Effects of Spray-Drying Parameters on In Vitro Functional Properties of Camu-Camu (Myrciaria dubia Mc. Vaugh): A Typical Amazonian Fruit.

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) fruit is a rich source of bioactive compounds but its shelf life is rather short. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of inlet air temperature (T) and concentration (C) of maltodextrin and arabic gum on the spray-drying process of commercial camu-camu pulps (São Paulo and Manaus). Moisture, solubility, total phenolics (TP), ascorbic acid (AA), and proanthocyanidins (PAC) contents, and in vitro antioxidant capacity of the powders (FRAP, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteu's reducing capacity were measured). Arabic gum resulted in better yields (22% to 30%), powder solubility (84% to 90%), and lower losses of analyzed compounds than the powders manufactured with maltodextrin. Overall, inlet air temperature had a lower impact on the responses studied than the concentration of carrier agents. Polynomial equations were generated for AA (R2 = 0.993), TP (R2 = 0.735), PAC (R2 = 0.946), and for the antioxidant capacity assays (0.867 ≤ R2  ≤ 0.963). In addition, principal component analysis showed that the lowest concentration of carrier agents (6%) in spray drying resulted in the lowest losses of bioactive compounds and, consequently, the highest antioxidant capacity.

Effects of time and extraction temperature on phenolic composition and functional properties of red rooibos (Aspalathus linearis).

This work was aimed at assessing the time-temperature effects on the phenolic compounds and in vitro functional properties of aqueous extracts from red rooibos (Aspalathus linearis). The major phenolic composition (tannins, flavonoids, flavonols, ortho-diphenols, total phenolic content), antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH) and reducing capacities (FRAP and total reducing capacity), antimicrobial effects and inhibition of α-amylase/α-glucosidase were measured. Phenolic compounds were also determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Aqueous extracts did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans between 7.81 and 1000mgL-1. Rooibos extracted at 85°C for 10min showed a beneficial interaction with the human erythrocytes, reducing the hemolysis. The correlation analysis showed that the phenolic compounds responsible for the inhibition of α-amylase (IC50) were isohrmanetin, isoquercitrin, luteolin, salicylic acid, and syringaldehyde, whereas the inhibition of α-glucosidase was correlated to syringaldehyde, isoquercitrin, and luteolin. Overall, rooibos extracted at 85°C had the highest antioxidant activity measured by all assays, higher contents of phenolic compounds (spectrophotometric and LC-ESI-MS/MS data), and lower IC50 values for the digestive enzymes. On the other hand, rooibos extracted at 65°C had the opposite behavior, while rooibos extracted at 75°C presented mean intermediate values for the responses. This result clearly indicates that the extraction temperature is the main factor leading to a higher extraction of bioactive compounds from red rooibos.

Functional properties and stability of spray-dried pigments from Bordo grape (Vitis labrusca) winemaking pomace.

The stability of anthocyanin and phenolic compounds, the antioxidant capacity, the antimicrobial activity and the capacity to inhibit arginase from Leishmania were evaluated in spray-dried powders from Bordo grape winemaking pomace extract. The pigments were produced using maltodextrin as the carrier agent at concentrations varying from 10% to 30% and air entrance temperatures varying from 130 to 170°C. A sample of freeze-dried extract without the carrier was also evaluated. The anthocyanins in the spray-dried samples showed good stability during storage, better than the freeze-dried and liquid extracts. The samples were capable of inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes and showed high inhibitory capacity against the enzyme arginase from Leishmania. These results provide evidence that Bordo grapes from the winemaking process have the potential to be used as natural pigments with functional properties.

Produtos derivados do camu-camu: efeito da secagem sobre elagitaninos e flavonoides, atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana / Camu-camu ingredients: effect of drying on ellagitannins and flavonoids, and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

O camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia Mc. Vaugh) tem demonstrado ser um fruto promissor devido ao potencial funcional, principalmente pelo alto teor de vitamina C e compostos fenólicos, em especial elagitaninos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos sobre os compostos fenólicos dos processos de secagem de polpa comercial de camu-camu, por leito de jorro e atomização (spray-drying), em diferentes temperaturas e concentrações de agentes carreadores, comparando-os com os do processo de liofilização. Os pós obtidos foram comparados em relação ao teor total de compostos fenólicos, ácido ascórbico e proantocianidinas. Além disso, avaliou-se o potencial benéfico à saúde através da determinação da capacidade antioxidante in vitro , atividade antimicrobiana e inibição das enzimas α-amilase, α-glicosidase e enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA). Avaliou-se também proteção e regeneração celulares em modelo de planárias (Dugesia trigrina). Complementarmente, os pós de camu-camu foram adicionados em leite de soja, que foram fermentados com bactérias produtoras de ácido láctico (L. helveticus ATCC 12046 e L. plantarum NCDO 1193), para verificar sua funcionalidade quando incorporados como ingredientes em alimentos funcionais. Os resultados mostraram que a secagem da polpa acarretou em perdas significativas de compostos bioativos, na ordem ácido ascórbico>fenólicos totais> proantocianidinas, e spray-drying>leito de jorro>liofilização. Os compostos fenólicos detectados nos pós de camu-camu foram elagitaninos, ácido elágico, derivados de quercetina, ácido siríngico e miricetina, por LC-TOF-MS. A liofilização foi a melhor técnica de secagem para a preservação dos compostos fenólicos, e também da capacidade antioxidante e de inibição enzimática. Além disso, os pós liofilizados e atomizado (contendo 6% goma arábica a 120 °C) foram mais efetivos contra Staphylococcus aureus que a ampicilina. Os extratos desses pós demostraram potencial para proteção celular e rejuvenescimento no modelo de planárias. E por último, o leite de soja enriquecido com o pó de camu-camu resultou em um produto com maior teor de fenólicos, alta capacidade antioxidante e propriedades anti-hiperglicêmica e anti-hipertensiva. Portanto, os pós de camu-camu são ricos em compostos fenólicos e tem potencial para serem acrescentados como ingredientes em alimentos para o controle dos estágios iniciais de diabetes tipo 2 e complicações associadas

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia Mc. Vaugh) has demonstrated promising perspectives as a functional food, mainly due to high vitamin C and phenolic compounds contents, in particular ellagitannins. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different drying processes (spouted bed drying, spray-drying) at selected temperatures and carrier concentrations, comparing to freeze-drying, on the contents and composition of phenolic compounds. The pulp powders were compared in relation to phenolic profiles, ascorbic acid and proanthocyanidins contents. Further, functional health potential was evaluated such as in vitro antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity and inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). It was also investigated cellular protection and regeneration in planaria (Dugesia trigrina) model. Additionally, camu-camu powders were added into soymilk and were fermented by lactic acid bacteria (L. helveticus ATCC 12046 and L. plantarum NCDO 1193) to verify their functionality as a functional food ingredient. The results showed that drying of the pulp led to significant losses of bioactive compounds, in the order ascorbic acid>total phenolics>proanthocyanidins, and spray-drying>spouted bed drying>freeze-drying. Phenolic compounds, such as ellagitannins, ellagic acid, quercetin derivatives, syringic acid and myricetin were detected in camu-camu by LC-TOF-MS. The freeze-drying was the best technique to preserve phenolic compounds, and also antioxidant capacity and enzyme inhibition. Besides that, freeze-dried and spray-dried (6% arabic gum at 120 °C) powders were more effective against Staphylococcus aureus than ampicillin. The extracts of those powders have desmonstrated potential to cellular protection and rejuvenation in planaria model. Finally, soymilk enriched with camu-camu powders resulted in more phenolic contents, high antioxidant capacity and anti-hyperglycemia and anti-hipertension properties product. To sum up, camu-camu powder is rich in phenolic bioactive profiles has potential as part of dietary strategies in the management of early stages of type 2 diabetes and associated complications