Taurine attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation in rats.

PURPOSE: Taurine, the major intracellular free amino acid found in high concentrations in mammalian cells, is known to be an endogenous antioxidant and a membrane-stabilizing agent. It was hypothesized that taurine may be effective in reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation and an experimental study was conducted in a rat model. METHODS: The number of Sprague-Dawley rats used in the study was 35. Animals were randomized into five groups of 7 rats each, including control, donor I, donor II, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and treatment groups. All animals were exposed to the same experimental conditions in the preoperative period. Rats were fixed in a supine position after the induction. After the rats were shaved, a left pneumonectomy was performed following sternotomy in control, donor I, and donor II groups. The harvested grafts in donor I and donor II groups were transplanted to the rats of the ischemia-reperfusion group and treatment group, respectively. However, taurine was administered intraperitoneally for 3 days before the harvesting procedure in donor II. All harvested lungs were kept in a Euro-Collins solution at +4 °C for 24 h in a half-inflated manner. After harvesting and transplantation, lungs were sampled for histopathological and biochemical analysis. RESULTS: Malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase levels were lower in the treatment group than the other groups (p < 0.05). Histopathological findings were better in treatment group than the ischemia-reperfusion group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It was demonstrated that donor treatment with taurine resulted in preservation of transplanted lung tissue in respect to histopathological and biochemical findings.

Transthoracic robotic plication for diaphragmatic elevation.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of transthoracic robot-assisted surgery for diaphragmatic plication and to describe our surgical approach in detail. Methods: Between January 2014 and January 2020, a total of 13 patients (11 males, 2 females; median age: 55 years; range, 24 to 70 years) who underwent diaphragmatic plication with the robotic system were retrospectively analyzed. The changes in the Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, body mass index, and quality of life scale scores of the patients before the operation and at the first year of follow-up were examined. Results: Twelve of the operations were performed on the left side. The median pre- and postoperative Medical Research Council dyspnea scores were 2 (range, 1 to 4) and 1 (range, 1 to 4), respectively, indicating a statistically significant improvement (p=0.008). A significant improvement was detected in the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec of the patients in the first year after surgery (p=0.036). In terms of quality of life parameters, only, in the physical health subscale, the scores were statistically significantly different in the pre- and postoperative first-year follow-up (p=0.002). Median time to chest tube removal was 1 (range 1-5, IQR=0,5) days. Median total length of hospital stay was 2 (range 2-18, IQR=3) days. Conclusion: Owing to its technical dexterity, the robot enables the plication to be performed easily and safely. Late improvement in respiratory functions is reflected in quality of life.

Reconstruction of large chest wall defects using three-dimensional custom-made implant technology.

It is a challenging issue for thoracic surgeons to repair and reconstruct large defects after chest wall resection without disturbing pulmonary functions. Currently, it is possible to produce nearly the same prosthesis anatomically as the original with the three-dimensional printer technology. Titanium-alloy prostheses produced with the three-dimensional prototyping technology by selective laser sintering technique meet the sensitive needs of reconstruction without impairing the functionality of the tissue. This custom-made titanium prostheses can be used for this purpose safely and effectively as a good alternative.

Demographic characteristics of pectus deformities across Turkey.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the demographic characteristics and familial inheritance of pectus deformities across Turkey. METHODS: Demographic characteristics of a total of 5,098 patients (5,028 males, 70 females, mean age 23.6 years; range, 1 to 56 years) with pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum admitted to our outpatient clinic between January 1996 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The distribution of the patients across the country was made according to seven regions and 81 provinces. Familial inheritance was investigated using patients" data obtained from the clinical records and telephone calls. RESULTS: Of all patients, 3,330 (65.3%) had pectus excavatum and 1,768 (34.7%) had pectus carinatum deformity with a pectus excavatum-to-pectus carinatum ratio of 1/1.9. In the Southeast Anatolia region, the rate of pectus excavatum was lower than the overall average and higher in the Marmara region (p=0.009 and p=0.037, respectively). In the Southeast Anatolia region, the rate of pectus carinatum was higher than the general average and lower in the Marmara region (p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). Kastamonu, Çankiri, Karabük, and Sinop were the most common provinces for pectus deformity cases. Family history was positive in 39% of pectus excavatum and 43% of pectus carinatum patients. All regions showed a similar distribution in terms of the presence of family history. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to report the distribution of pectus deformities in Turkey and the high frequency of pectus deformities in certain regions and provinces of Turkey indicates familial inheritance.

Negative pressure wound closure system for giant thoracic defect closure in a patient with completely visible pericardium: A case report.

Negative pressure wound closure system facilitates wound closure via wound contraction. In this article, we report a successful application of thoracic negative pressure wound closure system to fill the thoracic defect, control infection, and expand the lung in a 35-year-old male patient with threerib defect, lung parenchyma injury, empyema, left complete pneumothorax, and visible pericardium after gunshot injury. The excellent result obtained in our patient demonstrates that negative pressure wound closure system is a good choice for treating high-energy thoracic injuries by reducing wound infection and enabling early wound closure.

BRAF Inhibitors for BRAF V600E Mutant Colorectal Cancers: Literature Survey and Case Report.

The main method of fighting against colon cancer is targeted treatment. BRAF inhibitors, which are accepted as standard treatment for V600E mutant malign melanomas, are the newest approach for targeted treatment of V600E mutant colorectal cancers. In this case report, we share our experience about the use of BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib on a V600E mutant metastatic right colon adenocarcinoma patient. A 59-year-old male with only lung multiple metastatic V600E mutant right colon cancer presented to our clinic. The patient was evaluated and FOLFOX + bevacizumab treatment was initiated, which was then continued with vemurafenib. A remarkable response was achieved with vemurafenib treatment in which the drug resistance occurred approximately in the sixth month. Even though the patient benefited majorly from vemurafenib, he died on the 20th month of the diagnosis. The expected overall survival for metastatic V600E mutant colon adenocarcinoma patients is 4.7 months. BRAF inhibitors provide new treatment alternatives for V600E mutant colorectal cancers, with prolonged overall survival. BRAF inhibitors in combination with MEK inhibitors are reported as feasible treatment to overcome BRAF inhibitor drug resistance on which phase studies are still in progress. To conclude, BRAF inhibitors alone or in combination with other drugs provide a chance for curing BRAF V600E mutant colorectal cancer patients.

Bronchial artery embolization: experience with 10 cases.

PURPOSE: To report our experience with 10 cases of bronchial artery embolization (BAE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 18 cases (11 men and 7 women between 21 and 81 years of age, average 52 years), whose massive hemoptyses could not be controlled with conservative and bronchoscopic methods and were sent to the digital subtraction angiography unit between August 2002 and May 2004. Of these 18 cases, BAE was performed in 10 (7 men and 3 women between 21 and 78 years of age, average 54.2 years). An aortogram with a 5F pigtail catheter and a selective bronchial angiogram with a 4F glide Cobra (C2) catheter was obtained in every case. The same C2 catheters that had been used for bronchial angiography were also used for BAE in 7 cases. Hydrophilic microcatheters were additionally needed for BAE in the other 3 cases. Particles > 250 microns (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA], Embosphere microspheres), mechanical coils, or a combination of both were used for BAE. RESULTS: The etiologies of 10 cases in which BAE was performed were tuberculosis (n=3), sarcoidosis (n=3), bronchiectasis (n=2), and malignancy (n=2). Arterial bronchial pathology was also seen in the non-selective angiographic studies of 4 of the 10 BAE cases. Hemoptysis was controlled in all BAE cases in the first session. Recurrences were observed in 2 cases that were embolized with only mechanical coils during the first month follow-up and hemoptysis was again controlled with microparticle embolization with Embosphere microspheres. All 10 cases were followed- up for 1-21 months (average, 8 months). CONCLUSION: Non-selective angiographic examination alone, is not sufficient enough to detect the vascular pathology causing a massive hemoptysis. A selective study must be performed in every case. The cost of angiography can be lowered by using the same 4F glide C2 catheter for BAE. It may not be safe to use only mechanical coils in BAE cases. There is a need for studying additional cases to have more definitive conclusions.

Repair of pectus deformities: experience and outcome in 317 cases.

BACKGROUND: The most common congenital chest wall deformities are pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum. Various techniques have been described for correction of pectus deformities. We describe our experience with surgical repair of pectus deformity (PD) in adults, including our new technique, which uses a resorbable plaque for fixation of the sternum. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 317 patients who underwent surgical correction of PD between October 1997 and December 2005. RESULTS: All of the patients were male and the median age was 21.3 years (range, 16-32 years). Of 317 patients, the type of deformity was a pectus excavatum in 230 patients and a pectus carinatum in 87 of the patients. Four different operative techniques were used. There were no intraoperative deaths or major perioperative morbidity. The complications rate was 17%. Overall mean hospital stay was 14.25 days. In 208 patients who underwent a mid-term outpatient follow up (mean, 8 months), there was no recurrence. Patient satisfaction was excellent in 234 patients, good in 79 patients and fair in 4 patients. CONCLUSION: The majority of patients with pectus deformity had been operated on during childhood; therefore there is limited published information about the correction of pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum deformities in adults. The most important point in pectus correction is to achieve proper and long-term stability of the sternum following osteotomy. Various techniques can be used for this purpose.

Is there any superiority among diagnostic methods in organizing pneumonia in terms of clinical features of the patients?

BACKGROUND: Organizing pneumonia (OP) can be idiopathic or secondary to some clinical situations. If an etiological cause is not present, this phenomenon is called cryptogenic OP. Secondary OP is associated with various diseases that are known to induce the OP. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of the cases with OP and compare the patients diagnosed by bronchoscopic transbronchial biopsy with patients diagnosed by surgical lung biopsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medical records of 41 patients diagnosed with OP between 2004 and 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Totally, 41 patients with OP were identified. In all, 39.02% of the cases were diagnosed by bronchoscopic methods, and 60.97% of the cases were diagnosed by surgical procedures. Although the frequency of ground glass opacities, consolidations, and micronodules was higher in the group diagnosed by bronchoscopy, mass-like lesions were more common in the cases diagnosed by surgery. Bronchoscopy, performed in 30 patients totally, had a diagnostic efficacy of 53.33%. Diagnostic value of bronchoscopy was significantly higher in cryptogenic OPs. Although diffuse radiological pattern was more common in "successful bronchoscopy" group, frequency of focal pattern was higher in "failed bronchoscopy" group. Ground glass opacity in successful bronchoscopy group and mass-like lesions in failed bronchoscopy group reached significant differences. CONCLUSION: There were significant differences between the diagnostic procedures in terms of radiological patterns. This is the first study about the relationship between the diagnostic methods and the characteristics of OP.

Treatment of compensatory hyperhidrosis of the trunk with radiofrequency ablation.

OBJECTIVES: Although Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathectomy is a widely accepted treatment method for patients with palmar hyperhidrosis, compensatory hyperhidrosis of the trunk remains a challenging side effect of the procedure. No satisfactory treatment options for this side effect were available until now. In this study, we aimed to define a new procedure for the treatment of compensatory hyperhidrosis of the trunk. METHODS: A total of 10 patients admitted our institution for the treatment of compensatory hyperhidrosis of the trunk were enrolled in the study between November 2010 and January 2012 in a prospective manner. Sympathetic blockage was achieved via radiofrequency thermo-ablation technique. The results of treatment were evaluated via telephone calls. RESULTS: Ten patients (2 females, 8 males) underwent radiofrequency thermo-ablation of T6 sympathetic ganglion for compensatory hyperhidrosis of the trunk. The mean age was 29.2 years and the median duration of symptom was 10.5 months. The median follow-up period was 14 months. Six of ten patients (60%) were treated successfully. There was no procedure related complication. CONCLUSION: The radiofrequency treatment for patients with compensatory hyperhidrosis of the trunk is an alternative option with promising results.

Surgical management of bronchiectasis: analysis and short-term results in 238 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Bronchiectasis is defined permanent dilatations of bronchi with destruction of the bronchial wall. It is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The aim of this retrospective study is to present our surgical experiences, the early and long-term results of 238 patients with bronchiectasis during a 10-year period. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 238 patients who underwent surgical resection for bronchiectasis between January 1992 and December 2001, at Gülhane Military Medical Academy (GMMA) Thoracic Surgery Department. Variables of age, sex, symptoms, etiology, and type of operation, mortality, morbidity and the result of surgical therapy were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 205 (86.13%) male and 33 (13.87%) female patients with an average age of 23.7 and a range of 15-48 years. The presenting symptoms were productive cough in 133 (55.88%), fetid sputum in 116 (48.73%), recurrent infections in 84 (35.29%), and hemoptysis in 39 (12.18%) patients. The disease was bilateral in 31 patients (13.02%) and mainly confined to the lower lobes in 162 (68.06%). The surgical treatment was as follows: pneumonectomy in 13 patients (5.46%), lobectomy in 189 (79.40%), lobectomy+segmentectomy in 31 (13.02%), and wedge resection or segmentectomy in five (2.1%). Staged bilateral thoracotomy was used in 14 patients. There was no operative mortality. Complications occurred in 21 patients and the morbidity rate was 8.82%. Complete resection was achieved in 154 (64.7%) patients. Follow-up data were obtained for 229 (96.21%) of the patients. Nine patients were lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up of these patients was 9 months (range, 3 months to 4 years). The symptoms disappeared in 189 patients (79.41%) and 29 patients (12.18%) had improved, whereas 11 patients (4.62%) had no improvement. Significantly better results were obtained in patients who had undergone a complete resection. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection for bronchiectasis can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality at any age. The involved bronchiectatic sites should be resected completely for the optimum control of symptoms.

A new target of percutaneus sympathic radiofrequency thermocoagulation for treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis: T4.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperhidrosis is thought to result from a functional impairment of the sympathic nervous system. In this study, percutaneous T4 sympathic radiofrequency (RF) thermocoagulation was used to treat palmar hyperhidrosis which does not respond to conservative treatment. The results were evaluated in terms of safety, efficiency and patient satisfaction. METHODS: In this study, 15 patients aged 16-48 years were retrospectively evaluated from prior records. Patient satisfaction scores (very satisfied, satisfied, not satisfied), after treatment of the hand condition (dry, mild dry, no improvement), and whether the most common complication and most patients expressed by the compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH) degree (none, mild, moderate, severe) were analyzed. RESULTS: No complications were observed except a coughing crisis that lasted for 2 hours in one patient, transient bradycardia in 1 patient and transient injection site pain in all cases. Two patients 1 per week and three patients 1, 2 and 6 months developed recurrence. CONCLUSION: Sympathic T4 ablation with RF thermocoagulation was found to have long term (6 months) patient satisfaction (80%). It was also effective in reducing the hand sweating (80% dry or mild dry). The CH rate was 27%. According to our results, sympathic T4 ablation with RF thermocoagulation is a safe and effective treatment with a high degree of patient satisfaction.

Effect of radiofrequency ablation and comparison with surgical sympathectomy in palmar hyperhidrosis.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperhidrosis is a the disorder of excessive sweating in certain regions of the body. It is usually treated with surgical sympathectomy. Radiofrequency therapy has been successfully used for sympatholysis. We tested the primary hypothesis that radiofrequency therapy is independently associated with decreased palmar hyperhidrosis and compared results for patients receiving this treatment with patients who underwent surgical sympathectomy. METHODS: We included all the patients undergoing treatment for hyperhidrosis between March 2010 and April 2012. Patients who underwent either surgical sympathectomy or radiofrequency ablation for palmar hyperhidrosis were included and analysed. The outcomes studied included complications, success of the procedure, patient satisfaction with their procedure and compensatory hyperhidrosis. RESULTS: There were 94 patients who met our criteria, of whom 46 (49%) had surgical sympathectomy and 48 (51%) had radiofrequency ablation performed. Radiofrequency had a success rate of 75% in treating hyperhidrosis, but this was found to be statistically lower than for surgical sympathectomy (95%; P < 0.01). The groups were similar regarding patient satisfaction (P = 0.26) and compensatory hyperhidrosis (P = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first clinical study to evaluate the role of radiofrequency ablation and compare it with the surgical treatment option for palmar hyperhidrosis. Radiofrequency ablation significantly decreased hyperhidrosis, but it had a lower success rate than surgical sympathectomy.

Comparison of side effects of oxytetracycline and talc pleurodesis: an experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Chemical pleurodesis is widely recommended in the treatment of refractory pleural effusion or pulmonary air leak of different etiologies. Although several agents have been used, many questions have remained unanswered about their toxicity. Talc is the most commonly used agent for the treatment, with rare, serious complications reported. Oxytetracycline pleurodesis in clinical practice has been described in a few studies, but literature reveals no experimental studies using this agent. We performed a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded, controlled study to evaluate the changes in lung histology and systemic response to pleurodesis with oxytetracycline and talc in acute and subacute phases in a rat model. METHODS: Forty-two male albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups and 3 subgroups with 7 animals in each. Group 1 was given oxytetracycline, 35 mg/kg; Group 2 was given talc slurry, 60 mg/kg in 0.5 mL saline solution, and Group 3 was given only 0.5 mL saline intrapleurally. In subgroups "a" the nimls were sacrificed at the postoperative 72nd hour and, in subgroups "b", on the postoperative day 7. The surfaces were graded by microscopic examination. RESULTS: Oxytetracycline produced alveolar collapse, hemorrhage, edema, inflammation at the postoperative 72nd hour and hemorrhage on the postoperative day 7, while talc produced significant edema, inflammation, proliferation, fibrosis at the postoperative 72nd hour and hemorrhage, edema, inflammation, proliferation, and fibrosis on the postoperative day 7 (p < 0.0042). Talc produced significant edema compared to oxytetracycline on the postoperative day 7. On contralateral side, oxytetracycline and talc produced significant hemorrhage on the postoperative day 7 (p < 0.0042). CONCLUSIONS: Both agents were shown to produce pulmonary lesions. In acute phase, the pulmonary side effects of oxytetracycline were more pronounced, whereas the side effects of talc were prolonged to subacute phase. We propose that the occasional side effects in humans may be related to these changes as were observed in our rat model, and like talc, oxytetracycline must be used cautiously in patients with limited respiratory function.

Surgical management of chest wall tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis remains one of the most fatal diseases in the world. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis increases in parallel fashion with the rise of incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis of the chest wall is rare. METHODS: Our study retrospectively evaluated 10 patients with tuberculosis of the chest wall who were treated with surgery in addition to antituberculous chemotherapy in the last 8 years. Seven of the lesions were located on the anterior chest wall, and three of the lesions were on the lateral chest wall. RESULTS: Surgical therapy consisted of evacuation of the cold abscess material from the cavities and wide débridement of the soft tissue planes in all patients. Partial rib resections were performed in six patients owing to costal or chondral involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Chest wall tuberculosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of chest wall lesions, especially in endemic areas.

Pulmonary sequestration and surgical treatment.

Pulmonary sequestration is nonfunctioning, abnormal pulmonary tissue existing inside or outside the visceral pleura. It is not connected to the tracheobronchial tree. In this study, the results of 8 patients, who were diagnosed with pulmonary sequestration and treated during hospitalization in Gülhane Military Medical Academy between 1996 and 2003, were reported. Sex, age, symptoms, diagnostic approach, operative findings, procedures and postoperative outcomes were reviewed. No postoperative complications were seen. In the long-term follow-up all patients were seen to be asymptomatic. We believe surgical resection is mandatory in order to avoid infection and destruction of the normal pulmonary parenchyma even in asymptomatic cases. Furthermore, when infection occurs, major resection such as lobectomy may be necessary rather than segmentectomy or wedge resection, which involves removal of minimal pulmonary parenchyma.

Increased damage from rifle wounds of the chest caused by bullets striking commonly carried military equipment.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the fragmentation effect of the bullet that passes through the radio or ammunition magazine, which are essential pieces of equipment for a soldier, in thoracic gunshot injuries. METHODS: Twelve adult pigs were used. The pigs were separated into three groups (each group contained four pigs). The first group was shot without any obstacle between muzzle and subject. The second group was shot through a cartridge magazine placed in front of the subject's thoracic cage. The third group was shot with a radio in front of the subject's thoracic cage. RESULTS: It was observed that there was a large bullet entrance and fragmentation in the pigs that were shot with a radio or magazine placed over them, and there was no fragmentation in those that were shot without any obstacle. CONCLUSION: Metal equipment that soldiers carry causes bullet fragmentation. Fragmented bullets may cause excessive tissue disruption of intrathoracic vital organs.