal thoracic artery at the time of harvest. Overall severity of disease in the RA was low. The long-term performance of RA grafts will determine whether this level of atherosclerotic disease has any clinical significance.

Use of a free radial artery graft for correction of Bland-White-Garland syndrome.

A radial artery free graft was used to create a two-coronary artery system for a 15-month-old child with Bland-White-Garland syndrome. The anomalous left main coronary artery originated from the proximal right pulmonary artery.

Ultrasound evaluation of the inferior epigastric artery.

Color-flow Doppler ultrasound was used to assess the anatomic characteristics of the inferior epigastric artery (IEA) bilaterally in 20 nonatherosclerotic (group I; mean age, 28 years) and 20 atherosclerotic (group II; mean age, 57 years) subjects. Forty-nine percent of the IEAs were located laterally within the rectus sheath with 34% in a mid and 17% in a medial location. Seventeen percent had a large branch within 5 cm of the origin. Average length of the IEA was 10.7 +/- 3.2 cm. Average proximal and distal internal diameters were 3.0 +/- 0.45 and 1.9 +/- 0.35 mm, respectively. Neither length nor vessel diameter showed any correlation with age or body surface area. Sixty-two percent of the IEAs were greater than or equal to 9 cm in length and 1.5 mm in distal diameter. Stenosis of the vessel (more than 50% diameter) was noted at the proximal 1 cm segment in 20% of the IEAs in the atherosclerotic group but none of the IEAs in the nonatherosclerotic group. Beyond this proximal segment, there was freedom from atherosclerotic stenosis as demonstrated by the IEAs' similarity of length and diameter irrespective of age in these atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic populations.

Combined maze procedure and septal myectomy in a septuagenarian.

A 75-year-old woman with refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy underwent a successful combined maze procedure and septal myectomy. Postoperative episodes of atrial fibrillation and flutter occurred only during periods of bradyarrhythmia and did not recur with atrial inhibited pacing.

Use of neurosurgical techniques for removal of a cardiac tumor.

A 6-week-old male infant with a capillary hemangioma of the right atrioventricular groove adjacent to the right coronary artery and conduction system underwent successful resection with the aid of microneurosurgical instrumentation. The technical challenge was thought to be analogous to that encountered by microneurosurgeons in their dissection of brain tumors.

Wound healing after harvesting of the internal thoracic and the superior and inferior epigastric arteries.

Wound healing of sternal incisions and midline or paramedian abdominal incisions was studied at 2 weeks postoperatively in three groups of dogs. Group 1, 10 dogs, had harvesting of bilateral internal thoracic arteries, superior epigastric arteries, and inferior epigastric arteries. Group 2, 5 dogs, had removal of the same arteries, but the superior and inferior epigastric arteries were harvested through paramedian rather than midline incisions. Group 3, 5 dogs, served as control and had median sternotomies and midline abdominal incisions only. All wounds healed without complication. Wound breaking strength of the skin of the chest incisions was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the control group (group 3) (52.6 lb) compared with groups 1 (38.0 lb) and 2 (34.8 lb). Wound breaking strength of the skin of the abdominal incisions was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in group 2 (50.4 lb) when paramedian incisions were made compared with group 1 (35.1 lb). Hydroxyproline content was similar for all groups and all incisions. We conclude that abdominal wound breaking strength is significantly greater when paramedian incisions are performed to harvest the inferior epigastric arteries. Harvesting bilateral internal thoracic, superior epigastric, and inferior epigastric arteries may lower sternal wound breaking strength.

ICD implantation via thoracoscopy, "mailslot" thoracotomy, and subxiphoid incision.

An improved method of thoracoscopic implantable cardioverter defibrillators implantation is described. "Mailslot" thoracotomy is more expeditious than thoracoscopic implantation via multiple ports. If required for adequate defibrillation thresholds, subxiphoid, subdiaphragmatic implantation of a defibrillator patch may be performed.

Reliable salbutamol administration in 6- to 36-month-old children by means of a metered dose inhaler and Aerochamber with mask.

A double-blind study was performed to demonstrate that bronchodilator can be administered reliably to infants and children under 3 years of age from a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) by means of an economical valved aerosol-holding chamber device (Aerochamber) fitted with a mask. Symptoms of cough and breathlessness were compared for two 1-week crossover periods with the child either taking active drug or placebo. The MDI and Aerochamber with mask is an effective delivery system for respiratory therapy in these young children.

Acute toxicity of gliotoxin in hamsters.

Acute toxicity studies of gliotoxin were done in hamsters given oral doses of 15, 25 and 35 mg/kg of gliotoxin. Surviving hamsters were killed at 72 h post-treatment. Most hamsters in the middle and high dose groups were dead or moribund within 24 h. Hamsters in these dose groups that survived for greater than 12 h had hepatic alterations of necrotizing and proliferative cholangitis with marked lymphoplasmacytic pericholangitis.