Pathogenetic and functional characterization of lymphocytes in influenza patients.

The kinetics of acrocentric chromosome associations and chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood and pleural exudate lymphocytes has been studied in 25 influenza patients and 7 exudative pleurisy patients. Lymphocytes without associations and with 2 associated acrocentric chromosomes were activated in the body, since their frequency appeared to be positively correlated with the immunoresponsiveness indices and with clinical symptoms. The number of these lymphocytes in pleural exudate was 2.5 times higher than in the peripheral blood. When comparing the frequency of chromosome aberrations in the patients' lymphocytes to the level of immunity, cytogenetic changes corresponded to the indices of cellular rather than humoral immunity.

Polymorphism of human blood groups and incidence of influenza A/Hong Kong (H3N2).

During three epidemics of influenza A/Hong Kong (H3N2) and experimentally in vaccines, the relation between influenza infection and ABo, Rh and MN blood groups was studied. Examinations of 2760 patients with laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of influenza and 749 persons vaccinated with live influenza vaccine showed that individuals of blood groups O and B were susceptible to influenza 1.67 and 1.20 times more, respectively, than individuals of blood group A. The difference in incidence was most manifested in first attacks and decreased in subsequent epidemics. The increased incidence in individuals of blood groups O and B as compared to those of blood group A was not associated with factors of specific (antibody) and nonspecific (interferon) resistance to influenza but was related to a greater capacity of leukocytes from these individuals to adsorb the virus. No relation between blood groups Ph and MN and incidence of influenza A/Hong Kong (H3N2) was established.

[Frequency of acrocentric chromosomal associations and their silver staining in human lymphocytes in immune reactions]. / Chastota assotsiatsii akrotsentricheskikh khromosom i ikh okrashivanie serebrom v limfotsitakh krovi cheloveka pri immunnykh reaktsiiakh.

Ag-staining of the nucleolar organizer regions of acrocentric chromosomes of T-lymphocytes did not change during the immune response in children with porotitis and in those being in contact with parotitis-suffering children, as well as in young adults previously immunized by staphylococcal anatoxin. This character displayed individual peculiarities. No differences in these age groups were detected. A positive correlation was found between the size of Ag-band and the ability of chromosomes to make associations. Ag-staining and participation of G-chromosomes in associations was higher than those markers in D-chromosomes.

[The quantity of associated acrocentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes passing through 1st, 2d and 3d mitoses in culture]. / Kolichestvo assotsiiruiushchikh akrotsentricheskikh khromosom v limfotsitakh cheloveka, prokhodiashchikh pervyi, vtoroi i tretii mitozy v kul'ture.

The reproductive ability of lymphocytes of peripheral blood with the usage of 5-bromine-deoxyuridine has been studied in 8 healthy children at the age of 5-6 years. Single second mitoses occurred in 48 hour cultures (6.5%), in 72 hour cultures the frequency of the first, second and third mitoses was equal, in 96 hour cultures the third mitoses dominated. Consequent divisions of lymphocytes were accompanied by a decrease in associative acrocentric chromosome, in average by 25%, within one mitotic cycle, while in mitoses of a given ordinal number the frequency of associations did not depend on the duration of cultivation. The fixation of the culture at the 48th hour of cultivation makes it possible to take into account the frequency of associations of acrocentric chromosomes without calculation of the ordinal number of mitosis because of an significant amount of second mitoses at this time, and of a sufficient value of the mitotic index (4.6 +/- 0.5%) necessary for cytogenetic analysis.

[Frequency of acrocentric chromosome associations in human blood lymphocytes when using different methods for its assessment]. / Chastota assotsiatsii akrotsentricheskikh khromosom v limfotsitakh krovi cheloveka pri raznykh sposobakh ee otsenki.

The indeces of frequency of associations of acrocentric chromosomes in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood were compared with the help of different criteria of their estimation: by argentofile connections and by specific location of acrocentrics in metaphase plate. It was shown by the methods of variation statistics that the specificity of orientation of associative acrocentric chromosomes towards each other by short arms to the distance equal to the length of G-chromosome long arm is not accidental. Therefore, the method elaborated on the basis of the estimation criteria reflects participation of acrocentric chromosomes association in the formation of general nucleus in interphase more completely than the Ag-method, as preservation of Ag-material depends on the extent of its resorbtion in mitosis.

[Patterns of the cytogenetic changes in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of children immunized against smallpox and parotitis]. / Nekotorye zakonomernosti tsitogeneticheskikh izmenenii v limfotsitakh perifericheskoi krovi u detei, immunizirovannykh protiv ospy i parotita.

A positive correlation between the frequency of acrocentric chromosome associations (AChA) and the accumulation of antibody titers in children immunized against smallpox and parotiditis has been discovered. The decrease of AChA in proliferating lymphocytes is accompanied with the lowering of D/G ratio due to group G predomination in AChA. The aberration frequency was kept unchanged throughout the whole observation of children immunized against parotiditis. A lower degree of cytogenic alterations in lymphocytes and accumulation of titers of antibodies in children immunized against paratiditis, as compared with those in the other group, may suggest a weak immunological effect of the given inoculative preparation.

[Cytogenetic and immunological changes in the peripheral blood of measles patients in the dynamics of the infectious process]. / Tsitogeneticheskie i immunologicheskie izmeneniia v perifericheskoi krovi u bol'nykh kor'iu v dinamike infektsionnogo protsessa.

During the acute period of disease (2-5 days after infection) and later (one month after infection) the associative index of acrocentric chromosomes in T-lymphocytes was higher than in norm, whereas two weeks after infection it did not differ from that in norm. A correlation was found between the quantity of lymphocytes, having a certain number of associated acrocentric chromosomes, the quantity of sensibilized chromosomes, and the number of antibodies. Chromosome alterations in the lymphocytes of reconvalescents were recorded more often than at the start of the illness.

[Statistical patterns of the formation of acrocentric chromosome associations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes]. / Statisticheskie zakonomernosti obrazovaniia assotsiatsii akrotsentricheskikh khromosom v limfotsitakh perifericheskoi krovi cheloveka.

The level of the association index of acrocentric chromosomes in lymphocyte population of peripheral blood depends on a frequency of lymphocyte classes with different numbers of associating of chromosomes and is not related to argentophily of their nucleolus formating regions. The latter character influences the frequency of entry of separate acrocentric chromosomes in appearing associations.

[Cytogenetic and cytomorphologic parallels of human lymphocytes]. / Tsitogeneticheskie i tsitomorfometricheskie paralleli limfotsitov cheloveka.

Association frequency of human acrocentric chromosomes is the function of the period of interphase of cells and the activity of their proliferation. This characteristic, therefore, can be used for the analysis of the dynamics of cellular populations. Variations in the classes of frequencies of lymphocytes with different associating centric chromosomes were compared with the frequency of different classes. The dynamics of the classes of lymphocytes without associations and with two associating acrocentrics correlated in force and direction with different classes with the diameter up to 0.5 mcm, the fact witnessing their functional unity. They make up a pool of newly-formed activated populations of lymphocytes, whose character of dynamics can be used for analysing proliferative and migrational activities of lymphocytes in the initial periods of immunogenesis in lymphoid organs. The increase in the number of associations in long-circulating lymphocytes was followed by an adequate increase in cellular sizes, the latter being the reflection of their following immunological functions. Changes in frequencies of associative and different classes in blood and pleural exudate of patients took place in accordance with the pathogenesis of a concrete illness as well as the character of the factors affecting the body.

[Cytogenetic study of blood lymphocytes in children revaccinated against smallpox]. / Tsitogeneticheskoe issledovanie limfotsitov krovi detei, revaktsinirovannykh protiv ospy

As the result of primary re-immunization with small-pox vaccine of eight years' old children chromosome aberrations were observed in their peripheral blood lymphocytes, the frequencies being 5.3% and 7.9% on the seventh day and in a month after the reimmunization respectively. Chromosome aberrations were significantly more rare in children with a high level of immunity retained after the preceding immunization as compared to those whose immunity was weakened with time. After the elapse of 6 months following the re-immunization the frequency of chromosome aberrationd did not exceed the initial level. The changes observed in the chromosome apparatus of lymphocytes are not specific for the small-pox vaccine alone, but are the evidence of the disturbance of homeostasis of the microorganism as the result of the effect of an alien antigen.

[Frequency of acrocentric chromosomal associations in children immunized with smallpox vaccine]. / Chastota assotsiatsii akrotsentricheskikh khromosom u detei, immunizirovannykh ospovaktsinnoi

The frequency of associations of acrocentric chromosomes (AAC) diminished on the 7th day after vaccination in children primary vaccinated, primary revaccinated and secondary revaccinated against smallpox. This decrease reached its maximum by the 30th day and returned to its starting point after 6th months after vaccination. The degree of reduction of the frequency of AAC in every immunized children group correlated with the degree of increasing of antihemagglutinin titre. The relation of the number of group D chromosomes involved in AAC to the number of group G chromosomes varied in various individuals, these variations remaining after immunization. It was supposed that in PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures the degree of reduction of AAC frequency after vaccination against smallpox is a cytochemical marker of proliferation intensity of T-lymphocytes induced for immunopoiesis.

[Cytogenetic characteristics of the vaccination process in children, primarily vaccinated against smallpox]. / Tsitogeneticheskaia kharakteristika vaktsinal'nogo protsessa u detei, pervichno privitykh protiv ospy

An increased rate of chromosome aberrations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes was observed in children between 1 and 21/2 years of age beginning at 4 days after vaccination. The number of aneuploid cells and chromosome aberrations increased for 1 month but were not found 6 months after vaccination. Administration of measles gamma-globulin in a dose of 0.75 ml before vaccination did not influence significantly the frequency of chromosome aberrations. A direct correlation was observed between the height of the immune response and the rate of chromosome aberrations. The observed changes in the chromosomal apparatus are not specific for the effect of vaccinia virus but indicate sterotypic reaction of the macroorganism in response to an alien antigen.

[Cytogenetic and immunological methods of evaluating the infectious and vaccinal processes in exposure to the mumps virus]. / Otsenka tsitogeneticheskimi i immunologicheskimi metodami infektsionnogo i vaktsinal'nogo protsessov pri vozdeistvii virusa parotita.

Chromosomal changes in T-lymphocytes of the peripheral blood reflect their participation in immune responses. In particular, the level of the associative index of acrocentric chromosomes (AIAC) depends upon their proliferative activity in response to antigens and migration in the host. The degree of cytogenetic and serological changes in patients with mumps was higher than in children of the other groups examined. A relationship was found between the level of AIAC in T-lymphocytes and a rise in the antihemagglutinin titres at the expense of changes in the portion of T-lymphocytes with 0 and 2 chromosomes in associations, some of them being activated with mumps virus antigens. The correlation between AIAC and the lymphocyte blast-transformation reaction to phytohemagglutinins was variable in different groups of children and absent between AIAC and the amount of serum immunologlobulins. In combination with other immunological methods AIAC in T-lymphocytes of the blood may be used for characterization of the immune response.

[Chromosomal changes in patients with acute dysentery and their relation to immunologic shifts]. / Izmeneniia khromosom u bol'nykh ostroi dizenteriei i ikh sviaz' s immunologicheskimi sdvigami.

The correlation between the dynamics of the occurrence of the class of lymphocytes without chromosomal associations and with two associating acrocentric chromosomes (CL0 + 2) and the course of the disease, as well as the development of immunity in patients with acute dysentery, has been detected. The positive correlation between the occurrence of CL0 + 2 and cell-mediated immunity reactions presupposes the possibility of using this cytogenetic characteristic for evaluating the cell-mediated immunoreactivity of lymphocytes. No essential changes in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes have been found to occur at all periods of observation.

[Connection between the group factors of the blood systems ABO, MNSs, and rhesus and peculiarities of the vaccination process in children immunized against smallpox]. / Sviaz' gruppovykh faktorov krovi sistemy ABO, MNSs, i rezus s osobennostiami vaktsinal'nogo protsessa u detei, immunizirovannykh protiv ospy

The ahthors present new data on the character of the vaccine process in children associated with the characteristics of the blood group ABO, MNSs and Rh systems. The greater frequency of occurrence and more manifest reactions were noted in children with blood groups A, B, AB, M and Rho (D) - in comparison with those having blood groups O, Rho (D) +, MN and N. There was a significant prevalence of chromosomal aberrations in the primarily immunized children with blood groups A in comparison with groups O, B and AB. The data obtained pointed to the negative effect of the mimi-rating antigens of the smallpox virus on the immunogenesis in smallpox. Search for methods of releasing the vaccine of these antigens is necessary for reduction of the reactogenic properties and increase of immunogenecity of the smallpox vaccines.

[Safety, antigenic activity, and epidemiologic effectiveness of live mumps vaccine from strain Leningrad-3. I. Reactogenic, allergenic and mutagenic properties of the vaccine and its effect on the body's resistance to intercurrent diseases]. / Bezvrednost', antigennaia aktivnost' i épidemiologicheskaia éffektivnost' zhivoi parotitnoi vaktsiny iz shtamma Leningrad-3. Soobshchenie I. Reaktogennye, allergennye i mutagennye svoistva vaktsiny i ee vliianie na rezistentnost' organizma k interkurrentnym zabolevaniiam.

The influence of 3 batches of live parotitis vaccine from strain L-3 on the organism of 2,536 vaccinated children of preschool and junior school age was studied. The injection of this preparation was shown to induce weak and moderate systemic reactions on the average in 0.8% of the children and local hyperemia of the skin in 7.8% of the children during the first 2-4 days. No severe reactions and complications were observed. Parotitis vaccine induced the weak specific and nonspecific allergic transformation of the organism, did not significantly increase the frequency of aberrant metaphases in the lymphocyte culture, did not essentially influence the frequency of intercurrent diseases at the proximate (21 days) and remote (1 year) periods after immunization, did not suppress the intensity of postvaccinal immunity to pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus. Though various batches of the vaccine showed no sharp differences in their influence on the organism, nevertheless postvaccinal reactions were found to be more frequent, and intercurrent diseases occurred more rarely in the children immunized with the batch containing 20,000 HADU50.

[The immunocytopoietic signs of circulating human lymphocytes in pathological states]. / Immunotsitopoéticheskie priznaki tsirkuliruiushchikh kimfotsitov cheloveka pri patologicheskikh sostoianiiakh.

The dynamics of associative, size, and immediate rosette classes of circulating lymphocytes was studied in donors and patients with different pathogenesis of migration of activated lymphocytes. On the basis of the associated dynamics of lymphocyte classes in blood and pleural exudation as well as the correlation analysis two functional groups of lymphocytes were distinguished: a group of early proliferative activated lymphocytes and a group of temporarily intact lymphocytes circulating for a long time.

[Frequency of acrocentric chromosome associations in a long-term human lymphocyte culture]. / Chastota assotsiatsii akrotsentricheskikh khromosom v dlitel'noi kul'ture limfotsitov cheloveka.

The frequency of acrocentric chromosome associations (ACA) in the long-term culture of lymphocytes progressively decreases by 25% (on the average) for one mitotic cycle. As a result proliferous lymphocytes after 3-4 divisions contain either no associations or not more than 2 associating acrocentrics. The diversity of the peripheral blood lymphocytes as to the frequency of ACA in the first mitosis is connected with their different proliferative activity in the organism.

[Relationship of the frequency of acrocentric chromosome associations and the immune response in children primarily vaccinated against smallpox]. / Sviaz' mezhdu chastotoi assotsiatsii akrotsentricheskikh kromosom i immunnym otvetom u detei, pervichno vaktsinirovannykh protiv ospy

The frequency of acrocentric chromosomes associations in the lymphocytes of periferal blood decreased on the 7th and 30th day after vaccination. The rate of the decrease was in direct dependence on the intensity of the immunological response, that probably was due to shortening the length of the interphase of the lymphocytes induced for immunopoiesis. Frequency of the acrocentric chromosomes associations did not differ from the control level 6 months after vaccination.

[Cytogenetic changes in the peripheral lymphocytes and immunity of typhoid fever patients and in chronic bacterial carriers]. / Tsitogeneticheskie izmeneniia v limfotsitakh perifericheskoi krovi i immunitet u bol'nykh briushnym tifom i u khronicheskikh bakterionositelei.

A study of the frequency of acrocentric chromosomes associations and chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes together with the immunologic indices permits a separate estimation of functional activity for the T- and B-lymphoid systems in patients with abdominal typhoid and in carriers.