Force chains in monodisperse spherical particle assemblies: three-dimensional measurements using neutrons.

The full triaxial stress state within individual particles in a monodisperse spherical granular assembly has been measured. This was made possible by neutron imaging and computed tomography combined with neutron diffraction strain measurement techniques and associated stress reconstruction. The assembly in question consists of 549 precision steel ball bearings under an applied axial load of 85 MPa in a cylindrical die. Clear evidence of force chains was observed in terms of both the shape of the probability distribution function for normal stresses and the network formed by highly loaded particles. An extensive analysis of the source and magnitude of uncertainty in these measurements is also presented.

[Breast-feeding in the clinic and following discharge]. / Stillen in der Klinik und nach der Entlassung.

In 1980 we asked 491 women in childbed about their breast-feeding behaviour in the hospital and later at home. For 11,3 weeks on an average a woman supported her baby by breast-feeding, the total breast-feeding-time on an average was 20,02 weeks. The immediate breast-feeding after the delivery seems not to have such an important influence as the general breast-feeding situation in the hospital, which is influenced by the rooming-in-system and the free-demand-feeding. The parity had no influence on the intensity of breast-feeding, but women over 30 supported their children much longer by breast-feeding than younger ones. Also we found out, that women with a better school education and a higher qualified profession nursed their babies longer than other ones with a less qualified education. The way of delivery had no influence on the breast-feeding behaviour. In our region, female babies were nursed longer than male ones. We could clearly find out, that the partner influenced the breast-feeding behaviour of the young mother. The main reason for the delactation was the hypogalactia, it influenced the total breast-feeding time negatively, naturally. Those women, who were advised by their gynecologists appear to nurse a shorter time and to complain more frequently about complications. Multiparas with breast-feeding complications consulted the doctor more often than primiparas. As we think, that young mothers are fixing their breast- feeding intention already during their pregnancy, we present a model of the integration of the La Leche League in our hospital week day and also in our delivery preparation courses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Breast feeding following hospital discharge]. / Bruststillen nach der Krankenhausentlassung.

The pattern of nursing following discharge from the hospital was investigated in 491 patients during 1980. A mean total duration of nursing of 20.02 weeks and a mean complete duration of nursing of 11.3 weeks was found. Early nursing following delivery does not have as significant an influence on the intensity of nursing as the proportion of nursing during the post-partum stay in hospital. Mothers who nursed completely during their stay in hospital continued to nurse for a longer time (24.3 weeks) as women who added half formula during their stay in hospital (mean nursing time 10.8 weeks). Parity did not influence the duration of nursing. However mothers over age 30 nursed much longer than younger mothers. Also women with more education nursed longer than women with less education. The type of delivery did not have a remarkable influence on the intensity of nursing. Female infants were nursed longer than male infants. The attitude of the marital partner on nursing was important for the duration of nursing. Mothers with a partner displaying a positive attitude to nursing nursed significantly longer than mothers with partners who were indifferent or negative to nursing (comparative mean duration of nursing 20.2 weeks versus 14.2 weeks). The main reason for weaning was hypogalactia (44.2%). Women with this reason for weaning had a much shorter total duration of nursing than women in the control group. Women with their first babies more often had no counselling on nursing after discharge from the hospital than women who had several children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)