Comprehensive Investigation of the Temperature-Dependent Electromechanical Behaviors of Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites.

The performances of flexible piezoresistive sensors based on polymer nanocomposites are significantly affected by the environmental temperature; therefore, comprehensively investigating the temperature-dependent electromechanical response behaviors of conductive polymer nanocomposites is crucial for developing high-precision flexible piezoresistive sensors in a wide-temperature range. Herein, carbon nanotube (CNT)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites widely used for flexible piezoresistive sensors were prepared, and then the temperature-dependent electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical properties of the optimized CNT/PDMS composite in the temperature range from -150 to 150 °C were systematically investigated. At a low temperature of -150 °C, the CNT/PDMS composite becomes brittle with a compressive modulus of ∼1.2 MPa and loses its elasticity and reversible sensing capability. At a high temperature (above 90 °C), the CNT/PDMS composite softens, shows a fluid-like mechanical property, and loses its reversible sensing capability. In the temperature range from -60 to 90 °C, the CNT/PDMS composite exhibits good elasticity and reversible sensing behaviors and its modulus, resistivity, and sensing sensitivity decrease with an increasing temperature. At room temperature (30 °C), the CNT/PDMS composite exhibits better mechanical and piezoresistive stability than those at low and high temperatures. Given that environmental temperature changes have significant effects on the sensing performances of conductive polymer composites, the effect of ambient temperature changes must be considered when flexible piezoresistive sensors are designed and fabricated.

Graphene nanoplatelet/cellulose acetate film with enhanced antistatic, thermal dissipative and mechanical properties for packaging.

With the increased concern over environment protection, cellulose acetate (CA) has drawn great interests as an alternative for packaging material due to its biodegradability and abundant resources; whereas, the poor antistatic property and thermal conductivity restrict its application in packaging. In this work, we proposed a simple but effective strategy to produce high performance graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)/CA composite films via the consecutive homogenization and solvent casting processes. Relying on the spontaneous absorption of CA during homogenization, the GNP/CA produced shows an excellent dispersibility in the N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) solution and many fewer structural defects compared with GNPs alone. As a result, the composite films obtained exhibit simultaneously and significantly enhanced antistatic, heat dissipative and mechanical properties compared with CA. Specifically, the GNP/CA composite with the optimal formula has promising overall performances (namely, surface resistivity of 3.33 × 107 Ω/sq, in-plane thermal conductivity of 5.359 W ( m · K ) , out-of-plane thermal conductivity of 0.785 W ( m · K ) , and tensile strength of 37.1 MPa). Featured by its promising overall properties, simple production processes and biodegradability, the as-prepared GNP/CA composite film shows a great potential for application in packaging. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-023-05155-2.

1-Pyrenemethanol derived nanocrystal reinforced graphene films with high thermal conductivity and flexibility.

Miniaturization and integration of electronic components lead to increasing challenges of thermal management. Ultrathin materials with excellent thermal and flexibility are urgently required for portable electronic devices. In this study, the 1-pyrenemethanol (PyM) modified graphene oxide (GO) (GO-PyM) films were prepared in ethanol solution by an evaporation-induced assembly method. The PyM interacts with the GO sheets by hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions. The GO-PyM films were further graphitized at 3000 °C and roll compressed to fabricate the graphene films (GFs), by which, the PyM was transformed into nanosized graphite crystals (PNGCs). The PNGCs filled the voids between the graphene sheets of GFs and linked the graphene sheets, which enhanced the interaction between the graphene sheets, restricted the slippage of the graphene sheets under tension, increased the number of paths for electrons and phonons, and reduced the interface thermal resistance resulted from the existed voids. The resulting GFs showed excellent flexibility of a large elongation up to 14% and an elastic zone up to 3%, a tensile strength of 30.4 MPa, a thermal conductivity of 1316.32 W m-1 K-1, and an electrical conductivity of 6.48 × 105 S m-1. These integrated excellent properties of GFs will promote their applications in thermal management.

Snake Scale-Inspired Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Ti3CNTx@Polypyrrole Coatings for Ultrawide-Bandwidth Microwave and Visible Light Absorption.

The accuracy of data collected by optical instruments can be greatly impacted by radar band electromagnetic waves (EM) and scattered visible light. Traditional electromagnetic-wave-absorbing (EMA) materials face challenges in effectively attenuating electromagnetic waves within the visible light spectrum. To address this issue, a structural engineering-based assembly strategy was developed to construct PVDF/Ti3CNTx@PPyNF composites with multiple heterogeneous interfaces, inspired by snake scales. And through the self-doping of N elements and the coating process, the material finally exhibits excellent microwave and visible light absorption properties. This approach generates multiple polarization losses of electromagnetic waves, enabling the material to exhibit excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance. Specifically, the PVDF/Ti3CNTx@PPyNF composite, containing 5 wt % Ti3CNTx@PPyNFs, demonstrates exceptional microwave absorption performance, with a minimum reflection loss of -65.5 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of up to 6.95 GHz. Additionally, the composite coating exhibits 97.4% visible light absorption performance, providing a promising solution to the challenges of protecting against complex electromagnetic environments.

Flexible Pressure Sensor with an Excellent Linear Response in a Broad Detection Range for Human Motion Monitoring.

Pressure sensing is highly demanding in wearable devices, robotics, and artificial intelligence, whereas it is still a big challenge to develop a pressure sensor with an excellent linear response in a broad detection range. Herein, a flexible and porous carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon black (CB)/carbonyl iron powder (CIP)/silicone composite is proposed by a simple strategy of mixing, curing, and washing. Due to the porous structure induced by the sacrifice of sugar particles, an excellent linear response (R2 = 0.999) is achieved for the composite sensor by manipulating the contributions of contact resistance and tunnel resistance to the sensing performance via the alternation of CB and CNT contents. Moreover, the porous structure donates the composite sensor a low compressive modulus at a low pressure level, while the CIPs introduced lead to a high compressive modulus at a high pressure level with the assistance of an external magnetic field. As a result, the sensor produced has a wide linear response range of 80 Pa to 220 kPa, much wider than most of the linear response pressure sensors reported previously. The wide detection range is demonstrated by cyclic pressure tests in the frequency range of 0.1-5 Hz, durability tests, and monitoring human or robot motions including breathing, walking, lifting, and boxing, etc. Taking the advantages of low cost, high sensitivity, and excellent linear response in a wide pressure range, the current composite sensor is promising for precise monitoring of human motions and delicate controlling of robots.

Machine Learning-Based Intelligent Scoring System for English Essays under the Background of Modern Information Technology.

This work is to reduce the workload of teachers in English teaching and improve the writing level of students, so as to provide a way for students to practice English composition scoring independently and satisfy the needs of college teachers and students for intelligent English composition scoring and intelligently generated comments. In this work, it firstly clarifies the teaching requirements of college English classrooms and expounds the principles and advantages of machine learning technology. Secondly, a three-layer neural network model (NNM) is constructed by using the multilayer perceptron (MLP), combined with the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) algorithm. Furthermore, three semantic representation vector technologies, including word vector, paragraph vector, and full-text vector feature, are used to represent the full-text vocabulary of English composition. Then, a model based on the K-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm is proposed to generate English composition evaluation, and a final score based on the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model is proposed. Finally, a model dataset is constructed using 800 college students' English essays for the CET-4 mock test, and the model is tested. The research results show that the semantic representation vector technology proposed can more effectively extract the lexical semantic features of English compositions. The XGBoost model and the kNN algorithm model are used to score and evaluate English compositions, which improves the accuracy of the scores. This makes the management of the entire scoring model more efficient and more accurate. It means that the model proposed is better than the traditional model in terms of evaluation accuracy. This work provides a new direction for the application of artificial intelligence technology in English teaching under the background of modern information technology.

Superstrong, Lightweight, and Exceptional Environmentally Stable SiO2@GO/Bamboo Composites.

Development of lightweight structural materials from fast-growing bamboos is of great significance to building a sustainable society. However, previously developed structural bamboos by delignification combined with densification would easily fail under large external loading after exposure to water due to structure collapse, severely limiting their practical applications. Here, we demonstrate an ultrastrong and exceptional environmentally stable bamboo composite consisting of a graphene oxide (GO)/bamboo core and hierarchical SiO2 protection layer. The GO/bamboo composite exhibits ultrahigh tensile strength (641.6 MPa), superb flexural strength (428.4 MPa), and excellent toughness (17.5 MJ/m3), which are increased by about 480, 250, and 360% compared with natural bamboo, respectively. As a result, the specific tensile strength of the GO/bamboo composite is up to 513.3 MPa·cm3/g due to its low density (1.25 g/cm3), outperforming engineering structural materials such as aluminum alloys, steels, and titanium alloys. These large improvements benefit from the well-preserved bamboo scaffold and the strong hydrogen bonds between bamboo fibers and GO nanosheets. On the other hand, the SiO2@GO/bamboo composite shows superhydrophobicity due to the construction of hierarchical SiO2 layers, which endows it with outstanding water resistance. Moreover, the bamboo composite shows an ultralow coefficient of thermal expansion (≈2.3 × 10-6 K-1), indicating its excellent dimensional stability. Considering the ultrahigh mechanical performance and outstanding environmental stability, the developed lightweight SiO2@GO/bamboo composite is hopeful to be a green and sustainable structural material for practical engineering applications.

Multiresponsive Ti3C2Tx MXene-Based Actuators Enabled by Dual-Mechanism Synergism for Soft Robotics.

Multiresponsive and high-performance flexible actuators with a simple configuration, high mechanical strength, and low-power consumption are highly desirable for soft robotics. Here, a novel mechanically robust and multiresponsive Ti3C2Tx MXene-based actuator with high actuation performance via dual-mechanism synergistic effect driven by the hygroexpansion of bacterial cellulose (BC) layer and the thermal expansion of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) layer is developed. The actuator is flexible and shows an ultrahigh tensile strength of 195 MPa. Unlike the conventional bimorph-structured actuators based on a single-mechanism, the actuator developed provides a favorable architecture for dual-mechanism synergism, resulting in exceptionally reversible actuation performance under electricity and near-infrared (NIR) light stimuli. Typically, the developed actuator can produce the largest bending angle (∼400°) at the lowest voltage (≤4 V) compared with that reported previously for single mechanism soft actuators. Furthermore, the actuator also can be driven by a NIR light at a 2 m distance, displaying an excellent long-distance photoresponsive property. Finally, various intriguing applications are demonstrated to show the great potential of the actuator for soft robotics.

Multifunctional Polyurethane Composite Foam with Outstanding Anti-impact Capacity for Soft Body Armors.

Herein, a multifunctional polyurethane (PU) composite foam with a hierarchical structure is fabricated by dip-coating a carbon nanotube/shear-thickening gel (CNT/STG) and spray-coating nano-SiO2/STG on PU foam. The prepared nano-SiO2/CNT/STG@PU (SCS@PU) composite foam is lightweight, highly compressive, electrically conductive, superhydrophobic, and impact-energy absorptive. As a result, it possesses an excellent sensing ability to compression with a stable response up to 80% strain, an outstanding linearity of R2 > 0.99, and a wide response frequency of 0.01 to 1 Hz; it can also be used for effectively detecting impact force and sensing various human motions. Moreover, the superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle up to 154° of SCS@PU composite foam endows it with an excellent resistance to hazardous liquids (strong acid and alkali) to ensure its service reliability under harsh circumstances. In particular, the SCS@PU exhibits an outstanding anti-impact capability with an impact force attenuation rate of SCS@PU as high as 81%. Finally, its applications as soft body armors are demonstrated in protecting a wearer wearing a helmet with the SCS@PU as liner and using the SCS@PU as a smart kneecap against impact. On consideration of its excellent strain-sensing ability, superhydrophobicity, and outstanding anti-impact capability, the multifunctional SCS@PU composite foam developed is promising for personal safety protection.

Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Composite E-skin Fully Mimicking Human Skin.

Transparent e-skin that can fully mimic human skin with J-shaped mechanical-behavior and tactile sensing attributes have not yet been reported. In this work, the skin-like hydrogel composite with J-shaped mechanical behavior and highly transparent, tactile, soft but strong, flexible, and stretchable attributes is developed as structural strain sensing element for e-skin. Piezo-resistive polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel is used as supporting matrix to endow high transparency, softness, flexibility, stretch-ability and strain sensing capability desired for e-skin. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber with a wavy configuration is designed as reinforcement filler to provide the tunable strain-limiting effect. As a result, the as-prepared UHMWPE fiber/PAAm composite e-skin presents unique "J-shape" stress-strain behavior akin to human skin. And the PAAm composite can switch from supersoft to highly stiff in the designed strain range up to 100% with a prominent tensile strength of 48.3 MPa, which enables it to have the high stretch-ability and excellent load-bearing ability, simultaneously. Moreover, finite element model is developed to clarify the stress distribution and damage evolution for the UHMWPE fiber/PAAm composite during the tensile process. The PAAm composite exhibits not only an excellent strain sensing performance with a long-term reliability up to 5000 loading-unloading cycles but also an extraordinary softness and mechanical strength with a low initial modulus of 6.7 kPa, which is matchable with soft human epidermis. Finally, the e-skin is used for demonstrations in monitoring various human activities and protecting structural integrity in designed strain ranges. The strategy for reinforcing piezo-resistive hydrogel with wavy-shaped UHMWPE fibers proposed here is promising for the development of transparent, flexible, soft but strong e-skin with a tunable strain-limiting effect akin to human skin.

One-Step Synthesis of Microdome Patterns for Microstructured Pressure Sensors with Ultra-High Sensing Performance.

Pressure sensors usually suffer from a trade-off between sensitivity and the linear sensing range, which may be improved by manipulating the geometric microstructure of active sensing materials via the molding strategy, standard photolithography technique, and so on. However, these conventional microengineering techniques require specialized equipment, which are extremely complicated, high-cost, and time-consuming to manufacture. Herein, a mold-free, scalable, low-cost, and environment-friendly one-step thermofoaming strategy is proposed to fabricate surface morphology-tunable microdome-patterned composites (MPCs). The microstructured pressure sensor is then prepared by coating the MPCs with highly conductive graphene. Remarkably, the as-prepared pressure sensor presents a better overall sensing performance compared to the previous pressure sensors prepared using complicated microengineering methods. Moreover, an electromechanical response model and finite-element analysis are used to clarify the sensing mechanisms of the present microstructured pressure sensor. Furthermore, several successful application demonstrations are conducted under various pressure levels. Considering the advantages of the one-step fabrication strategy over conventional surface microengineering techniques and the high performance of the microstructured pressure sensor, the present pressure sensor has promising potential applications in health monitoring, tactile sensation, wearable devices, etc.

High-Performance Bamboo Steel Derived from Natural Bamboo.

It is highly desirable to develop green and renewable structural materials from biomaterials to replace synthetic materials involved from civil engineering to aerospace industries. Herein, we put forward a facile but effective top-down strategy to convert natural bamboo into bamboo steel. The fabrication process of bamboo steel involves the removal of lignin and hemicellulose, freeze-drying followed by epoxy infiltration, and densification combined with in situ solidification. The prepared bamboo steel is a super-strong composite material with a high specific tensile strength (302 MPa g-1 cm3), which is higher than that (227 MPa g-1 cm3) of conventional high specific strength steel. The bamboo steel demonstrates a high tensile strength of 407.6 MPa, a record flexural strength of 513.8 MPa, and a high toughness of 14.08 MJ/m3, which is improved by 360, 290, and 380% over those of natural bamboo, respectively. Particularly, the mechanical properties of the bamboo steel are the highest among the biofiber-reinforced polymer composites reported previously. The well-preserved bamboo scaffolds assure the integrity of bamboo fibers, while the densification under high pressure results in a high-fiber volume fraction with an improved hydrogen bonding among the adjacent bamboo fibers, and the epoxy resin impregnated enhances the stress transfer because of its chemical crosslinking with cellulose molecules. These endow the bamboo steel with superior mechanical performance. Furthermore, the bamboo steel demonstrates an excellent thermal insulating capability with a low thermal conductivity (about 0.29 W/mK). In addition, the bamboo steel shows a low coefficient of thermal expansion (about 6.3 × 10-6 K-1) and a very high-dimensional stability to moisture attack. The strategy of fabricating high-performance bamboo steel with green and abundant natural bamboo as raw materials is highly attractive for the sustainable development of structural engineering materials.

High-Performance Fiber-Film Hybrid-Structured Wearable Strain Sensor from a Highly Robust and Conductive Carbonized Bamboo Aerogel.

Bamboo, one of the most abundant biomaterials, has been used as a building material since ancient times; however, its application in functional materials has been rarely explored. Herein, a highly robust and conductive carbonized bamboo aerogel (CBA) is obtained from the natural bamboo through a simple three-step process of pulp oxidization, freeze-drying, and carbonization. The CBA obtained shows not only a low density of 0.02 g/cm3 but also a high conductivity of 6.42 S/m and remarkable elasticity with a maximum recoverable compressive strain of 60% due to its unique three-dimensional (3D) network randomly stacked with the hybrid structure of carbonized bamboo fibers and films. After encapsulation with silicone resin, the CBA/silicone composite prepared exhibits excellent flexibility and stretchability with a low Young's modulus (0.09 MPa) and a large failure strain (275%). Importantly, the CBA/silicone composite also offers remarkable strain-sensing performance with a maximum gauge factor of 30.6, a short responsive time of 50 ms, and a stable response to cyclic loading over 1000 cycles, which is comparable to those of the piezoresistive composites based on expensive nanomaterials. Moreover, the CBA/silicone composite demonstrates the capability as a wearable strain sensor for human motion recognition comprising finger bending, breathing, and throat movement. Considering the green and sustainable nature of bamboo as a raw material, combined with the excellent piezoresistive performance, low production cost, and simple preparation process, the flexible strain sensors with CBA/silicone composite as a sensing element are promising in wearable electronic devices, personalized healthcare, and artificial intelligence systems.

Spider-Inspired Ultrasensitive Flexible Vibration Sensor for Multifunctional Sensing.

Flexible vibration sensors can not only capture broad classes of physiologically relevant information, including mechano-vibration signatures of body processes and precision kinematics of core-body motions, but also detect environmental seismic waves, providing early warning to wearers in time. Spider is one of the most vibration-sensitive creatures because of its hairlike sensilla and lyriform slit structure. Here, a spider-inspired ultrasensitive flexible vibration sensor is designed and fabricated for multifunctional sensing. The vibration sensitivity of the flexible sensor is increased over 2 orders of magnitude from 0.006 to 0.5 mV/g, and the strain sensitivity is hugely enhanced from 0.08 to 150 compared to a plain sensor counterpart. It is shown that the synergistic effect of cilium arrays and cracks is the key for achieving the greatly enhanced vibration and strain sensitivity. The dynamic sensitivity of 0.5 mV/g outperforms the corresponding commercial vibration sensors. The flexible sensor is demonstrated to be generally feasible for detecting vibration signals caused by walk, tumble, and explosion as well as capturing human body motions, indicating its great potential for applications in human health-monitoring devices, posture control in robotics, early earthquake warning, and so forth.

Dual-Mode Carbon Aerogel/Iron Rubber Sensor.

Nowadays, the integration of easy production, simple structure, high sensitivity, and multifunctionality is the developing tendency for flexible sensors. Herein we report a facile manufacture of a highly flexible, sensitive, and multifunctional dual-mode sensor with an ultrasimple structure by directly attaching magnetic iron rubber (IR) onto the surface of carbon aerogel (CA) derived from melamine foam. The dual-mode CA/IR sensor exhibits high sensitivities of 5.6 kPa-1 and 1.6·10-3 Oe-1, respectively, toward pressure and magnetic field in a wide frequency ranging from 0.1 to 10 Hz, which are higher than those of the existing flexible pressure/magnetism sensors. The multifunctionality of the dual-mode CA/IR sensor is demonstrated by monitoring blood pulse, human breath, balloon volume, and thoracic volume via pressure and magnetism sensing or their combination. Due to its simple structure and high sensitivities, the dual-mode sensor is employed as the building block to create a direction-recognizable sensor for identifying the directions of pressure and magnetic field for the awareness of surrounding barriers that are of practical importance in sophisticated situations such as autonomous artificial intelligence, autodriving and robotics, and so on.

Graphene/Graphitized Polydopamine/Carbon Nanotube All-Carbon Ternary Composite Films with Improved Mechanical Properties and Through-Plane Thermal Conductivity.

Graphene films (GFs) are promising ultrathin thermally conductive materials for portable electronic devices because of their excellent thermally conductive property, light weight, high flexibility, and low cost. However, the application of GFs is limited due to their poor mechanical properties and through-plane thermal conductivity. Here, a graphene-(graphitized polydopamine)-(carbon nanotube) (G-gPDA-CNT) all-carbon ternary composite film was fabricated by chemical reduction, carbonization, graphitization, and mechanical compaction of the evaporation-assembled (graphene oxide)-PDA@CNT film. The G-gPDA-CNT film exhibited a uniform all-carbon composite structure in which the components of the graphene, gPDA layers, and CNTs were cross-linked by strong covalent bonds. This unique structure promoted the load transfer and energy dissipation between the components by which the mechanical properties of the G-gPDA-CNT film were substantially improved. Furthermore, electron and phonon transfers were also promoted, greatly improving the electrical and thermal conductivities, especially the through-plane thermal conductivity of the G-gPDA-CNT film. The G-gPDA-CNT film showed a tensile strength of 67.5 MPa, 15.1% ultimate tensile strain, toughness of 6.07 MJ/m3, electrical conductivity of 6.7 × 105 S·m-1, in-plane thermal conductivity of 1597 W·m-1·K-1, and through-plane thermal conductivity of 2.65 W·m-1·K-1, which were 2.24, 1.44, 3.16, 1.46, 1.15, and 3.90 times that of the pure GFs, respectively.

Bioinspired Color-Changeable Organogel Tactile Sensor with Excellent Overall Performance.

Inspired by chameleons' structural color regulation capability, a simple, but effective, swelling method is proposed for the first time to prepare an ionic polyacrylamide (PAAm) organogel for simultaneous tactile sensing and interactive color changing. The PAAm organogel obtained by swelling the PAAm scaffold in the dimethyl sulfoxide solution of organic electrochromic material (OECM) shows an extremely large stretchability with an elongation of 1600%, a supersoftness with a compressive modulus of 7.2 kPa, an excellent transmittance up to 90%, and a very fast response time of 0.5 s combined with the characteristic of interactive color changing. The PAAm organogel also suggests a universal design ability to tailor coloration spectra for tactile sensors via simply changing the type and content of OECM. The tactile sensor based on a PAAm organogel is capable of serving as a wearable device for precisely tracing human body motion performance and directly visualizing the stress distribution via interactive color changing capability. It is demonstrated that the swelling method proposed here is a simple and practical strategy to prepare ionic organogels with both piezo-resistive and electrochromic effects.

Enhancement of thermal energy transport across the graphene/h-BN heterostructure interface.

Enhancing thermal energy transport is critical for the applications of 2-dimensional materials. Here, we explored the methods of enhancing the interfacial thermal energy transport across the graphene (GR)/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) heterostructure interface, and revealed the enhancement mechanisms of interfacial thermal energy transport by applying non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations. The computational results indicated that both doping and interface topography optimization could effectively improve the interfacial thermal conductance (ITC) of the GR/h-BN heterostructure. In particular, the enhancement of the zigzag interface topography led to a much better result than the other methods. Doping and interface topography optimization increased the overlap of the phonon density of states (PDOS). Temperature had a negligible effect on the ITC of the GR/h-BN heterostructure when the temperature exceeded 600 K.

Highly Compressible and Sensitive Pressure Sensor under Large Strain Based on 3D Porous Reduced Graphene Oxide Fiber Fabrics in Wide Compression Strains.

The development of highly sensitive wearable and foldable pressure sensors is one of the central topics in artificial intelligence, human motion monitoring, and health care monitors. However, current pressure sensors with high sensitivity and good durability in low, medium, and high applied strains are rather limited. Herein, a flexible pressure sensor based on hierarchical three-dimensional and porous reduced graphene oxide (rGO) fiber fabrics as the key sensing element is presented. The internal conductive structural network is formed by the rGO fibers which are mutually contacted by interfused or noninterfused fiber-to-fiber interfaces. Thanks to the unique structures, the sensor can show an excellent sensitivity from low to high applied strains (0.24-70.0%), a high gauge factor (1668.48) at an applied compression of 66.0%, a good durability in a wide range of frequencies, a low detection limit (1.17 Pa), and anultrafast response time (30 ms). The dominated mechanism is that under compression, the slide of the graphene fibers through the polydimethylsiloxane matrix reduces the connection points between the fibers, causing a surge in electrical resistance. In addition, because graphene fibers are porous and defective, the change in geometry of the fibers also causes a change in the electrical resistance of the composite under compression. Furthermore, the interfused fiber-to-fiber interfaces can strengthen the mechanical stability under 0.01-1.0 Hz loadings and high applied strains, and the wrinkles on the surface of the rGO fibers increased the sensitivity under tiny loadings. In addition, the noninterfused fiber-to-fiber interfaces can produce a highly sensitive contact resistance, leading to a higher sensitivity at low applied strains.

Electromagnetic functionalized cage-like polyaniline composite nanostructures.

Novel cage-like and electromagnetic functional polyaniline (PANI)/CoFe2O4 composite nanostructures, in which the self-assembled PANI nanofibers (approximately 15 nm in diameter) entwined around the octahedral CoFe2O4 magnet acting as the nucleation site or template, were successfully prepared by FeCl3 as either oxidant and dopant via a self-assembly process. The coordination effect of the magnet as a nucleation site or template and the magnetic interaction between the PANI nanofibers and CoFe2O4 as a driving force results in such cage-like nanostructures. The cage-like composite nanostructures not only have high conductivity (sigmamax approximately 5.2 S/cm), but also show a typical ferromagnetic behavior.