RESUMO
Grape leaves, scientifically known as Vitis vinifera, the primary by-product obtained after the processing of grapes, are gathered in enormous amounts and disposed of as agricultural waste. For more sustainable agriculture and better food systems, it is crucial to investigate these byproducts' nutritional values. The primary bioactive compounds present in grape leaves are quercetin, resveratrol, caffeic acid, kaempferol, and gallic acid, which favour pharmacological effects on human health such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective. Furthermore, grape leaves extract has been used as a functional ingredient for creating both food and non-food products. The aim of the current review is to review the nutritional and phytochemical composition of various varieties of grape leaves, their health-promoting characteristics and their applications. The study also highlights the various extraction techniques including conventional and non-conventional methods for extracting the various bioactive compounds present in grape leaves. Grape leaves bioactives can be extracted using environmentally safe and sustainable processes, which are in line with the rising demand for eco-friendly and healthful products worldwide. These methods are perfectly suited to the changing needs of both customers and industries since they lessen environmental effect, enhance product quality, and offer financial advantages.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Maternal urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) and percentage of neonates with Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) >5 mIU/L are amongst the parameters suggested for assessing adequate iodine status. OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between MUIC and neonatal TSH levels. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTINGS: Tertiary care center in Delhi, India, between November 2015 to November 2016. PARTICIPANTS: Postnatal mother-neonate dyads. METHODS: TSH levels assessed among neonatal samples were stratified as below and above 5 mIU/L. MUIC was measured in 544 mothers, 400 mother-neonate dyads with neonatal TSH levels >5 mIU/L (cases) and 144 mother-neonate newborn mother dyads with neonatal TSH <5 mIU/L (controls). RESULTS: Results: The percentage of mothers with iodine insufficiency (9.8% vs 5.6%) as well as iodine excess (54.3% vs 41.7%) were significant higher in cases than controls. Mean TSH was also higher (P=0.0002) in both the iodine deficient and iodine excess group. There was no correlation between neonatal TSH values and MUIC. CONCLUSION: Lack of correlation between neonatal TSH and MUIC is due to iodine excess together with iodine deficiency.