Cyclic-disulfide-based prodrugs for cytosol-specific drug delivery.

The cytosolic conversion of therapeutically relevant nucleosides into bioactive triphosphates is often hampered by the inefficiency of the first kinase-mediated step. Nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs can be used to bypass this limitation. Herein we describe a novel cyclic-disulfide class of nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs with a cytosol-specific, reductive release trigger. The key event, a charge-dissipating reduction-triggered cyclodeesterification leads to robust cytosolic production of the cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate for downstream enzymatic processing. The antiviral competence of the platform was demonstrated with an O-benzyl-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diol ester of 2'-C-methyluridine-3',5'-phosphate. Both in vitro and in vivo comparison with the clinically efficacious ProTide prodrug of 2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-ß-C-methyluridine is provided. The cytosolic specificity of the release allows for a wide range of potential applications, from tissue-targeted drug delivery to intracellular imaging.

Nucleoside optimization for RNAi: a high-throughput platform.

The RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) contains at its core the endonuclease Argonaute (Ago) that allows for guide strand (GS)-mediated sequence-specific cleavage of the target mRNA. Functionalization of the sugar/phosphodiester backbone of the GS, which is in direct contact with Ago, presents a logical opportunity to affect RISC's activity. A systematic evaluation of modified nucleosides requires the synthesis of phosphoramidites corresponding to all four canonical bases (A, U, C, and G) and their sequential evaluation at each position along the 21-nucleotide-long GS. With the use of a platform approach, the sequential replacement of canonical bases with inosine greatly simplifies the problem and defines a new activity baseline toward which the corresponding sugar-modified inosines are compared. This approach was validated using 2'-O-benzyl modification, which demonstrated that positions 5, 8, 15, and 19 can accommodate this large group. Application of this high-throughput methodology now allows for hypothesis-driven rational design of highly potent, immunologically silent and stable siRNAs suitable for therapeutic applications.

Quinazolinone derivatives as orally available ghrelin receptor antagonists for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.

The peptide hormone ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) and the only currently known circulating appetite stimulant. GHS-R1a antagonism has therefore been proposed as a potential approach for obesity treatment. More recently, ghrelin has been recognized to also play a role in controlling glucose-induced insulin secretion, which suggests another possible benefit for a GHS-R1a antagonist, namely, the role as an insulin secretagogue with potential value for diabetes treatment. In our laboratories, piperidine-substituted quinazolinone derivatives were identified as a new class of small-molecule GHS-R1a antagonists. Starting from an agonist with poor oral bioavailability, optimization led to potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonists. In vivo efficacy evaluation of selected compounds revealed suppression of food intake and body weight reduction as well as glucose-lowering effects mediated by glucose-dependent insulin secretion.

siRNA-optimized Modifications for Enhanced In Vivo Activity.

Current modifications used in small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), such as 2'-methoxy (2'-OMe) and 2'-fluoro (2'-F), improve stability, specificity or immunogenic properties but do not improve potency. These modifications were previously designed for use in antisense and not siRNA. We show, for the first time, that the siRNA-optimized novel 2'-O modifications, 2'-O-benzyl, and 2'-O-methyl-4-pyridine (2'-O-CH2Py(4)), are tolerated at multiple positions on the guide strand of siRNA sequences in vivo. 2'-O-benzyl and 2'-O-CH2Py(4) modifications were tested at each position individually along the guide strand in five sequences to determine positions that tolerated the modifications. The positions were combined together and found to increase potency and duration of siRNAs in vivo compared to their unmodified counterparts when delivered using lipid nanoparticles. For 2'-O-benzyl, four incorporations were tolerated with similar activity to the unmodified siRNA in vivo, while for 2'-O-CH2Py(4) six incorporations were tolerated. Increased in vivo activity was observed when the modifications were combined at positions 8 and 15 on the guide strand. Understanding the optimal placement of siRNA-optimized modifications needed for maximal in vivo activity is necessary for development of RNA-based therapeutics.