An efficient method for knocking out genes on the virulence plasmid of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Currently, the infection of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) is becoming increasingly serious and the virulent mechanisms of hvKp are still not very clear. An effective gene-editing method for genes on hvKp virulence plasmid can help us reveal related virulent mechanisms. There are a few reports focusing on the methods mentioned above, however with certain limitations. In this work, we first constructed the pRE112-basing recombinant suicide plasmid to knock out or replace the genes in the hvKp virulence plasmid based on the principle of homology recombination. Results showed that the target virulent genes iucA, iucB, iroB, and rmpA2 on the hvKp virulence plasmid were scarlessly knocked out or replaced by marker genes, and mutant hvKp strains with the expected phenotypes were obtained. These indicated that we established an efficient gene-editing method for genes on hvKp virulence plasmid, which could help us explore the functions of these genes and reveal the virulent mechanisms of hvKp.

Epidemiological features and sociodemographic factors associated with mumps in mainland China from 2004 to 2018.

Mumps is an acute infectious disease that spreads widely around the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological features and sociodemographic factors associated with mumps in mainland China from 2004 to 2018. Incidence data for mumps during the period 2004-2018 were collected from the Public Health Sciences Data Center of China. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to explore the trends of mumps. Space-time clustering analysis was conducted to spatial and temporal aggregation areas of mumps. A generalized linear model was used to explore sociodemographic factors associated with the incidence of mumps. The average annual incidence of mumps was 21.44/100 000 in mainland China. It was increased dramatically during 2004-2012 (annual percentage change​ [​​​​​​APC] = 7.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.28-13.00). After 2012, it remained stable, however, significantly increased in intermediately developed regions from 2015 to 2018 (APC = 25.84, 95% CI: 3.59-52.86). The first-level spatial and temporal aggregation areas were distributed in Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Shaanxi, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Guangxi, with gathering times from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2012 (relative risk [RR] = 1.87, p < 0.001). The percentage of the population aged 0-14 years, number of health workers per capital, and number of passengers were found to be positively associated with the incidence of mumps. Overall, after 2012, the incidence of mumps in mainland China remained stable. High-risk periods, clusters of regions, and sociodemographic factors for mumps were identified, which will help the government develop the disease- and location-specific interventive measures.

The Burden of Chronic Hepatitis C in China From 2004 to 2050: An Individual-Based Modeling Study.

The launch of new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) is expected to substantially reduce the burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in China. However, the effect of these changes has not yet been modeled in China. Therefore, we aim to predict the burden of HCV-related diseases in China by simulating different scenarios that incorporate recent therapeutic advances of HCV and China's current screening strategy. We developed an individual-based microsimulation Markov model that simulated disease progression of HCV-infected patients in China from 2004 to 2050. We simulated four scenarios with different assumptions about treatment, including a natural history scenario, a pre-DAAs scenario, a DAA treatment for all patients with a METAVIR fibrosis score ≥F3 (DAAs [≥F3]) scenario, and a DAAs (≥F0) scenario. The introduction of DAAs is predicted to have great impacts on the burden of HCV in China, particularly under the DAAs (≥F0) scenario in which we rapidly expand DAAs to all HCV-infected patients (≥F0) in 2021. Under this scenario, prevalence of chronic HCV is expected to peak at 10.75 million (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.30-12.85) around 2020 and then decrease to 7.92 million (95% CI, 5.41-10.08) in 2050. Conclusion: If the future increasing burden of HCV-related diseases is to be averted, China needs to start launching the new DAA treatment and rapidly increase the number of patients treated. However, to maximize the benefits of new DAAs, expanded screening is necessary to identify more cases that require treatment in the short term. Without these changes, the HCV burden in China will remain high in the future.

Changing trends in viral hepatitis mortality in East and Southeast Asia between 1987 and 2015 and its prediction until 2030.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Trends in long-term mortality rates for viral hepatitis in East and Southeast Asia have been rarely reported. The aim of our study was to explore the long-term trends in viral hepatitis mortality rates in East and Southeast Asian countries between 1987 and 2015 and provide predictions of mortality to 2030. METHODS: We obtained viral hepatitis mortality data from the WHO Mortality Database for six East and Southeast Asian countries between 1987 and 2015. We produced choropleth maps of viral hepatitis mortality rates in 1987 and 2015 in East and Southeast Asia to illustrate geographic variations. We made predictions of mortality rates for each included country until the year 2030 using a series of joinpoint models. RESULTS: Viral hepatitis mortality rates declined in China (the average annual percent change (AAPC) = -5.1%, 95% CI: -7.5, -2.6), Singapore (AAPC = -5.4%, 95% CI: -7.5, -3.2), and the Philippines (AAPC = -3.4%, 95% CI: -4.9, -1.8). In contrast, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Malaysia have experienced increasing trends in mortality rates, followed by decreasing trends. Our predictions indicate that all countries will experience slight to moderate downward trends until 2030. CONCLUSION: Favourable decreasing trends have been noted in East and Southeast Asian countries, which may not only inform the control and management of viral hepatitis in this region but also guide the prevention of viral hepatitis deaths in another region with a similar viral hepatitis epidemic.

Malaria in China: a longitudinal population-based surveillance study.

This study aims to ascertain the long-term epidemic trends of malaria and evaluates the probability of achieving the eradication goal by 2020 in China. Data on malaria incidence and deaths were extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemic trends by sex, age and spatial distribution and predictions of malaria were estimated by using Joinpoint and Poisson regressions. From 1950 to 2016, 227 668 374 malaria cases were reported in China, with an annualised average incidence of 337.02 (336.98-337.07, 95% confidence interval (CI)) per 100 000 population. The incidence decreased with an average annual per cent change (AAPC) of -11.4% (-16.6 to -6.0). There were 36 085 malaria deaths, with an annualised average mortality of 0.534 (0.529-0.540) per 1 000 000 population. The mortality decreased with an AAPC of -8.7% (-13.7 to -3.4). The predicted number of malaria cases and deaths for 2020 is 2 562 and 10, respectively, and zero for indigenous cases. The disease burden of malaria dramatically decreased in China. Though, the goal of malaria elimination is realistic by 2020 in China, routine clinical and entomological surveillance should be continually conducted, especially for the cross-border areas and imported malaria cases.

Patterns and Trends of Liver Cancer Incidence Rates in Eastern and Southeastern Asian Countries (1983-2007) and Predictions to 2030.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We examined temporal trends in liver cancer incidence rates overall and by histological type from 1983 through 2007. We predict trends in liver cancer incidence rates through 2030 for selected Eastern and Southeastern Asian countries. METHODS: Data on yearly liver cancer incident cases by age group and sex were drawn from 6 major selected Eastern and Southeastern Asian countries or regions with cancer registries available in the CI5plus database, including China, Japan, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. We also analyzed data for the United States and Australia for comparative purposes. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated and plotted from 1983 through 2007. Numbers of new cases and incidence rates were predicted through 2030 by fitting and extrapolating age-period-cohort models. RESULTS: The incidence rates of liver cancer have been decreasing, and decreases will continue in all selected Eastern and Southeastern Asian countries, except for Thailand, whose liver cancer incidence rate will increase due to the increasing incidence rate of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Even though the incidence rates of liver cancer are predicted to decrease in most Eastern and Southeastern Asian countries, the burden, in terms of new cases, will continue to increase because of population growth and aging. CONCLUSIONS: Based on an analysis of data from cancer registries from Asian countries, incidence rates of liver cancer are expected to decrease through 2030 in most Eastern and Southeastern Asian countries. However, in Thailand, the incidence rate of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas is predicted to increase, so health education programs are necessary.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes during a severe influenza season in China during 2017-2018.

BACKGROUND: A severe seasonal influenza epidemic was observed during 2017-2018 in China, prompting questions on clinical characteristics and outcomes of severe cases with influenza. METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical data and outcomes of laboratory-confirmed hospitalized patients (severe to critical) during Jan-2011 to Feb-2018 from five hospitals, followed by a systematic analysis of cases from 2017 to 2018 (n = 289) and all previous epidemics during 2011-2017 (n = 169). RESULTS: In-hospital fatality was over 5-folds higher during the 2017-2018 (p < 0.01) in which 19 patients died (6.6%), whereas only 2 mortalities (1.2%) were observed during 2011-2017. Of the 289 hospitalized in 2017-2018, 153 were confirmed with influenza B virus, 110 with A/H1N1pdm09, and 26 A/H3N2, whereas A/H1N1pdm09 was the predominant cause of hospitalization in previous seasons combined (45%). Fatal cases in 2017-2018 were exclusively associated with either influenza B or A/H1N1pdm09. Our results show that a significant lower proportion of patients aged 14 or greater were treated with oseltamivir, during the 2017-2018 epidemic, and exhibited higher levels of clinical severity. CONCLUSIONS: In-hospital fatality rate might be significantly higher in the 2017-2018 season in China. A sufficient supply of oseltamivir and antiviral therapy within 48 h from onset could reduce fatality rates.

Air pollution and inhalation exposure to particulate matter of different sizes in rural households using improved stoves in central China.

Household air pollution is considered to be among the top environmental risks in China. To examine the performance of improved stoves for reduction of indoor particulate matter (PM) emission and exposure in rural households, individual inhalation exposure to size-resolved PM was investigated using personal portable samplers carried by residents using wood gasifier stoves or improved coal stoves in a rural county in Central China. Concentrations of PM with different sizes in stationary indoor and outdoor air were also monitored at paired sites. The stationary concentrations of size-resolved PM in indoor air were greater than those in outdoor air, especially finer particles PM0.25. The daily averaged exposure concentrations of PM0.25, PM1.0, PM2.5 and total suspended particle for all the surveyed residents were 74.4±41.1, 159.3±74.3, 176.7±78.1 and 217.9±78.1µg/m3, respectively. Even using the improved stoves, the individual exposure to indoor PM far exceeded the air quality guideline by WHO at 25µg/m3. Submicron particles PM1.0 were the dominant PM fraction for personal exposure and indoor and outdoor air. Personal exposure exhibited a closer correlation with indoor PM concentrations than that for outdoor concentrations. Both inhalation exposure and indoor air PM concentrations in the rural households with gasifier firewood stoves were evidently lower than the reported results using traditional firewood stoves. However, local governments in the studied rural areas should exercise caution when widely and hastily promoting gasifier firewood stoves in place of improved coal stoves, due to the higher PM levels in indoor and outdoor air and personal inhaled exposure.

Rapid screening and determination of 11 new psychoactive substances by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE: With the amounts and types of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) increasing rapidly in recent years, an excellent high-throughput method for the analysis of these compounds is urgently needed. In this article, a rapid screening method and a quantitative analysis method for 11 NPSs are described and compared, respectively. METHOD: A simple direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) method was developed for the analysis of 11 NPSs including three categories of these substances present on the global market such as four cathinones, one phenylethylamine, and six synthetic cannabinoids. In order to analyze these compounds quantitatively with better accuracy and sensitivity, another rapid analytical method with a low limit of detection (LOD) was also developed using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOFMS). RESULTS: The 11 NPSs could be determined within 0.5 min by DART-MS. Furthermore, they could also be separated and determined within 5 min by the LC/QTOFMS method. The two methods both showed good linearity with correlation coefficients (r(2) ) higher than 0.99. The LODs for all these target NPSs by DART-MS and LC/QTOFMS ranged from 5 to 40 ng mL(-1) and 0.1 to 1 ng mL(-1) , respectively. Confiscated samples, named as "music vanilla" and "bath salt", and 11 spiked samples were firstly screened by DART-MS and then determined by LC/QTOFMS. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of NPSs in confiscated materials was successfully achieved, and the proposed analytical methodology could offer rapid screening and accurate analysis results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Metabolomic analysis of amino acid and fat metabolism in rats with L-tryptophan supplementation.

Tryptophan (TRP) is an important precursor for several neurotransmitters and metabolic regulators, which play a vital role in regulating nutrient metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tryptophan supplementation on the biochemical profiles, intestinal structure, liver structure and serum metabolome in rats. Rats received daily intragastric administration of either tryptophan at doses of 200 mg/kg body weight per day or saline (control group) for 7 days. TRP supplementation had a tendency to decrease the body weight of rats (P > 0.05). The levels of urea and CHO in serum were decreased in the TRP-supplemented group rats compared with control group rats (P < 0.05). TRP supplementation increased the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum compared to control group rats (P < 0.05). Metabolic effects of tryptophan supplementation include: (1) increases in the serum concentrations of lysine, glycine, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, citrulline, methionine, tyrosine, 1-methylhistidine, and albumin, and decreases in the concentrations of serum branched-chain amino acid (isoleucine, valine and leucine); (2) decreases in the serum concentrations of formate and nitrogenous products (trimethylamine, TMAO, methylamine and dimethylamine), and in the contraction of trimethylamine in feces; (3) decreases in serum levels of lipids, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, together with the elevated ratio of acetoacetate to ß-hydroxybutyrate. The results indicate that tryptophan supplementation reduced the catabolism of dietary amino acids and promoted protein synthesis in rats, promoted the oxidation of fatty acid and reduced fat deposition in the body of rats.

Rapid and subnanomolar assay of recombinant human erythropoietin by capillary electrophoresis using NanoOrange precolumn labeling and laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Because of less functionally critical carbohydrate sectors that contributed to the stability, efforts have been made to quantify intact recombinant human erythropoietin. A simple, rapid capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence method for the assay of recombinant human erythropoietin was developed, with a limit of detection of intact recombinant human erythropoietin at subnanomolar concentration (up to 10 ng/mL or 3 × 10(-10) M), which is among the lowest reported. High sensitivity was accomplished by precolumn derivatization with the noncovalent dye NanoOrange. Capillary electrophoresis separation and reaction conditions were carefully manipulated for avoiding microheterogeneity of glycoforms and inhomogeneity of multiple labeling products. The fluorescence signal was linear over the range of 10 ng/mL-10 µg/mL, corresponding to the detection requirement of recombinant human erythropoietin in biofluids and pharmaceutical samples, as demonstrated by a real sample analysis. Although the salt in reaction mixtures showed a detrimental effect on the fluorescence of the derivatives, this method could tolerate a certain amount of salt, extending its application in biofluid analysis. In addition, zero-order fluorescence emission kinetics was obtained, indicating that the rapid decay of recombinant human erythropoietin was derived from a self-quenching effect.

[The research on residual amplitude modulation characteristics in fiber frequency modulation spectroscopy].

Frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS) not only can be used to simultaneously measure the absorption and dispersion of atoms and molecules, but is the key technology of the noise immunity cavity enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS). The optical devices or the instability of output light polarization of the laser source will induce the residual amplitude modulation (RAM) in the FMS. RAM greatly limits the FMS technology application in trace gas detection, so the research on the RAM characteristics in the FMS has very important significance. Firstly, the lineshape of FMS without absorption was analyzed, and the impact factors on the RAM were acquired, then the influence of input and output polarization direction and electro-optical modulation (EOM) temperature was measured, respectively. They all have linear relationship with the RAM. The results verify the theoretical analysis and provide the basis for reducing the RAM and other related working.

[Experimental investigations of cavity ring-down spectroscopy under different threshold circuit design].

In the present paper, the authors simply describe the principle of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) measurement technology and introduce a threshold circuit, based on 555 timer IC (integrated circuit), applied to CRDS. And we verify the feasibility of the circuit. By means of changing the input resistor and input capacity, we analyzee the influence of threshold circuit characteristics on single ring-down event, and found that the greater the input capacitance, and the smaller the input impedance of circuit, the more serious the distortion of measurement of ring-down curve, especially when the resistance is less than 50 omega the ring-down time produces very big change. Then we collected and analyzed the C2H2 absorption signal at 6 531.7805 cm(-1) with different input resistance and input capacitance, and fitted the absorption line with Voigt profile. We found that the change of the input capacitance and resistance caused the distortion of fitting curve. Finally We give the optimal design of threshold circuit: the input impedance of the threshold circuit should be great, minimum of 100 omega, the capacitive reactance should be as small as possible, preferably below 1 nf, at the same time it should be ensured that the threshold of the circuit time constant is much smaller than ring-down time. The experiment research on CRDS technique application has important reference value to threshold circuit design.

[Theoretical analysis of saturated spectral line shape of noise immune cavity enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy].

In the present paper a theoretical description of the line shapes of frequency modulated noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) under saturated conditions is presented. Expressions for both Doppler broadened and Doppler free frequency modulated NICE-OHMS signals at their absorption and dispersion phases are given. The modulation frequency, saturation parameter and frequency modulation index are set to 384 MHz, 10 and 0.2, respectively in the simulation. Based on the simulated line shape curves, in the absorption detection phase there are four sub Doppler structures existing in the spectral envelope of absorption signals of two sidebands, and in the dispersion phase there are five sub-Doppler structures existing in the spectral envelope of dispersion signals of carrier and two sidebands. The sub-Doppler structure originates from the fact that two counter propagating waves interact with the same group of molecules and one can act as a detecting beam and the other can act as a pumping beam. Therefore the sub-Doppler structure can appear at laser carrier and sidebands frequency and their middle frequencies of carrier and sidebands. Since NICE-OHMS absorption signal is only related to the absorption of sidebands the small saturation parameters of two sidebands can not saturate the Doppler broadened signal too much Although the NICE-OHMS dispersion signal includes the dispersion of carrier and two sidebands, the amplitude of Doppler broadened signal does not have so much influence by saturation except for the Doppler free signal. Therefore NICE-OHMS technique is a good candidate for the high sensitive detection of gas medium but with high selectivity under the condition of low pressure. Finally the dependences of NICE-OHMS line shape on the detection phase and saturation parameter are simulated and analyzed, the results of which nicely agree with the existing experimental results. The researches on NICE-OHMS line shapes will help explain the phenomena of related experiment.

[Theoretical analysis of the residual amplitude modulation of frequency modulation strong absorption spectroscopy].

In the present paper a phase controllable waveplate model was applied to the analysis of polarization maintaining fiber. Under the temperatures of 24 degrees C and 26.8 degrees C there is no residual amplitude modulation (RAM) existing in frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS) when performing the measurement of fiber temperature dependence on the RAM. However, the temperature setting can not reduce the background long term drift and a servo feedback suggested by N. C. Wong and J. L. Hall can be used to actively reduce the RAM. The error signal for feedback is from the dispersion background signal of FMS without gas sample. The variation of RAM induced by the temperature changing of PM fiber is the main reason for the long term background drift of dispersion signal of FMS.

Homogeneous and Nanogranular Prussian Blue to Enable Long-Term-Stable Electrochromic Devices.

The increasing demand for the state-of-the-art electrochromic devices has received great interest in synthesizing Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles with a uniform diameter that exhibit excellent electrochromism, electrochemistry, and cyclability. Herein, we report the controllable synthesis of sub-100 nm PB nanoparticles via the coprecipitation method. The diameter of PB nanoparticles can be modulated by adjusting the reactant concentration, the selection of a chelator, and their purification. The self-assembled nanogranular thin films, homogeneously fabricated by using optimized PB nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50 nm as building blocks via the blade coating technique enable excellent performance with a large optical modulation of 80% and a high coloration efficiency of 417.79 cm2 C-1. It is also demonstrated by in situ and ex situ observations that the nanogranular PB thin films possess outstanding structural and electrochemical reversibility. Furthermore, such nanogranular PB thin films can enjoy the enhanced long-term cycling stability of the PB-WO3 complementary electrochromic devices having a 91.4% optical contrast retention after 16,000 consecutive cycles. This work provides a newly and industrially compatible approach to producing a complementary electrochromic device with extraordinary durability for various practical applications.

Continuous-wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy based on the control of cavity reflection.

A new type of continuous-wave cavity ringdown spectrometer based on the control of cavity reflection for trace gas detection was designed and evaluated. The technique separated the acquisitions of the ringdown event and the trigger signal to optical switch by detecting the cavity reflection and transmission, respectively. A detailed description of the time sequence of the measurement process was presented. In order to avoid the wrong extraction of ringdown time encountered accidentally in fitting procedure, the laser frequency and cavity length were scanned synchronously. Based on the statistical analysis of measured ringdown times, the frequency normalized minimum detectable absorption in the reflection control mode was 1.7 × 10(-9)cm(-1)Hz(-1/2), which was 5.4 times smaller than that in the transmission control mode. However the signal-to-noise ratio of the absorption spectrum was only 3 times improved since the etalon effect existed. Finally, the peak absorption coefficients of the C(2)H(2) transition near 1530.9nm under different pressures showed a good agreement with the theoretical values.

Metabolomic analysis of amino acid metabolism in colitic rats supplemented with lactosucrose.

Intestinal inflammation causes metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with lactosucrose (LS) on the serum metabolome and intestinal luminal content of fatty acids in colitic rats. Colitis was induced in rats using trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Subsequently, rats received intragastric administration of either 250 mg LS/kg body weight or saline (the control group) every day for 5 weeks. Short-chain fatty acids in the intestinal lumen, blood profile, and metabolites in serum were measured, respectively, using gas chromatography, biochemistry analyzer, and nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics combined with multivariate statistics. Metabolic effects of LS included: (1) decreases in concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine and valine), alanine, citric acid, trimethylamine oxide and taurine, and the abundance of aspartate aminotransferase in serum; (2) increases in concentrations of glucose metabolites (including succinate) in serum; and (3) altered concentrations of butyrate in the cecal content and of butyrate and acetate in the colon content. The results indicate that LS supplementation to colitic rats affects whole-body metabolism of amino acids and release of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase from tissues into the blood circulation, and enhances the production of short-chain fatty acids in the intestinal lumen.

Global burden and trends of the Entamoeba infection-associated diseases from 1990 to 2019: An observational trend study.

BACKGROUND: Entamoeba infection-associated diseases (EIADs) in humans are a worldwide public health problem, but there is a lack of a global picture of EIADs, which is vital to prevention and control. METHODS: We applied 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data collected from multiple sources at global, national and regional levels. The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UIs) were extracted as the main measure of the burden of EIADs. The Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate the trends of age-standardised DALY rates by age, sex, geographical region, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Besides, a generalized linear model was conducted to analyze the influence of sociodemographic factors on the DALY rate of EIADs. RESULTS: In 2019, there were 2,539,799 (95% UI 850,865-6,186,972) DALY cases attributable to Entamoeba infection, and the global age-standardised DALY rate of EIADs was 36.77/100,000 (95% UI: 12.03-90.49). Although over the past 30 years, the age-standardised DALY rate of EIADs presented significantly declining trends [average annual percent change (AAPC) = -3.79%, 95% CI: -4.05% - -3.53%], it has remained a heavy burden among the age group of <5 years (257.43/100,000, 95% UI: 67.73-676.78) and the low SDI regions (100.47/100,000, 95% UI: 32.27-249.09). The age-standardized DALY rate in high-income North America and Australia had an increasing trend (AAPC = 0.38%, 95% CI: 0.47% - 0.28% and 0.38%, 95% CI: 0.46% - 0.29%, respectively). Furthermore, the DALY rates in high SDI regions showed statistically significant increasing trends among the age groups of 14-49, 50-69 years and 70+ years, with AAPCs of 1.01% (95% CI: 0.87% - 1.15%), 1.58% (95% CI: 1.43% - 1.73%), and 2.93% (95% CI: 2.58% - 3.29%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Over the past 30 years, the burden of EIADs has declined significantly. However, it has still caused a high burden in the low SDI regions and the age group of <5 years. At the same time, in adults and the elderly of the high SDI regions, the increasing trends of Entamoeba infection-associated burden should also be given more attention.

Mechanistic Insights into Anion-Induced Electrochromism of Ru(II)-Based Metallo-Supramolecular Polymer.

The metallo-supramolecular polymer (MSP) is considered one of the most promising electrodes for electrochromic devices due to its intrinsically stable redox properties. Nevertheless, despite extensive work focusing on improving the electrochromic and electrochemical properties of MSPs, little experimental evidence exists from in-depth investigations on the anion-induced electrochromism of MSPs. Herein, Ru-based metallo-supramolecular polymer (polyRu) films with excellent electrochromic performance were fabricated through a novel electrochemical deposition method, and the electrochromic mechanism was further understood. The polyRu films possess fast reaction kinetics with a short switching time of 4.0 s (colored) and 2.8 s (bleached) and highly reversible redox properties due to the resulting impacts on the capacitive behaviors (containing surface, near-surface and intercalation pseudo-capacitance) of the perchlorate ions in the electrochromic process. Moreover, the electrochromic degradation of the polyRu films is considered to stem from the numerous nanopores in the film induced by ClO4- transport and the exchange of counter anions from Cl- to ClO4-. In addition, a physical model, revealing the transport of conduction ions and the evolution of the structure and properties of the polyRu film during the electrochromic process, is presented. It is observed that the charge balance of Ru3+ and Ru2+, achieved through the adsorption/desorption of ClO4- on the film, provides electrochromic and electrochemical reversibility to the polyRu film under positive/negative bias. Correspondingly, a transformation from polyRu·(Cl-)2n to polyRu·(ClO4-)x(Cl-)2n-x in the polyRu film is induced by a counter anion exchange from Cl- to ClO4-. Revealing the detailed perchlorate ion transfer kinetics and electrochromic mechanism in this film can offer new insights into the application of metallo-supramolecular polymers in electrochromic devices.