Comparison of conventional MR arthrography and 3D volumetric MR arthrography in detection of cartilage defects accompanying glenoid labrum pathologies.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to compare conventional and T1-weighted volumetric magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) in the diagnosis and grading of glenoid cartilage defects that accompany labral pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 79 patients who were prediagnosed with labrum pathologies based on shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had MRA and CTA between December 2021 and May 2022. CTA was regarded as reference standard. CTA images were examined by a radiologist experienced in musculoskeletal radiology, and MRA images were examined by two radiologists independently to determine presence, grade, and localization of any glenoid cartilage defect, if present. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated separately for conventional and T1-weighted volumetric MRA. In addition, at the last stage, two observers examined all MRAs together, and the presence of a cartilage defect was decided by consensus, and the overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated. RESULTS: Cartilage defect was detected on CTAs of 48 (60.75%) cases of among 79 patients with labrum pathology. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of conventional MRA for two examiners were 17-19%, 100-100%, and 49-51%, respectively, while those values were 67-65%, 92-97%, and 84-77%, respectively, for T1-weighted volumetric MRA. Inter-examiner agreement was excellent for diagnosis of cartilage defects on all MRAs. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detection of glenoid cartilage lesions by MRA were 69%, 97%, and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSION: T1-weighted volumetric MRA seems to demonstrate cartilage defects accompanied with labrum pathologies accurately with high sensitivity, specificity, and excellent inter-examiner agreement.

Investigation of knowledge, attitude and behaviours of parents refusing childhood vaccines in Malatya, an eastern city of Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: The modern rise of vaccine rejection in society can alter the current progress that has been made towards the control and prevention of certain diseases, possibly even resulting in epidemics involving these preventable diseases. The aim of this study is to analyse the knowledge, attitude and behaviours of parents in Malatya city who rejected childhood vaccines. METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between September-November 2019. The study includes parents who rejected vaccines and are registered in the family medicine clinics of Malatya city - total of 453 participants. The objective was to include all parents and avoid a sampling procedure. However, only 151 (33%) parents agreed to participate. These parents who rejected vaccines were individually contacted by phone. Descriptive data was represented by number (n) and percentage (%). The chi-square test was utilized in the statistical analysis of data and p < 0.05 was considered significant in all evaluations. RESULTS: Mothers in the study group had a mean age of 26.07 ± 3.64, while the fathers were on average 30.03 ± 4.59 years of age; 98% of parents were aware of the health risks that vaccine rejection presented; 93% of parents were not satisfied with the explanation, insight, and advice that the healthcare personnel provided regarding vaccines. All parents of the study group stated the following: vaccines should not be administered because other children in their close environment acquired a disease as a result of vaccination, vaccines can harm the immune system of children - not yet fully developed, vaccines are unsafe and endanger the health of children. CONCLUSIONS: It can be said that parents who have obtained a lot of false information possess altered decisions and views on vaccinations, to the point where they accept the risks presented by preventable diseases. In addition, individuals lose trust following negative experiences with vaccination.

The relationship between problematic cell phone use, eating disorders and social anxiety among university students.

OBJECTIVE: Problematic cell phone use is common among young age groups which include university students, and may be accompanied by social anxiety and eating disorders. We aimed to examine the relationship between problematic cell phone use, social anxiety and eating disorders among university students. METHODS: The universe of this cross-sectional study consists of 28,669 students receiving education at a Inonu University between October 2017 - November 2017. With a confidence interval of 95% and power of 80%, the sample size was calculated to be 308. The survey forms used in the study included students' sociodemographic characteristics, data regarding cell phone usage, Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and Eating Attitudes Test. The statistical analyses were conducted using Student t, One Way ANOVA, Spearman Correlation Test and Binomial Logistic Regression Analysis. RESULTS: The students in the study group demonstrated a 46.1% rate of problematic cell phone use. The students' Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale total scores showed a significant correlation with smoking, and daily duration and purpose of cell phone use (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: University students demonstrate high rates of problematic cell phone use; in addition, individuals who use cell phones for increased hours or for certain purposes display higher total scores on the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale. Students should be educated on limiting problematic cell phone use.

Inhibition of acrolein-induced apoptosis by the antioxidant selenium.

In this study, the effects of a potent antioxidant, selenium, on apoptosis induced by acrolein, a cytotoxic and genotoxic environmental pollutant, were investigated by immunohistochemical and electron microscopic methods. One hundred adult male Wistar albino rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into four main groups: control, acrolein, selenium, and acrolein + selenium. The animals in the experimental groups were given 1 mg/kg/day selenium and 4 mg/kg/day acrolein daily for 7 days by gavage. After drug administration, each group was divided into subgroups according to the time they were to be euthanized: 12th hour, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th day. The rats in each group at the determined time were euthanized and their livers were removed. Routine histological procedures were performed for light and electron microscopy examinations. After applying the Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay on the liver sections, apoptotic index values were calculated. Comparing the liver sections of the rats in the acrolein group and the control group, acrolein was found to cause a significant increase in the apoptotic index. The apoptotic index values of the acrolein + selenium group decreased compared to the acrolein group. In the electron microscopic examinations, apoptotic findings were observed in the liver tissues of the rats given acrolein, such as chromatin condensation in the nucleus of hepatocytes, dilatations in the perinuclear space, and cytoplasmic vacuolization. These apoptotic findings were not observed in the acrolein + selenium group after the 12th hour. These findings show that selenium may potentially be useful as a protective agent for people exposed to acrolein.

KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICAL FACULTY STUDENTS CONCERNING EBOLA IN MALATYA, TURKEY.

The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge levels of Inonu University medical faculty students regarding Ebola. This descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted between November and December, 2014 at Inonu University Medical Faculty. After the researchers performed the literature review, a questionnaire comprising 39 questions was prepared, and the students were asked to fill them out. Nine hundred and eighty-four of 1,298 students (75.8%) participated in the study. Seventy-three point seven percent knew that the Ebola virus disease had high fatality rate, 51.9% of them knew that the primary method of infection was contact with the secretions of dead animals and humans, and 55.2% knew that it was transmitted via the blood of infected animals. The rate of knowing that there was no specific vaccination was 62.1%, while the knowledge that there was no specific treatment was 45.3%; 80.4% knew that all the people entering the patient's room had to wear gloves and liquid-resistant aprons, and 77.3% knew that the number of the staff caring for the patient must be reduced to the minimum level. Three knowledge points were calculated in the study: 'Knowledge Points on Ebola Virus Disease Factor Properties and the Methods of Infection,' 'Ebola Virus Disease Symptom Knowledge Points,' and 'Ebola Virus Disease Protection Knowledge Points.' In terms of these knowledge points, the knowledge levels of the students between the classes were significantly different.

Investigation of incidental findings of temporomandibular joint disorders on brain magnetic resonance imaging in three-dimensional T2-weighted SPACE sequence performed for brain imaging.

Objectives: The study aimed to determine the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) findings, to investigate the prevalence contribution of this sequence on cases in which cranial magnetic resonance examination was performed and three-dimensional (3D) T2-SPACE (T2-weighted sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolutions) sequence was used by retrospectively scanning the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) archive of our hospital, and to reveal the advantages of the 3D-T2 SPACE sequence in patients with TMJ disorders. Patients and methods: The cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted with 499 patients (289 females, 210 males; mean age: 50.1±17.7 years; range, 8 to 92 years) who underwent brain MRI and had 3D-T2 SPACE between March 1, 2021 and March 1, 2022. Two radiologists analyzed the TMJs of the subjects included in the study in 3D-T2 SPACE sequences. Results: At least one incidental finding was detected in the TMJ in 37.1% (n=185) of the patients included in our study. In our study, the most common (13.6%) MRI findings were osteoarthritic changes and synovial cysts. Joint effusion (13.2%) and disc displacement (9%) were less frequent. When the relationship between the age of the patients and the presence of incidental findings, degeneration, effusion, disc displacement, and cyst was examined, the age of the patients with incidental findings (p=0.001) and osteoarthritic changes (p<0.001) was statistically significantly higher. Conclusion: Incidental findings, particularly osteoarthritic changes and synovial cysts, can be seen quite commonly in the TMJ in brain MRI using 3D T2-SPACE sequences in the general population. The 3D T2-SPACE sequence provides valuable information in the recognition of TMJ disorders.

Unusual Anatomic Variation: Intradural Conjugation of the Hypoplastic Left ICA and the Enlarged Accessory Meningeal Artery.

The precise definition of the accessory meningeal artery was not available until 1961. It can originate from the maxillary artery or middle meningeal artery and supplies the meatus and membranous portion of the auditory tube, the lateral pharyngeal muscle, and the medial pterygoid muscle; Laterally, it supplies the lateral pterygoid muscle, the extracranial part of the mandibular nerve, the pterygoid venous plexus, and the sphenoid periosteum. Here, we present a 70-year-old male patient who applied to the neurosurgery clinic with complaints of chronic headaches and dizziness. Magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomography angiography showed hypoplasic appearance of the left internal carotid artery and an enlarged accessory meningeal artery variant merging with its ophthalmic segment.

Reasons for parental hesitancy or refusal of childhood vaccination in Türkiye.

Background: Although vaccines play a critical role in the control of infectious diseases and disease outbreaks, vaccination rates have been declining in recent years because of vaccine hesitancy or refusal. Aims: We aimed to determine the rates and reasons for parental hesitancy or refusal of vaccination for their children in Türkiye. Method: A total of 1100 participants selected from 26 regions of Türkiye were involved in this cross-sectional study conducted between July 2020 and April 2021. Using a questionnaire, we collected data on the sociodemographic characteristics of parents, the status of vaccine hesitancy or refusal for their children, and reasons for the hesitancy or refusal. Using Excel and SPSS version 22.0, we analysed the data with chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and binomial logistic regression. Results: Only 9.4% of the participants were male and 29.5% were aged 33-37 years. Just over 11% said they were worried about childhood vaccination, mainly because of the chemicals used in manufacturing the vaccines. The level of concern was greater among those who got information about vaccines from the internet, family members, friends, TV, radio, and newspapers. Those who used complementary health services were considerably more hesitant about vaccination than those who used mainstream services. Conclusions: Parents in Türkiye have several reasons for hesitating or refusing to vaccinate their children, key among which are concerns about the chemical composition of the vaccines and their ability to trigger negative health conditions such as autism. This study used a large sample size across Türkiye, although there were differences by region, the findings would be useful in designing interventions to counter vaccine hesitancy or refusal in the country.

Evaluation of Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease After Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiop ancreatography Pancreatitis in Liver Transplant Patients: Computerized Tomography Versus Ultrasound.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common serious adverse event in liver transplant patients The average incidence has been reported as 1.3%-15.1% in prospective series. In our study, we have prospectively evaluated the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty pancreatic disease (NAFPD) after PEP via computerized tomography (CT) and determined the ratio of fatty pancreas by ultrasound imaging in liver transplant patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have retrospectively analyzed 2922 patient files, and 146 patients were indicated for ERCP. PEP was observed in 32 patients. After presenting the significant association between the NAFPD and PEP, we prospectively reached 32 patients included in the study. Ten out of those patients have been performed ultrasound with regard to NAFPD. RESULTS: PEP was defined in 32 patients in whom CT was performed to investigate NAFPD. When the patients were contacted, it was observed that 12% were deceased, 71% were alive, but 15% of them were untraceable. Ultrasound has been performed on 10 of 32 patients to determine NAFPD. There was a significant reduction in post-PEP pancreas/spleen rate compared to pre-PEP pancreas/ spleen rate (P = .001). Both the pre-PEP and post-PEP pancreas-spleen difference dropped significantly (P = .002). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound imaging could be utilized as a scanning test and an alternative to evaluate and diagnose NAFPD, particularly in risky patients.

MRI evaluation of cranial pathologies in rapidly progressive early puberty cases aged 8-9.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and distribution of intracranial pathologies in female patients between 8 and 9 years of age who were diagnosed with early puberty (rapidly progressive) through the evaluation of MRI images. Materials and methods: A total of 74 female patients diagnosed with central precocious puberty (CPP) (6-8 years) and rapidly progressive early puberty (RPEP) (8-9 years) were included in the study. The patients were categorized into two groups, normal and abnormal, based on the findings from their MRI scans. Recent literature has classified abnormal MRI findings into three groups: pathological findings, findings with a questionable relationship to CPP, and incidental findings. Furthermore, the patients were divided into four groups based on their MRI findings and whether they had CPP or RPEP : CPP (6-8 years) +Normal MRI, RPEP (8-9 years) + Normal MRI, CPP (6-8 years) +Abnormal MRI, RPEP (8-9 years) +Abnormal MRI. Results: Out of the 74 girls included in the study, 54% (n=40) showed normal MRI results, while abnormal MRI findings were detected in 46% (n = 34) of the cases. No malignant lesions were identified among cases with abnormal MRI findings. The occurrence of abnormal MRI findings was observed in 46% of the PP group and 45% of the RPEP group. Incidental findings were the most common MRI findings in both groups. The proportion of cases with pathological findings and findings with a questionable relationship to CPP was similar in both groups (p = 0.06). Basal luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration was found to be higher in the RPEP (8-9 years) +Abnormal MRI group compared to the CPP (6-8 years) +Normal MRI group (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Our study is the first to investigate MRI findings in cases of rapidly progressive early puberty in the age range of 8-9 years. Our study demonstrates that there is no difference in terms of intracranial findings between cases of precocious puberty at the age of 6-8 years and cases of rapidly progressive early puberty aged 8-9.

Evaluation of Nurses' Vaccine Hesitancy, Psychological Resilience, and Anxiety Levels During COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the vaccine hesitancy, psychological resilience, and anxiety levels of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 676 nurses working at the survey time. Sociodemographic features, the status of hesitancy against the COVID-19 vaccine, the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, and the Brief Resilience Scale were used in the questionnaire form to collect the data. RESULTS: Most participants (68.6%; n=464) stated they were hesitant about the COVID-19 vaccine. A sig- nificantly higher rate of hesitancy was detected in the age group of 20-39 years, those who did not have COVID-19 vaccine, and those who did not think the COVID-19 vaccine is protective (P < .05). It was determined that 6.8% (n=46) of the nurses had COVID-19 anxiety. A significantly higher rate of anxiety was detected in the age group of 40 years and older, those working in the emergency department, and those working in the COVID-19 unit during the pandemic period (P < .05). The median Brief Resilience Scale score of nurses is 19(6). A negative, weak, and significant relationship was found between the Brief Resilience Scale and Coronavirus Anxiety Scale scores (P = .001). CONCLUSION: During the pandemic, higher rates of anxiety were detected in healthcare personnel and those working in COVID-19 units. It was also found that as the level of anxiety increased, the level of psychological resilience decreased. To reduce the anxiety level and strengthen the psychological resilience of nurses, the cornerstones of the health system, fast, effective, and curative interventions should be made.

Evaluation of Vaccine Hesitancy and Anxiety Levels among Hospital Cleaning Staff and Caregivers during COVID-19 Pandemic.

It is important to vaccinate individuals working in the field of health who are more at risk compared to society during the pandemic period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vaccine hesitancy and anxiety levels of hospital cleaning staff and caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic. This descriptive type cross-sectional study was conducted with 460 hospital cleaning staff and caregivers. Demographic and social characteristics form, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), and Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS) adapted to the pandemic were used in the questionnaire form used to collect the data of the study. It was determined that the rates of hesitation against the COVID-19 vaccine and childhood vaccine were 42.2% (n = 194) and 10.9% (n = 50), respectively. Less than half of the participants (44.6%) believe that the COVID-19 vaccine is protective. COVID-19 anxiety (CAS score ≥ 9 point) was detected in 19.6% of participants and statistically significant differences were found between patients with (n = 90) and without (n = 370) anxiety regarding gender (p < 0.001), working unit (p = 0.002), vaccination status (p = 0.023) and history of psychological disease (p = 0.023). It has been shown that the VHS-total scores of those who are not vaccinated, those who are hesitant about vaccination, those who do not think that the vaccine is protective, and those who state that there is no need for a legal obligation in vaccination are higher. When participants were asked about the most anxious situation during the COVID-19 period, the highest response rate was 62.4% for my parents' exposure to COVID-19. The most anxious situation among participants is their parents' exposure to COVID-19. Although participants are highly vaccinated, they have serious hesitancy about the COVID-19 vaccine. This study also showed that there was a parallel relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and vaccine hesitancy.

Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of Inonu University faculty members regarding childhood vaccine refusal.

INTRODUCTION: Although there is a lot of scientific evidence that the benefits of vaccines outweigh their risks, hesitancy about the safety of vaccines can occur in every segment of the community. In this study, we aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and associated factors of vaccine hesitancy among Inonu University faculty members regarding childhood vaccinations. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study, and 258 faculty members were included in the study. The questionnaire used in the study explored the sociodemographic characteristics of the faculty members and their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding childhood vaccination. A chi-square test and a fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the faculty members, 31.8% were hesitant about childhood vaccines, 51.9% stated that there were studies reporting the side effects of vaccines, 48.1% did not agree with giving booster doses of vaccines, 35.7% stated that vaccines could cause autism due to the chemicals contained in the vaccines. The most important information sources of university faculty regarding childhood vaccines members are scientific publications and health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Faculty members level of hesitancy about vaccines was high and since health professionals and scientific articles are the most important information sources of faculty members, misinformation here may affect their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about vaccination.

Knowledge and behaviors of nurses working at Inonu University Turgut Ozal Medical Center on childhood vaccine refusal.

Among 10 global problems of 2019 determined by the World Health Organization, vaccine refusal was one of the problems mentioned. In this context, health services and health personnel whose main objectives are to keep individuals healthy and to prevent diseases have major responsibilities. This study aims to analyze knowledge and behavior of nurses working at Inonu University Turgut Ozal Medical Center on childhood vaccine refusal.This study, conducted between June and July 2019, is a descriptive cross-sectional study. It was conducted in a hospital located in Malatya in eastern Turkey. At the time of the study, 850 nurses work in this hospital. Sample size was calculated to be 263 at a confidence interval of 95% and strength of 80%. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used in statistical analyses.In the present study, 31.7% of the participating nurses stated that they had concerns about childhood vaccines. Two-thirds of nurses stated that their knowledge on vaccines was from their education. The level of hesitance in those agreeing to the fact that vaccines caused autism and infertility, those stating that they did not trust vaccine-producing companies, and those stating that catching the disease was a better immunization method than vaccination was significantly higher than those not agreeing to these and those who were indecisive (p < .05).One-third of nurses was proven to have hesitance on childhood vaccines, and this rate is rather high. Nurses, being both health personnel and the communication channel for guiding parents, should be provided necessary training and practices in order to ease their hesitance on vaccination.

A histopathological and stereological study of the effects of acetylsalicylic acid on doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anthracycline antibiotic with antineoplastic activity. Acetylsalicylic acid (Asa) is recommended for use as a prophylactic for thromboembolism during treatment of cancers. We investigated liver toxicity due to combined use of Dox and Asa in chemotherapy regimens. We used 140 Swiss albino mice divided into four main groups: control, Dox, Asa, and Dox + Asa. Each group was subdivided into seven subgroups based on time of sacrifice, i.e., 6, 12, 24, 48 h and 7, 14, 21 days. Quantitative and histopathological changes in liver were assessed by light microscopy and stereology. The portal triad area of the Dox and Dox + Asa groups was increased significantly compared to controls at 6 h, whereas in the Asa group, the means were similar to controls. Assessment of histopathology indicated an increased time-dependent degeneration and necrosis of liver tissues in mice in the Dox and Dox + Asa groups. The protective effects of Asa were not evident in Dox + Asa group. When Dox and Asa were administered together, degenerative changes were greater than for in the group that was given Dox alone. We found that Asa and Dox combined therapy increased tissue damage.

Attitudes, awareness, and knowledge levels of the Turkish adult population toward organ donation: Study of a nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: The most important factors affecting attitudes on organ donation are socioeconomic, educational, cultural, and religious factors in many countries. AIM: To evaluate the attitudes, awareness, and knowledge levels of the Turkish adult population toward organ donation. METHODS: This nationwide study surveyed 3000 adults (≥ 18 years) in Turkey. To ensure a representative sample, the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics-II (modified for Turkey) was used. Turkey was divided into 26 regions based on social, economic, and geographic criteria as identified by the Turkish Statistical Institute. A stratified sampling method was used with an even distribution of adults across cities and towns based on population data. Data were collected by the PRP Research and Consultancy Company using computer-assisted personal interviews. RESULTS: Out of 3000 individuals represented in the study population, 1465 (48.8%) were male and 1535 (51.2%) female. The results showed that most participants were under 45 years (59.0%) and married (72.1%), some had a bachelor's degree or higher (21.9%), and very few (1.5%) had any direct experience with organ transplantation - whether in the family, or a family member on a transplantation waiting list. Most of the study population (88.3%) had not considered donating an organ, however, most (87.9%) said that they would accept an organ from a donor if they needed one. Among the individuals surveyed, 67% were willing to donate an organ to a close relative, while 26.8% would donate an organ to an unrelated person. Only 47.2% said they had adequate information about brain death, and 85.2% refused to consent to donating organs of family members declared brain dead. Only 33.9% thought they had adequate information about organ donation. The main source of information was the television. The two main reasons for refusing organ donation were that it was too soon to think about organ donation and the importance of retaining the integrity of the dead person's body. CONCLUSION: This study showed that Turkey's adult population has inadequate knowledge about organ donation. The study advocates for public education programs to increase awareness among the general population about legislation related to organ donation.

Stereological examination of curcumin's effects on hippocampal damage caused by the anti-epileptic drugs phenobarbital and valproic acid in the developing rat brain.

The anti-epileptic drugs phenobarbital and valproic acid have an extremely strong negative effect on cognitive processes such as learning and memory in the developing brain. We examined whether or not curcumin has protective effects on neuronal injury caused by these drugs in the developing rat brain. Young male Wistar rats were studied in two groups, a 7 days old and a 14 days old group (35 rats in each). Both groups were then divided into 7 sub-groups as the control, curcumin, dimethylsulfoxide, phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenobarbital + curcumin, and valproic acid + curcumin groups (n = 5 in each group). At 24 h after the intraperitoneal injection of the compounds, the rats were sacrificed, and the hippocampal tissue was subjected to stereological analysis with the optical fractionation method. Total numbers of neurons in the hippocampus of the 7 days old and 14 days old rats were calculated. It was found that treatment with phenobarbital resulted in a loss of 43% of the neurons, and valproic acid induced a loss of 57% of the neurons in the 7 days old rats. Curcumin prevented this loss significantly with only 19% in the phenobarbital group and 41% in the valproic acid group. In the 14 days old rat groups, phenobarbital was found to reduce the number of neurons by 30%, and valproic acid reduced it by 38%. Curcumin treatment limited neuronal loss to 3% in the phenobarbital + curcumin group and 10% in the valproic acid + curcumin group. These data strongly indicate that curcumin is a protective agent and prevents hippocampal neuronal damage induced by phenobarbital and valproic acid treatment.

Euthanasia: the concept and the situation in Turkey.

This paper gives a brief conceptual and historical overview of euthanasia. These are supplemented by considerations of the attitudes to euthanasia and assisted suicide in Turkey. At present, euthanasia is neither accepted nor authorised in Turkey. This is due both to deontological and legal reasons. It is also not regarded positively by the general public.