Dashboard of Short-Term Postoperative Patient Outcomes for Anesthesiologists: Development and Preliminary Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Anesthesiologists require an understanding of their patients' outcomes to evaluate their performance and improve their practice. Traditionally, anesthesiologists had limited information about their surgical outpatients' outcomes due to minimal contact post discharge. Leveraging digital health innovations for analyzing personal and population outcomes may improve perioperative care. BC Children's Hospital's postoperative follow-up registry for outpatient surgeries collects short-term outcomes such as pain, nausea, and vomiting. Yet, these data were previously not available to anesthesiologists. OBJECTIVE: This quality improvement study aimed to visualize postoperative outcome data to allow anesthesiologists to reflect on their care and compare their performance with their peers. METHODS: The postoperative follow-up registry contains nurse-reported postoperative outcomes, including opioid and antiemetic administration in the postanesthetic care unit (PACU), and family-reported outcomes, including pain, nausea, and vomiting, within 24 hours post discharge. Dashboards were iteratively co-designed with 5 anesthesiologists, and a department-wide usability survey gathered anesthesiologists' feedback on the dashboards, allowing further design improvements. A final dashboard version has been deployed, with data updated weekly. RESULTS: The dashboard contains three sections: (1) 24-hour outcomes, (2) PACU outcomes, and (3) a practice profile containing individual anesthesiologist's case mix, grouped by age groups, sex, and surgical service. At the time of evaluation, the dashboard included 24-hour data from 7877 cases collected from September 2020 to February 2023 and PACU data from 8716 cases collected from April 2021 to February 2023. The co-design process and usability evaluation indicated that anesthesiologists preferred simpler designs for data summaries but also required the ability to explore details of specific outcomes and cases if needed. Anesthesiologists considered security and confidentiality to be key features of the design and most deemed the dashboard information useful and potentially beneficial for their practice. CONCLUSIONS: We designed and deployed a dynamic, personalized dashboard for anesthesiologists to review their outpatients' short-term postoperative outcomes. This dashboard facilitates personal reflection on individual practice in the context of peer and departmental performance and, hence, the opportunity to evaluate iterative practice changes. Further work is required to establish their effect on improving individual and department performance and patient outcomes.

Transfusion-related acute lung injury in the Canadian paediatric population.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) in adults is approximately one per 5000 transfusions. The Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program undertook the present study to determine the incidence of TRALI in the paediatric population and to describe the characteristics and outcomes of children with TRALI. METHODS: The present surveillance study was conducted over a three-year period. RESULTS: Four TRALI cases were reported, yielding an incidence rate of 1.8 per 100,000 transfusions. The degree of severity varied: in two patients, only supplemental oxygen was necessary, while the other two required mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION: TRALI was reported much less often in the present study compared with adult studies; therefore, it needs to be determined whether TRALI occurs less frequently in children, or alternatively, whether TRALI is recognized less often in children. The possibility that neonates who undergo cardiac surgery are at greater risk of TRALI than other patients should be addressed in future studies.

HISTORIQUE: L'incidence de syndrome respiratoire aigu post transfusionnel (TRALI) est d'environ un cas sur 5 000 transfusions chez les adultes. Le Programme canadien de surveillance pédiatrique (PCSP) a entrepris cette étude pour déterminer l'incidence de TRALI dans la population pédiatrique et pour décrire les caractéristiques et le sort des enfants qui ont un TRALI. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les chercheurs ont mené l'étude de surveillance pendant trois ans. RÉSULTATS: Quatre cas de TRALI ont été signalés, pour une incidence de 1,8 cas sur 100 000 transfusions. Le degré de gravité variait : deux patients n'ont eu besoin que d'oxygène d'appoint, tandis que les deux autres ont eu besoin d'une ventilation mécanique. CONCLUSION: Dans le cadre de cette étude, le TRALI était beaucoup moins signalé que dans les études auprès d'adultes. Il faut donc déterminer si le TRALI est moins fréquent ou s'il est moins dépisté chez les enfants. Lors de futures études, il faudra évaluer la possibilité que les nouveau-nés qui subissent une chirurgie cardiaque soient plus vulnérables au TRALI que les autres patients.

Intraoperative Extubation Post Arterial Switch Operation for Transposition of the Great Arteries With Intact Ventricular Septum: A One-Year, Single Center Experience.

We sought to examine the clinical impact of intraoperative extubation (IE) in neonates undergoing the arterial switch operation (ASO) for D-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum (dTGA/IVS). This was a single center retrospective study of patients who underwent ASO for dTGA/IVS in the 12 months after an institutional change in practice favoring IE when clinically feasible. A control group was obtained by identifying the same number of consecutive patients with dTGA/IVS who underwent ASO immediately prior to this institutional change in practice, none of whom were extubated intraoperatively. Primary outcome measures included morbidity, mortality, length of hospital and intensive care unit stay and reintubation rates. There were no significant differences in the preoperative and operative characteristics between the 2 groups. Of the 10 patients who underwent ASO for dTGA/IVS in the 12 months post institutional change in practice, all (100%) were extubated intraoperatively and none (0%) required reintubation. The median length of intensive care unit stay was 2 days for both the intraoperative and non-IE groups (mean 2.2 and 3 days respectively). The median length of stay in hospital was 4 days in the IE group and 5.5 days in the non-IE group (mean 4.5 and 6 days respectively). No patients died and there was no significant difference in morbidity between the 2 groups. Our data suggests IE post ASO for dTGA/IVS is safe and displays a statistically insignificant trend toward earlier discharge from hospital.

Pacemaker therapy of postoperative arrhythmias after pediatric cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the practical operation of temporary pacemakers in common use pertinent to the intensivist caring for the postcardiac patient. Pacemaker therapy is commonly required in the postoperative period after congenital cardiac surgery. DATA SYNTHESIS: Monitoring the hemodynamic status and availability of equipment for resuscitation is always important in any patient requiring a temporary pacemaker. Two important scenarios to consider in the pediatric intensive care unit are: 1) the patient in whom pacing has been initiated to optimize cardiac function; and 2) the patient without demonstrable spontaneous electrical activity or with extreme bradycardia. A number of different models of temporary pacemaker are available. Management of the child requiring cardiac pacing requires an understanding of the indications for pacing, a thorough knowledge of the available pacemaker, and an ability to troubleshoot problems. CONCLUSIONS: As the most common arrhythmias post congenital cardiac surgery involve either rate or conduction abnormalities, temporary pacemaker systems are a common form of electrical therapy in the postoperative period.

Fibreoptic and videoscopic indirect intubation techniques for intubation in children.

Endotracheal intubation in the pediatric emergency department can be challenging. Direct laryngoscopy is the primary intubation technique used in pediatric emergency intubations. However, cases arise where abnormalities of the upper airway prevent a direct view of the laryngeal opening. Under these circumstances, indirect means of visualization of the laryngeal opening using fiberoptic and videoscopic devices can be used to successfully achieve intubation. A wide range of instruments including flexible, rigid, and semirigid devices are available. Those who practice emergency medicine should be aware of these devices and be skilled in their use and aware of their limitations.

Iatrogenic hyponatremia in hospitalized children: Can it be avoided?

Iatrogenic hyponatremia in hospitalized children is a common problem. It is usually caused by the administration of free water, either orally or through the prescription of hypotonic intravenous fluids. It can result in cerebral edema and death, and is most commonly reported in healthy children undergoing minor surgery. The current teachings and practical guidelines for maintenance fluid infusions are based on caloric expenditure data in healthy children that were derived and published more than 50 years ago. A re-evaluation of these data and more recent recognition that hospitalized children are vulnerable to hyponatremia, with its resulting morbidity and mortality rates, suggest that changes in paediatricians' approach to fluid administration are necessary. There is no single fluid therapy that is optimal for all hospitalized children. A thorough assessment of the type of fluid, volume of fluid and electrolyte requirements based on individual patient requirements, plus rigorous monitoring, is required in any child receiving intravenous fluids. The present article reviews how hyponatremia occurs and makes recommendations for minimizing the risk of iatrogenic hyponatremia.

Should early extubation be the goal for children after congenital cardiac surgery?

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the feasibility and assess the clinical outcomes associated with an early extubation strategy for all children undergoing congenital heart surgery, including neonates (age, <30 days). METHODS: We performed a linked database analysis of all patients undergoing congenital heart surgery from July 1, 2010 to December 31, 2012. We collected data on the cardiac diagnoses, preoperative status, procedure, and postoperative course, including the duration of invasive and noninvasive ventilation, failure of extubation, hemodynamic data, length of stay, complications, and mortality. A multivariable model was used to assess the independent factors associated with an inability to extubate within the operating room and with delayed extubation (>24 hours). RESULTS: We operated on 613 children, including 97 neonates. Intraoperative extubation was achieved in 71% of the cases and early extubation (≤ 24 hours) was achieved in 89% of the cases. The overall mortality was 1.5% (9 of 613 patients). Early extubation was associated with lower mortality (1% vs 9%, P < .001) and a lower rate of reintubation (4% vs 23%, P < .001) compared with delayed extubation. Notably, 63% of the neonates were extubated within 24 hours, including 67% of arterial switch operations and 54% of total anomalous pulmonary venous return repairs. Norwood operations were the only procedure in which no patient was extubated within the first 24 hours. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that the predictors of delayed extubation included preoperative mechanical ventilation, weight < 5 kg, a longer procedure time, and the need for postoperative inotrope support. Implementation of an early extubation strategy was associated with low rates of complications (5.1 per 10 procedures), short lengths of intensive care unit stay (median, 1 day; interquartile range, 1-3), and short hospital stays (median, 4 days; interquartile range, 3-6). CONCLUSIONS: Most children undergoing congenital heart surgery can be extubated in the operating room. Most neonates, including many undergoing complex procedures, can be extubated within the first 24 hours after surgery. Early extubation was associated with low morbidity rates and short lengths of intensive care unit and hospital stays.

Infant repair of massive aortic aneurysm with prosthetic valved conduit.

A 4-month-old child with severe infantile Marfan syndrome underwent successful repair of an extremely dilated aortic root and severe aortic valve insufficiency using a prosthetic valved conduit.

Does troponin-I measurement predict low cardiac output syndrome following cardiac surgery in children?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum troponin I (TnI), measured 4 hours after surgery for congenital heart disease, is a predictor of myocardial dysfunction and low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS). DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: Paediatric intensive care unit in a tertiary care academic children's hospital, 1 June 2003 to 12 May 2004. PATIENTS: 99 consecutive eligible children who underwent a variety of surgical procedures for congenital heart disease, using cardiopulmonary bypass. All patients were cared for by a consistent perioperative care team. INTERVENTIONS: Measurement of TnI preoperatively, and at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 36 hours after ICU admission. RESULTS: Patient demographics and outcome (as median and 25th-75th percentile) were as follows: age, 23.9 (4.6- 65.9) months; cardiopulmonary bypass time, 135 (98-178) minutes; aortic cross-clamp time, 65 (28-85) minutes; preoperative TnI level, 0.02 (0.01-0.03) ng/mL; 4h TnI, 10.6 (3.0-23.4) ng/mL; highest 24 h TnI, 11.7 (3.9-29.5) ng/mL; time to discontinuation of inotropes, 43.9 (18.7-92.9) hours; maximal inotrope score, 10.0 (5.0-16.3); time to extubation, 42.4 (19.8-137.5) hours; and time to ICU discharge 91.8 (45.7-169.7) hours. Twenty-three patients developed LCOS. A 4h TnI level > 13 ng/mL predicted LCOS with a sensitivity of 0.78 (95% CI, 0.56-0.93), and a specificity of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.61-0.82). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for TnI as a predictor of LCOS was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.63-0.88). TnI was the only predictive variable associated with LCOS in multivariate logistic regression analysis, with an odds ratio of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.05-2.01) for developing LCOS with each 10 ng/mL increase in 4h TnI. Linear regression analysis showed TnI to be significantly correlated with increased time to discontinuation of inotropes, maximal inotrope administration, time to extubation, and time to ICU discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of early postoperative levels of TnI may aid in the early identification of children who will develop LCOS.

Variation in blood pressure as a guide to volume loading in children following cardiopulmonary bypass.

OBJECTIVE: Intravascular volume loading is used to optimize cardiac output in children following weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Central venous pressure (CVP) is frequently used to titrate fluid administration but it is often misleading in predicting fluid responsiveness. Variation in the arterial pressure waveform is exaggerated in patients with deficient intravascular volume and has been shown to be a good predictor of fluid responsiveness in adults following cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the measures of variation in blood pressure as a guide to volume loading in children following cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: After ethical approval, we collected continuous real-time measurements from 25 children during volume loading after cardiopulmonary bypass. Subjects with moderate or severe tricuspid incompetence or who did not require volume loading during weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass were excluded from the study. Unstable readings were excluded from analysis. Systolic Pressure Variation (SPV), Pulse Pressure Variation (PPV) and Systolic Volume Variation (SVV) were retrospectively calculated before and after each bolus of fluid. Fluid responsiveness was classified as a change in blood pressure of > or =80 mmHg/L/m(2). RESULTS: Forty-four boluses were analyzed from the 25 children. Respiratory variables were similar. CVP was a poor predictor of fluid responsiveness and a negative relationship between change in blood pressure and Delta Down was observed. Performance in predicting fluid responsiveness as measured by the areas under the ROC curves were CVP (0.58), PPV (0.67), SPV (0.74) and SVV (0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Variation in blood pressure was a better guide to volume loading in children than CVP. Delta down was not useful in predicting fluid responsiveness in children with open chests following bypass surgery. SPV and SVV require further testing in prospective clinical trials.