Effects of arachidonic acid intake on inflammatory reactions in dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis in rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the administration of oral arachidonic acid (AA) in rats with or without dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease. Male Wistar rats were administered AA at 0, 5, 35 or 240 mg/kg daily by gavage for 8 weeks. Inflammatory bowel disease was induced by replacing drinking water with 3 % DSS solution during the last 7 d of the AA dosing period. These animals passed loose stools, diarrhoea and red-stained faeces. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 concentration and myeloperoxidase activity in the colonic tissue were significantly increased in the animals given AA at 240 mg/kg compared with the animals given AA at 0 mg/kg. Thromboxane B2 concentration in the medium of cultured colonic mucosae isolated from these groups was found to be dose-dependently increased by AA, and the increase was significant at 35 and 240 mg/kg. Leukotriene B4 concentration was also significantly increased and saturated at 5 mg/kg. In addition, AA at 240 mg/kg promoted DSS-induced colonic mucosal oedema with macrophage infiltration. In contrast, administration of AA for 8 weeks, even at 240 mg/kg, showed no effects on the normal rats. These results suggest that in rats with bowel disease AA metabolism is affected by oral AA, even at 5 mg/kg per d, and that excessive AA may aggravate inflammation, whereas AA shows no effects in rats without inflammatory bowel disease.

A ninety-day feeding, subchronic toxicity study of oligo-N-acetylglucosamine in Fischer 344 rats.

Oligo-N-acetylglucosamine (OAG) is a hydrolyzed derivative of chitin that has been used as a sweetener in foods. Since, no information has been published about the safety of OAG, a 90-day feeding study was conducted, using F344 Fischer rats of both sexes, to characterize and evaluate the toxicity of OAG, and the results of the study are presented here. Dietary levels of 0% (control), 0.2%, 1%, and 5% OAG did not change any measurements in ophthalmological examinations, clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, blood biochemistry, urinalysis, necropsies, organ weights or histological examinations. The sole finding, which could not be clarified to be attributed to OAG or not, was a decrease in the relative weight of the submaxillary gland to body weight in the male animals given the 5% OAG diet. Although no lesions were found in either gross or histological examination in the present study, further studies using OAG levels higher than 5% might provide a clue to the mechanisms underlying the decreased organ weight observed here. Taken together, under the conditions in the present study, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for males was found to be 1% (0.641 g/kg/day); and that for females, 5% (3.64 /kg/day) or more, based on the lack of toxicological effects.

A 90-day ad libitum administration toxicity study of oligoglucosamine in F344 rats.

A 90-day ad libitum administration toxicity study of oligoglucosamine (OG) was carried out using F344 rats of both sexes. The animals were divided into four groups of 20 animals each, 10 of each sex, and fed a diet containing 0, 0.04, 0.2 or 1.0 (w/w)% OG. During the administration period, no animals of either sex died or exhibited abnormal signs in the 0.04% OG and 0.2% OG groups. In the 1% OG group, in both sexes, erythema and swelling of the snout and forelimbs and loss of fur in the forelimbs were observed. On macroscopic observation, emaciation, swelling of the snout, auricles and forelimbs and alopecia of the forelimbs were also observed in 2-3 males of the 1% OG group. It was suggested that these topical abnormalities might be due to dermal responses to OG adhering to the skin and fur, which are easily soiled with saliva during grooming. In the animals of the 1% OG group, food consumption decreased, resulting in body weight gain being suppressed. This was found concomitantly with the abnormal findings mentioned above. Thus, feeding difficulties due to the topical lesions on the snout and forelimbs were thought to affect body weight. In hematology, platelet count, lymphocyte count and differential neutrophil count increased in males of the 1% OG group. These changes might be related to the dermal inflammation. Abnormalities in urinalysis and blood chemistry, as well as a small thymus, small spleen, dark spots or areas on the glandular stomach mucosa, pale Harderian glands and small testes in histopathology, were also observed in males in the 1% OG group. Whether or not all these changes were related only to the malnutrition remains to be elucidated. From these results, OG gave rise to no adverse effects in rats up to the dose level of 0.2 (w/w)%. Thus, the no observed adverse effect level was determined to be 0.2 (w/w)% for rats of either sex (124.0mg/kg/day in males, 142.0mg/kg/day in females).

Immunological characteristics of Hatano high-and low-avoidance rats.

Hatano high- and low-avoidance (HAA and LAA) rats have been genetically selected on the basis of their two-way active avoidance behavior, and have been shown to differ in other behavioral and hormonal parameters. Since close interconnections among the nervous, endocrine and immune systems have been well documented, these two strains might possess differences in aspects of immunological action. In Experiment 1, plasma levels of IgG, IgM, complement 3 (C3), classical pathway hemolytic complement (CH50) and beta(2)-microglobulin were compared between males of the two strains at 5 and 24 weeks of age. Plasma levels of IgG and CH50 were lower in LAA than HAA rats at 5 weeks of age, whereas those differences disappeared at 24 weeks of age. There were no differences between the two strains in plasma levels of IgM, C3 and beta(2)-microglobulin. In Experiment 2, antibody production to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were compared between 12-week-old males of the two strains. Antibody responses in the PFC assay, plasma anti-SRBC-IgM levels and spleen weights were higher in LAA than HAA rats. LPS-induced lymphocyte proliferation was greater in LAA than HAA rats. It was concluded that HAA rats show earlier development of immunological development, but that antibody production and mitotic response of B lymphocytes may be more pronounced in adult LAA than HAA rats. The strain differences observed in the immunological response may indicate the usefulness of using Hatano rats in studies of behavioral-immunological relationships.

Study for collecting background data on Wistar Hannover [Crl:WI(Han)] rats in general toxicity studies--comparative data to Sprague Dawley rats.

The purpose of the present study was to collect background data from repeated dose toxicity studies in Wistar Hannover [Crl:WI(Han)] (hereafter Wistar Han) rats with dosing periods of 4, 13 and 26 weeks from four safety research facilities of pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations participating in the International Genetic Standardization (IGS) rat forum supported by Charles River Laboratories Japan, Inc. The data from Wistar Han rats were compared with those from Sprague Dawley Crl:CD(SD) rats. In addition, the effects of restricted feeding of SD rats were also investigated by one facility. As a result, body weights and food consumption in Wistar Han rats were lower than those of SD rats. White blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil counts were almost half of those noted for SD rats and platelet counts were almost 20% less than those in SD rats. Minimal strain differences were noted in several biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids, and in thymus, ovary and testis weights. Ophthalmologic or histopathologic examinations revealed a higher incidence of corneal opacities or corneal mineralization in Wistar Han rats. Restricted feeding of SD rats resulted in intermediate values for body weights and food consumption between the ad libitum fed SD and Wistar Han rats, and WBC and AST were lower than those in the ad libitum fed SD rats. Based on these results, some strain differences might be ascribable to reduced food consumption and associated body weight changes in Wistar Han rats.

Effects of transmaternal exposure to genistein in Hatano high- and low-avoidance rats.

Hatano high- and low-avoidance (HAA and LAA) rats are separated by breeding from Sprague-Dawley rats by high versus low rates of avoidance responses in a shuttle-box task. In addition, compared to HAA rats, LAA rats show lower running-wheel activity, later sexual maturation, 5-day estrous cycling, lower sperm motility, more pronounced immunological reactions, and are generally less reactive to stress. The present study was designed to compare the effects of transmaternal exposure to genistein on these characteristics between HAA and LAA rats. To this aim, litters from both strains were fostered onto Sprague-Dawley rats receiving genistein by gavage with 5 mg/animal/day from day 17 of pregnancy through day 21 of lactation. Inhibited growth after weaning and reduced uterine weight at weaning were observed in the LAA offspring reared by genistein-treated dams. IgM antibody production in response to sheep red blood cells was significantly decreased in the HAA offspring reared by genistein-treated dams. During restraint stress, the plasma concentration of corticosterone was significantly lower in the LAA offspring reared by genistein-treated dams. Strain-related differences were detected in shuttle-box avoidance performance, running-wheel activity, estrous cycling, and sperm motility. The results demonstrate that transmaternal exposure to genistein potentially affects the immunological and stress responses as well as the post-weaning growth of the offspring. It suggests that a comparative study using Hatano rats would be useful for studying the influence of endocrine active chemicals on the whole body systems.

Screening of toxicological properties of 4-methylbenzoic acid by oral administration to rats.

Oral toxicity of 4-methylbenzoic acid in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats was profiled through a twenty-eight-day repeated dose toxicity study (the 28-day study) and a screening test for reproductive/developmental toxicities (the reproduction/developmental study) conducted under Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guidelines. Daily administration of 4-methylbenzoic acid, at a dose level of 0, 100, 300 or 1,000 mg/kg, did not show any adverse effect on reproductive organs of animals in the 28-day study. In the reproductive/developmental study, however, 1,000 mg/kg/day of the compound reduced epididymal weights and increased incidence of cauda epididymal oligo/azoospermia. While the compound did not affect estrous cycle or mating performances, 1,000 mg/kg of the compound reduced fertility. Furthermore, 300 mg/kg or more of the compound increased pre-implantation loss, which resulted in a decrease in the number of offspring, and reduced body weight gain of the dams during the latter period of gestation. From these results, the no-observed-effect-level (NOEL) for reproductive/developmental toxicities is considered to be 100 mg/kg, whereas 1,000 mg/kg did not show any effect on neonates. In the 28-day study, NOEL is considered to be 300 mg/kg for male and female rats, since 1,000 mg/kg of the compound caused, in both sexes, a few minor changes, such as temporal salivation, a slight increase in food consumption and a moderate increase in blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity. Thus, 4-methylbenzoic acid has the potential for reproductive toxicity, with diverse adverse effects on the epididymis, after repeated administration, observed in the two studies.

Acute functional enhancement of circulatory neutrophils after intratracheal instillation with diesel exhaust particles in rats.

We have previously demonstrated that intratracheal instillation (IT) with diesel exhaust particles (DEP) exacerbates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmia in rats. Since activated neutrophils play a pivotal role in ischemia/reperfusion arrhythmia, in the present study we investigated the effects of DEP on peripheral neutrophil count and on the oxyradical production (ORP) of neutrophils in rats. We also determined the production of cytokines for better understanding of the relationship between pulmonary inflammation and neutrophil function. Instillation with 5 mg DEP elevated circulatory neutrophil counts (CNC) at 12 and 24 h post-instillation to levels approximately 2.1- and 2.3-fold those in the vehicle-treated animals, respectively. On the other hand, 1-mg DEP caused an approximately 0.4-fold increase in CNC at 6 h. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced ORP in the isolated neutrophil was enhanced at 12 and 24 h after instillation with 5 mg DEP. Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) levels were increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from animals that received 5 mg DEP. In serum, a marked elevation of CINC-1 and a slight elevation of MIP-2 were also observed, while TNFalpha was not detected. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was detected in neither BALF nor serum for 24 h after the instillation. These results suggest that IT instillation of DEP enhances systemic oxidative stress by increasing neutrophil count and ORP in the acute period.

Delayed exacerbation of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmia by tracheal instillation of diesel exhaust particles.

For understanding the relationship between the increased incidence of sudden cardiac death and air pollution, we examined the effects of intratracheal instillation of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmia in rats. The animals received 1 mg DEP 24-48 h before the ischemia/reperfusion (DEP-pretreated group, DEP-PRE), and were subjected to 3 successive brief ischemia/reperfusion (3 min ischemia followed by 5 min reperfusion) procedures. These were to make the animals tolerant to ischemia/reperfusion-related myocardial deterioration. Thereafter the animals were subjected to a 10-min ischemia followed by a 30-min reperfusion. In the experiments, an increased mortality was observed in the DEP-PRE group compared to the vehicle (0.05% Tween 80-PBS)-treated group. Forty-six percent of the animals in DEP-PRE died during the first 3-min reperfusion period. The animals of other groups were intratracheally instilled with DEP at the beginning of ischemia/reperfusion experiment, or were pretreated with polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (1000 IU kg(-1), iv). In these animals, incidences of both arrhythmia and mortality were similar to those in the animals treated with the vehicle. In experiments to investigate the effects of DEP on the biochemical and hematological parameters, neutrophil count was elevated by a higher dose (5 mg) of DEP at 24 h after the intratracheal instillation, and oxygen radical production, which was induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, was enhanced at 72 h. These results indicate that intratracheal DEP instillation exacerbates short-period ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmia. Delivery and activation of peripheral neutrophils and oxygen radicals produced in neutrophils might participate in this exacerbation. This is the first article that demonstrates the arrhythmogenicity of DEP using intratracheal instillation in rats.