RESUMO
The Colombian Tropical Andes are one of the regions with highest bird diversity on Earth. However, information on bird morphology, reproductive phenology, and molt is particularly scarce in this region. Also, this region is heavily impacted by deforestation, and it is vulnerable to climate change. Hence, providing baseline information on life history and morphological traits will be essential to support future research on functional diversity, climate change effects, conservation, evolution, and phenology. To fill this gap, we have compiled information on bird distribution, morphology, molt, and reproductive phenology at 52 localities of the Department of Caldas, covering an elevation range between 148 and 3845 m. This compilation comprises a wide range of habitats, including native forests, forestry plantations, croplands, and paramo. Our database presents information for 3,398 records belonging to 379 bird species (representing 23 orders, 53 families, and 258 genera). From those records, 2,843 correspond to information collected in the field between 2008 and 2019, and the remaining 555 records correspond to specimens deposited in the Natural History Museum of the Caldas University, collected between 1969 and 2014. We measured nine morphological traits from all specimens: total culmen, gape, bill width, bill depth, tarsus, wing length, tail length, total length, and mass. We also have reproductive condition information for 257 species and molt information available for 378 species. The information contained in this data set represents ~20% of the Colombian avifauna and ~11% of the bird species richness in South America. This data set is released for non-commercial use only. Credits should be given to this paper (i.e., proper citation), and the products generated with this database should be shared under the same license terms (CC BY-NC-SA).
Assuntos
Aves , Florestas , Animais , Colômbia , Ecossistema , Humanos , América do SulRESUMO
El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la integridad acrosomal, funcionalidad bioquímica de la membrana espermática y las relaciones entre éstas en machos con y sin persistencia de gotas citoplásmicas (PGC). Se usaron 254 eyaculados de 48 cerdos reproductores entre ocho y 48 meses de edad clasificados como jóvenes (<1 año), maduros (entre uno y tres años) y viejos (>3 años). Los datos fueron evaluados mediante análisis de varianza para medidas repetidas en un mismo individuo (efecto aleatorio). Se evaluó el efecto de procedencia (efecto bloque) y grupo etáreo sobre: PGC, integridad acrosomal, funcionalidad de membrana, proporción de espermatozoides vivos y con gotas citoplásmicas (GC). Además se evaluó el efecto de PGC sobre la integridad acrosomal y la funcionalidad de membrana. La presentación de PGC fue menor en cerdos reproductores jóvenes (37 ± 6 por ciento) que en los maduros (52 ± 5 por ciento; P=0,05) y los viejos (85 ± 13 por ciento; P<0,01). La diferencia en PGC entre machos maduros y viejos fue significativa (P=0,05). Los machos viejos presentaron mayor proporción de células con GC que los jóvenes (34,6 ± 4,8 vs. 19,7 ± 2.3 por ciento, respectivamente; P=0,01), mientras que los maduros no fueron diferentes de ninguno de los dos (23,5 ± 2,1 por ciento). Los cerdos reproductores que no presentaron PGC obtuvieron mayores valores de acrosoma intacto que los que presentaron PGC (86,5 ± 1,2 vs. 80,2 ± 1,1 por ciento, respectivamente; P<0,01). Los defectos de la integridad acrosomal presentaron correlaciones significativas con defectos espermáticos asociados a GC (entre -0,20 y -0,36; P<0,05). Este estudio indica que cerdos reproductores mayores de tres años presentan con mayor frecuencia eyaculados de baja calidad espermática. Los resultados además sugieren que los defectos de membrana y morfológicos tienden a presentarse conjuntamente en un eyaculado, señalando la necesidad de construir un índice de calidad seminal multifactorial...
The goal of this study was to evaluate the acrosomal integrity, biochemical functionality of the sperm membrane, and the relationship between them in boars with and without persistence of cytoplasmic droplets (PGC). It were used 254 ejaculates from 48 boars between eight and 48 months of age that were classified as young (<1 year), mature (1 to 3 years), and old (>3 years). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance for repeated measurements in the same individual (random effect). The effect of source (block effect) and age group on PGC, acrosomal integrity, membrane function, and proportion of live and with cytoplasmic droplets sperm cells were evaluated. The effect of PGC on acrosomal integrity and membrane function was also tested. Presence of PGC was lower in young (37 ± 6 percent) than mature (52 ± 5 percent; P=0.05) and old (85 ± 13 percent; P<0.01) boars. The difference in PGC between mature and old boars was significant (P=0.05). Old boars showed a higher proportion of cells with GC than young ones (34.6 ± 4.8 vs. 19.7 ± 2.3 percent, respectively; P=0.01), while mature boars were no different from the other two groups (23.5 ± 2.1 percent). Boars that did not show PGC had a higher proportion of intact acrosomes than those with PGC (86.5 ± 1.2 vs. 80.2 ± 1.1 percent, respectively; P<0.01). Defects in acrosomal integrity were significantly correlated with sperm defects associated to GC (between -0.20 y -0.36; P<0.05). These results suggest that membrane and morphologic defects tend to occur together in the same ejaculate, pointing out the need to build a multifactor seminal quality index that can be used as decision criterion in the swine industry.