The efficacy of nebulized salbutamol, magnesium sulfate, and salbutamol/magnesium sulfate combination in moderate bronchiolitis.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this paper is to compare the effect of nebulized magnesium sulfate to nebulized salbutamol and salbutamol/magnesium sulfate on successful discharge from the emergency department. A total of 56 infants were included in this double-blinded, prospective study. Infants were grouped according to the nebulized treatment they received: group 1-salbutamol/normal saline, group 2-magnesium sulfate and normal saline, and group 3-salbutamol plus magnesium sulfate. Heart beat, bronchiolitis, clinical severity scores (CSS), and oxygen saturation of the patients were determined before and after nebulization (0, 1, 4 h). The patients were monitored for adverse reactions. Post-treatment mean CSS results were significantly lower than pre-treatment scores in all groups at 4 h with no significant difference within groups. CSS scores were lower in the salbutamol/magnesium sulfate group when compared with the magnesium sulfate and salbutamol groups (3.4 (2.4-4.3), 4.7 (3.8-5.7), 4.0 (3.2-4.3)). CSS were significantly lower than those from the magnesium sulfate group. CONCLUSION: Nebulized magnesium sulfate plus salbutamol may have additive effects for improving the short-term CSS.

Adherence to medical treatment for Wilson's disease in children and adolescents: a cohort study from Turkey.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess medication adherence and demographic, clinical, and psychopathological parameters such as quality of life, depression, and anxiety levels that can affect pediatrics with Wilson's Disease (WD). METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted at an outpatient clinic in Turkey among pediatric patients (2 to 18 years) with WD between November 2022 and April 2023. The Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5) as a subjective and Medication Possession Ratio (MPR) as an objective assessment were scored. Physical, genetic and biochemical parameters, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) for both parents and patients, Childhood Depression Inventory, State Trait Anxiety Inventory were also administered. RESULTS: A total of 30 pediatric outpatients who were prescribed D-penicillamine (n = 27) or trientine (n = 3) as chelators and zinc (n = 29) and pyridoxine (n = 19) as supplements were included. Proteinuria (n = 3), skin rash (n = 2), and gastrointestinal upset (n = 2) were observed. When the correlation between MARS-5 and duration of follow-up was examined, a significant negative correlation was found (p = 0.014). According to MPRs, non-adherence rates (missed doses ≥ 20%) were 29.6%, 17.2% and 5.3% for D-penicillamine, zinc and pyridoxine, respectively. PedsQL scores were higher than those of parents, with a positive correlation between them (p < 0.001). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between PedsQL and State Anxiety Inventory (p < 0.001). Comparing the change in urinary copper levels between different levels of treatment knowledge, significant differences were observed between high- and low levels (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, nonadherence rates were 23.3% based on MARS-5 and 5.3-29.6% based on MPR. It is essential to consider factors such as the duration of follow-up, biochemical parameters, treatment knowledge, quality of life and anxiety as potential influencers of medication adherence.

Magnetic resonance elastography in evaluation of liver fibrosis in children with chronic liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has been used to stage liver fibrosis in adults. We aimed to assess the agreement between the Ishak scoring system and magnetic resonance elastography-measured liver stiffness (MRE-LS) in children. This study included all the children who underwent abdominal MRE and liver biopsies between February 2018 and January 2021. The correlation between MRE-LS and Ishak fibrosis stage, MRE parameters, and clinical and biochemical markers affecting this relationship was investigated. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients (31 male; a median age of 11.8 years) were included in the study. The MRE-LS values were significantly different between Ishak fibrosis stages (p = 0.036). With a cut-off value of 2.97 kilopascals, MRE-LS had sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy values of 90.9%, 82.9%, 58.8%, 97.1%, and 84.6%, respectively, for differentiating mild/moderate fibrosis (F0, 1, 2, 3) from severe fibrosis (F ≥ 4). Although MRE-LS was moderately correlated with Ishak fibrosis score and histological activity index and weakly correlated with aspartate aminotransferase, hepatic steatosis, and R2*, only Ishak fibrosis score was a significant predictor of MRE-LS. MRE-measured spleen stiffness was weakly correlated with the Ishak fibrosis score. CONCLUSIONS: MRE has high sensitivity and specificity for evaluating liver fibrosis in children. MRE may be used to evaluate liver fibrosis in pediatric patients.

Serum levels of soluble HLA-G correlate with disease activity in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease.

Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, a member of the HLA family, is crucial for fetomaternal tolerance. Transmembrane or circulating/soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) is elevated in autoimmune conditions and the tumor microenvironment. Circulating sHLA-G levels and their association with disease activity have not yet been assessed in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aimed to quantify the serum sHLA-G levels of pediatric patients with IBD and assess the association of serum sHLA-G with disease activity. Methods: : We enrolled 24 pediatric IBD patients Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), n = 12 each] and 24 healthy controls. Based on the disease activity index, five and seven of the CD patients had mild and moderate/severe disease, respectively, whereas six of the UC patients were in remission and six had mild disease. Serum was collected and sHLA-G levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: : Pediatric patients with CD had significantly higher sHLA-G levels compared with patients with UC and healthy controls. Notably, serum sHLA-G levels were significantly higher in patients with moderate/severe CD than in those with mild CD. Conclusions: : Serum sHLA-G levels correlate with disease activity in pediatric patients with CD and are higher in CD patients than in UC patients. Thus, sHLA-G is a potential biomarker for disease activity in CD.

A very rare cause of protein losing enteropathy: Gaucher disease.

BACKGROUND: Mesenteric lymphadenopathy is a rare manifestation of Gaucher disease (GD) in children and can be accompanied by protein losing enteropathy (PLE). PLE is a difficult-to-treat complication of GD. To date, only a few pediatric GD cases with PLE and massive mesenteric lymphadenopathies have been reported. CASE: Here, we report a girl with chronic neuronopathic GD, whose disease course was complicated by massive mesenteric lymphadenopathies with resultant protein losing enteropathy despite a regular and appropriate enzyme replacement therapy of 60 IU/kg/biweekly until the development of mesenteric lymphadenopathies and 120 IU/kg/biweekly thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: PLE is a devastating and life threatening complication of GD developing despite long term use of high dose ERT. Clinicians should be alert for this complication particularly in GD patients presenting with progressive abdominal distension, edema, ascites and diarrhea or in patients who have already developed mesenteric lymphadenopathies. Timely diagnosis may allow early intervention with previously suggested surgical or medical treatment options. Although there is no specific and effective treatment, surgical and aggressive medical interventions in addition to ERT were reported to relieve diarrhea and halt progression of mesenteric lymphadenopathies.

Retrospective Evaluation of Hepatitis C Awareness in Turkey Through Two Decades.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is the only viral infection that can be treated with oral antiviral agents. However, CHC awareness is a major barrier to the World Health Organization's target of eliminating hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030. Here, CHC awareness trends were analyzed in Hacettepe University Hospital, Turkey, between January 2000 and December 2017. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Central laboratory data were retrospectively analyzed for HCV test results (anti-HCV, HCV RNA, HCV genotype). After combining 548,141 anti-HCV test results, 395,103 cases were analyzed. The following two parameters were defined for CHC awareness: (1) the presence of HCV RNA results for anti-HCV positives and (2) the presence of a genotype result for HCV RNA positives. RESULTS: Anti-HCV positives were older than negatives (mean age-years ± SD, 59.4 ± 19.0 vs. 44.0 ± 18.9), and the positivity rate was higher in women than in men (1.4% vs. 1.0%). Anti-HCV positivity decreased from 3.1% to 0.6% from 2000 to 2015 and subsequently stabilized. The overall percentage of RNA testing among anti-HCV positives was 53.1% (range, 20%-70%), which stabilized at approximately 50% after 2010. The genotyping rate for RNA positives varied between 40% and 70%. The main genotype identified was genotype 1 (85.7%). CONCLUSION: In an ideal CHC awareness state, all anti-HCV positives should undergo RNA testing, and genotyping should be performed when RNA tests are positive. However, even in our referral center, the combined rate of RNA and genotype testing was only approximately 50% during the last 10 years.

SLC26A3 mutation in Turkish neonate and her sibling with congenital chloride diarrhea.

Congenital chloride diarrhea is a rare cause of severe infantile diarrhea with excessive chloride excretion. Mutations in the SLC26A3 gene cause congenital chloride diarrhea. It generally becomes apparent in the neonatal period and is characterized by electrolyte imbalances, metabolic alkalosis, and failure to thrive. The diagnosis of congenital chloride diarrhea is based on detecting excessive chloride in the stool (90 mmol/L). We report a Turkish neonate with congenital chloride diarrhea whose sibling had the same disease. The newborn was born by cesarean delivery. Diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss started soon after birth. She was diagnosed as having congenital chloride diarrhea based on its typical clinical signs and a high concentration of stool chloride and was confirmed by genetic analysis. She was treated by means of salt supplementations and lansoprazole. Family history may play an important role in the early diagnosis because the disease is inherited autosomal recessively.