Mismatch between self-reported quality of life and functional assessment in acute mania: a matter of unawareness of illness?

BACKGROUND: Studies addressing self-reported quality of life (QoL) in acute mania are scarce and inconsistent. While it has been suggested that there is some disagreement between objective measures and subjective QoL as reported by acutely manic patients, this issue has not been systematically studied. This study aims to investigate the self-reported QoL in manic, depressed, and euthymic BD subjects, as compared to matched healthy controls. METHODS: One-hundred and twenty type-I bipolar patients (40 manic, 40 depressed, and 40 euthymic) and 40 matched controls were studied. Self-reported QoL was assessed using the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Instrument-Short Version (WHOQOL-BREF). Objective functioning was assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and depressive and manic symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 items (HDRS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), respectively. RESULTS: Manic patients presented the lowest GAF measures but reported same overall QoL as euthymic patients and controls, and better QoL than depressed patients. Within the manic subgroup, there was a significant inverse correlation between psychological QoL and GAF scores (r=-0.54; p=0.001). LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design and the lack of control for potential comorbid conditions are the major limitations of the present study. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that this mismatch between objective and subjective measures during acute mania may be associated with a lack of insight or awareness of their own illness.

Manic symptoms and quality of life in bipolar disorder.

This study evaluates the influence of manic symptoms on quality of life in a sample of adult bipolar disorder (BD) patients. This was a cross-sectional study including 125 BD outpatients from a university-based program. All patients were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for BD. Manic symptoms and quality of life were assessed using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Version (WHOQOL-BREF), respectively. In the unadjusted analysis using linear regression, the score of manic symptoms was inversely associated with scores of quality of life within the social domain of the WHOQOL. In the adjusted analysis, the score of manic symptoms was inversely associated with the social, physical, and psychological domains of the WHOQOL. In a separate analysis at the YMRS items, items 4 (irritability) and 5 (sleep) were associated with lower quality of life.

Polypharmacy and suicide attempts in bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the association between suicide attempts and the use of multiple drugs in patients with bipolar disorder. METHOD: One hundred sixty-nine bipolar disorder outpatients diagnosed using the DSM-IV Structured Clinical Interview were included. Demographic and socioeconomic data, number of medications currently in use, history of suicide attempts, number of years undiagnosed, age of onset and current psychiatric co-morbidities were assessed using a structured questionnaire and DSM-IV criteria. The main outcome measure was the number of psychotropic drugs currently in use. RESULTS: Approximately half of all patients (48.5%) presented a history of suicide attempt; 84% were using more than one medication, and 19% were using more than three drugs. The most frequent combinations of drugs used by these patients were: lithium + valproate (17%); lithium + antipsychotics (10%); lithium + valproate + antipsychotics (9%); and antidepressants + any drug (6%). The number of suicide attempts was associated with the use of multiple drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the notion that the use of combination therapy in bipolar disorder may be related to severity of the BD, such as number of suicide attempts.

Adaptation and validation of the Portuguese version of the Lithium Knowledge Test (LKT) of bipolar patients treated with lithium: cross-over study.

OBJECTIVE: Adherence problems are a common feature among bipolar patients. A recent study showed that lithium knowledge was the main difference between adherent and non adherents bipolar patients. The Lithium Knowledge Test (LKT), a brief questionnaire, was developed as a means of identifying aspects of patients' practical and pharmacological knowledge which are important if therapy is to be safe and effective. The original English version is validated in psychiatric population, but a validated Portuguese one is not yet available. METHODS: One hundred six patients selected were diagnosed with bipolar disorder (I or II) according to DSM-IV criteria and had to be on lithium treatment for at least one month. The LKT was administered on only one occasion. We analysed the internal consistency, concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity of the LKT for the detection of the knowledge about lithium treatment of bipolar patients. RESULTS: The internal consistency, evaluated by Cronbach's alpha was 0.596. The mean of total score LKT by bipolar patients was 9.0 (SD: 0.75) for men and 8.74 (SD: 0.44) for women. Concurrent validity based on plasma lithium concentration showed a significant correlation between the total LKT score and plasma lithium (r = 0.232; p = 0.020). The sensitivity was 84% and specificity was 81%. CONCLUSION: LKT is a rapid, reliable instrument which appears to be as effective as a lengthier standard interview with a lithium clinic doctor, and which has a high level of acceptability to lithium patients. We found that the psychometric assessment of the Portuguese version of LKT showed good internal consistency, sensitivity and specificity.

Bipolar depression: the importance of being on remission.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to compare quality of life among currently depressed, subsyndromal and remitted patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and to assess whether the level of depression correlates with the scores of quality of life in BD patients. METHOD: Sixty bipolar outpatients diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV who met criteria for diagnosis of BD type I, II or not otherwise specified (BD-NOS), and who were not currently on a manic or mixed episode were included. The main variables of interest were quality of life (QOL) assessed using the 26-item World Health Organization QOL instrument (WHOQOL-BREF) and depression assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). RESULTS: A linear trend test showed a dose response association between patients' current mood state and all domains of quality of life. Higher quality of life scores were found among remitted patients, followed by subsyndromal patients; depressed patients presented lower scores of quality of life, except for the social domain. The four domains of the WHOQOL scale correlated negatively with the HDRS. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that bipolar depression and residual symptoms of depression are negatively correlated with QOL in BD patients.

Clinical impact of late diagnose of bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the impact of number of years undiagnosed (NYU) on current morbidity in patients with bipolar disorder. LIMITATIONS: The sample size used was rather small, which may make difficult the generalization of our findings to larger datasets. The data about age of onset and age when patients received their diagnosis may present a certain degree of recall error. METHOD: Sixty-five bipolar outpatients diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM were included. The main outcome measurements were quality of life (QOL) assessed using the 26-item World Health Organization QOL instrument (WHOQOL-Bref) and depression assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). RESULTS: Age of onset and years of disorder were not correlated with the outcomes assessed. The NYU were associated with higher scores of HDRS (P<0.01), lower scores of QOL within the physical (p<0.01) and psychological (p<0.05) domains of QOL. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the NYU may be an important predictor of the current clinical status of bipolar patients.

The efficacy of antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. METHODS: All randomized controlled trials assessing the use of antidepressants in generalized anxiety disorder up to may 2002 were included. Non randomized trials and those that included patients with both generalized anxiety disorder and another Axis I co-morbidity were excluded. Relative risks, weighted mean difference and number needed to treat were estimated. People who died or dropped out were regarded as having had no improvement. RESULTS: Antidepressants (imipramine, venlafaxine and paroxetine) were found to be superior to placebo in treating generalized anxiety disorder. The calculated number needed to treat for antidepressants in generalized anxiety disorder was 5.15. Dropout rates did not differ between antidepressants and placebo. CONCLUSION: The available evidence suggests that antidepressants would probably be a reasonable treatment for generalized anxiety disorder patients in the clinical context.

[Depressive symptoms and associated factors in an elderly population in southern Brazil]. / Sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em população idosa no Sul do Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of some depressive symptoms in the elderly, to build up a score of depressive symptoms and to evaluate the association between depressive symptoms and demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral variables. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in individuals aged 60 and more living in the urban city area of Pelotas, Brazil. The sample was selected in multiple stages based on the city's census tracts. It was used a questionnaire comprising eight question commonly included in depression evaluation instruments and specific to the elderly. Analyses were carried out using multiple linear regressions following a hierarchical approach. RESULTS: A total of 583 subjects were interviewed and non-response rate was 4.7%. Each participant had on the average score of depressive symptoms was 3.4 (SD 2.1)Lack of willingness to carry out daily activities was the most frequent symptom (73.9%) reported. In the adjusted analysis according to the conceptual framework, the following groups had statistically higher averages (p<0.05) of depressive symptoms: older women, individuals with less schooling, unemployed, smokers, and those whose family member or significant other died in the past year. CONCLUSIONS: It was found both high rates of isolated symptoms and high average of depressive symptoms in the study sample, highlighting the importance of studying specific symptoms of the elderly, which are different from those found in young adults.

[Depression in the elderly: are doctors investigating it?]. / Depressão na população idosa: os médicos estão investigando?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether doctors are investigating depression in the elderly. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based survey, including individuals aged 60 years or above, resident in the urban area of Pelotas, Brazil. The sample was selected using a multiple-stage protocol based on Brazilian census data. RESULTS: We interviewed 583 subjects (losses and refusals: 4.7%). We found that 76.6% of the subjects were not asked if they were feeling sad or depressed in their previous medical consultation. Investigation of depression was significantly higher among women and among those with higher depression score. Among women, sadness or depression was investigated in 28.7% of the previous consultations, while among men, the equivalent percentage was 14.8% (PR=1.93; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Depression is not routinely investigated in clinical settings. Doctors should be alerted and trained on the monitoring of depression in this age group.

[Prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among southern Brazilian adults: cross-sectional population-based study]. / Prevalência e fatores associados a sintomas depressivos em adultos do sul do Brasil: estudo transversal de base populacional.

To identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms and examine associated factors in a Southern Brazilian adult population, a cross-sectional population-based study was carried out, including 972 subjects, men and women, aged 20 to 69 years, living in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. The sampling strategy relied on the census tracts of the city as primary sampling units and households as the secondary units. The questionnaire included socio-demographic, behavioral and nutritional variables. The prevalence of sadness, anxiety, loss of energy, lack of will to do things, thinking about the past, and wishing to stay at home were 29.4%, 57.6%, 37.4%, 40.4%, 33.8%, and 54.3%, respectively. Female gender, older ages, smokers and obese individuals showed association with depressive symptoms. Population-based studies using longitudinal designs may help to clarify the relationship between biopsychosocial variables and depressive symptoms.

Emotional memory in bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment has been well documented in bipolar disorder. However, specific aspects of cognition such as emotional memory have not been examined. AIMS: To investigate episodic emotional memory in bipolar disorder, as indicated by performance on an amygdala-related cognitive task. METHOD: Twenty euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and 20 matched controls were recruited. Participants were shown a slide show of an emotionally neutral story, or a closely matched emotionally arousing story. One week later, participants were assessed on a memory-recall test. RESULTS: In contrast with the pattern observed in controls, patients with bipolar disorder had no enhancement of memory for the emotional content of the story (F=14.7, d.f.=1,36, P<0.001). The subjective perception of the emotional impact of the emotional condition was significantly different from that of the neutral condition in controls but not in people with bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the physiological pattern of enhanced memory retrieval for emotionally bound information is blunted in bipolar disorder.

Prevalência e fatores associados a sintomas depressivos em adultos do sul do Brasil: estudo transversal de base populacional / Prevalence of depressive symptons and associated factors among southern Brazilian adults: cross-sectional population-based study

Com o objetivo de identificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e examinar fatores associados em uma população adulta do sul do Brasil, foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional, incluindo 972 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, idade entre 20 e 69 anos, moradores na zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. A seleção amostral teve os setores censitários do município como unidades amostrais primárias e os domicílios como unidades secundárias. O questionário incluiu variáveis socioeconômicas, comportamentais e nutricionais. As prevalências dos sintomas depressivos tristeza, ansiedade, falta de energia, falta de disposição, pensar no passado e preferir ficar em casa, na população de Pelotas, foram, respectivamente, de 29,4 por cento, 57,6 por cento, 37,4 por cento, 40,4 por cento, 33,8 por cento e 54,3 por cento. Concluiu-se que as prevalências de sintomas depressivos foram elevadas e os indivíduos do sexo feminino, idade avançada, fumantes e obesos mostraram-se associadas à maioria dos desfechos. A depressão é um importante problema de saúde publica e o conhecimento de como a sintomatologia depressiva se distribui na população e os fatores associados à sua presença podem ajudar no melhor entendimento da fenomenologia dos transtornos depressivos e a traçar estratégias de prevenção e intervenção.

To identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms and examine associated factors in a Southern Brazilian adult population, a cross-sectional population-based study was carried out, including 972 subjects, men and women, aged 20 to 69 years, living in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. The sampling strategy relied on the census tracts of the city as primary sampling units and households as the secondary units. The questionnaire included socio-demographic, behavioral and nutritional variables. The prevalence of sadness, anxiety, loss of energy, lack of will to do things, thinking about the past, and wishing to stay at home were 29.4 percent, 57.6 percent, 37.4 percent, 40.4 percent, 33.8 percent, and 54.3 percent, respectively. Female gender, older ages, smokers and obese individuals showed association with depressive symptoms. Population-based studies using longitudinal designs may help to clarify the relationship between biopsychosocial variables and depressive symptoms.

Polypharmacy and suicide attempts in bipolar disorder

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the association between suicide attempts and the use of multiple drugs in patients with bipolar disorder. METHOD: One hundred sixty-nine bipolar disorder outpatients diagnosed using the DSM-IV Structured Clinical Interview were included. Demographic and socioeconomic data, number of medications currently in use, history of suicide attempts, number of years undiagnosed, age of onset and current psychiatric co-morbidities were assessed using a structured questionnaire and DSM-IV criteria. The main outcome measure was the number of psychotropic drugs currently in use. RESULTS: Approximately half of all patients (48.5 percent) presented a history of suicide attempt; 84 percent were using more than one medication, and 19 percent were using more than three drugs. The most frequent combinations of drugs used by these patients were: lithium + valproate (17 percent); lithium + antipsychotics (10 percent); lithium + valproate + antipsychotics (9 percent); and antidepressants + any drug (6 percent). The number of suicide attempts was associated with the use of multiple drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the notion that the use of combination therapy in bipolar disorder may be related to severity of the BD, such as number of suicide attempts.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar associação entre tentativas de suicídio e uso de múltiplas drogas em pacientes com transtorno do humor bipolar. MÉTODO: Cento e sessenta e nove pacientes ambulatoriais com transtorno do humor bipolar, diagnosticados pela entrevista clínica estruturada do DSM-IV, foram incluídos. Dados demográficos e socioeconômicos, número de medicações em uso, história de tentativas de suicídio, número de anos sem diagnóstico, idade de início e comorbidades psiquiátricas foram avaliados através de um questionário estruturado e pelos critérios do DSM-IV. A principal medida de desfecho foi o número de medicamentos psicotrópicos usados correntemente. RESULTADOS: Cerca de metade dos pacientes (48,5 por cento) apresentou uma história de tentativas de suicídio; 84 por cento estavam usando mais do que uma medicação e 19 por cento estavam usando mais do que três medicações. As combinações de fármacos mais utilizadas por estes pacientes foram: lítio + valproato (17 por cento); lítio + antipsicóticos (10 por cento); lítio + valproato + antipsicóticos (9 por cento); e antidepressivos + outros fármacos (6 por cento). O número de tentativas de suicídio mostrou-se associado ao uso de polifarmácia, na análise ajustada. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que a polifarmácia em pacientes bipolares pode estar relacionada a indicadores de gravidade, como número de tentativas de suicídio.

Insatisfação corporal em freqüentadores de academia / Body dissatisfaction among gym customers

A imagem corporal consiste numa variável multidimensional composta por representações sobre o tamanho e a aparência do corpo. A auto percepção do peso corporal é um aspecto importante da imagem corporal. Provavelmente reflete a satisfação e as preocupações sobre o peso corporal e pode ser influenciada por normas e padrões sociais da cultura dominante. Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou identificar a prevalência de insatisfação corporal entre freqüentadores de academias, verificando possíveis fatores associados a essa morbidade. Metodologia: Foi utilizado um delineamento transversal para estudar indivíduos de 15 anos ou mais, freqüentadores de academias de ginástica da cidade de Pelotas-RS, durante o período de agosto a dezembro de 2002. A coleta foi realizada através de questionário que incluía questões sócio-demográficas, comportamentais e nutricionais. Foram estudados 315 indivíduos em 13 academias de ginástica da cidade. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética e pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Pelotas e o sigilo individual foi mantido. Resultados: Praticamente metade dos entrevistados (48,3%) relatou estar insatisfeito com o próprio corpo. As variáveis sexo, idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC) mostraram-se associadas a insatisfação corporal apos controle para fatores de confusão. Indivíduos do sexo feminino e a categoria de idade até 19 anos foram as que apresentaram maiores riscos de insatisfação corporal. O IMC encontrou-se diretamente associado a insatisfação com o corpo, sendo que a categoria obeso apresentou um risco 2,3 vezes maior quando comparada aos indivíduos desnutridos. Conclusão: O estudo apontou que a prevalência de insatisfação corporal encontrada entre os frequentadores de academias de ginastica é importante, principalmente quando consideramos os transtornos nutricionais e psicológicos a que essa pode levar.

introduction: The body image consists of a multidimensional variable composed of statistics for the size and appearance of the body. Self-perception of the weight of the body is an important aspect of the body image. The self-perception probably reflects the satisfaction and worries about the weight of the body and can be influenced by social rules and norms from the dominant culture. Objective: This study aimed at identifying the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among gym customers by verifying possible factors associated to this morbidity. Methodology: Cross-sectional study, with individuals aged 15 or older who frequented different gyms in the city of Pelotas – RS from August to December 2002. Data collection was achieved through questionnaires including socio-demographic, behavioral and nutritional issues. 315 individuals from 13 different gyms in Pelotas were studied. The study was approved by the commission of Ethics and Research of the Federal University of Pelotas and the individual data secrecy was maintained. Results: Practically half of the people interviewed (48,3%) reported that they were dissatisfied with their own body. The sex, age and body mass index variables (BMI) showed to be associated to corporal dissatisfaction after confusing factors control. Female individuals and the group aged until nineteen years old were the ones who showed the highest risks of body dissatisfaction. The BMI was directly associated to body dissatisfaction having the obese group presenting a risk 2,3 times bigger when compared to the malnourished individuals.

Bipolar depression: the importance of being on remission

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é o de comparar a qualidade de vida entre pacientes com transtorno bipolar que estão atualmente deprimidos, com depressão subsindrômica e com remissão de sintomas, e avaliar se o nível de depressão tem correlação com os escores de qualidade de vida em pacientes com transtorno bipolar. MÉTODO: Sessenta pacientes bipolares tratados ambulatorialmente, diagnosticados pela Entrevista Clínica Estruturada do DSM-IV, que preencheram critérios diagnósticos de transtorno bipolar tipo I, tipo II ou sem outra especificação (TB-SOE), e que não estavam atualmente em um episódio maníaco ou misto foram incluídos. As principais variáveis de interesse foram qualidade de vida, avaliada utilizando-se o instrumento de 26 questões de qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF) e depressão avaliada utilizando a Escala de 17 itens de Hamilton. RESULTADOS: O teste de tendência linear mostrou uma associação dose-reposta entre o estado de humor atual do paciente e todos os domínios da qualidade de vida. Escores maiores de qualidade de vida foram encontrados entre pacientes com remissão completa dos sintomas, seguidos pelos pacientes com sintomas subsindrômicos. Os pacientes deprimidos apresentaram escores de qualidade de vida mais baixos que os demais, exceto no domínio social. Os quatro domínios da escala WHOQOL tiveram uma correlação negativa com a Escala de 17 itens de Hamilton para avaliação de depressão. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos achados sugerem que a depressão bipolar e os sintomas residuais de depressão estão negativamente correlacionados com qualidade de vida em pacientes com transtorno bipolar.

Tratamento farmacológico do transtorno bipolar: as evidências de ensaios clínicos randomizados / Pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder: evidence from randomized clinical trials

O presente artigo é uma síntese das evidências provenientes de ensaios clínicos randomizados sobre o tratamento do transtorno bipolar. A metodologia para a busca do material disponível é descrita, e os resultados são apresentados. Com o melhor nível de evidência disponível, ou seja, revisões sistemáticas de mais de um ensaio clínico randomizado ou pelo menos um ensaio clínico randomizado, temos as seguintes recomendações: 1) a mania aguda pode ser tratada com Lítio, Valproato, Carbamazepina, e antipsicóticos; 2) a depressão bipolar pode ser tratada com antidepressivos (com risco aumentado de virada para mania), com lamotrigina e a associação fluoxetina/olanzapina e 3) a manutenção do transtorno bipolar pode ser realizada com o lítio, valproato, carbamazepina, olanzapina e lamotrigina (quando o objetivo for a profilaxia da depressão bipolar). A não existência de ensaios clínicos publicados não significa que determinadas intervenções não sejam úteis.

The efficacy of antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJETIVOS: Investigar a eficácia e tolerabilidade dos antidepressivos no tratamento do Transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG). MÉTODOS: Todos os ensaios clínicos randomizados que investigavam o uso de antidepressivos para Transtorno de ansiedade generalizada até maio de 2002 foram incluídos nesta revisão. Ensaios clínicos não randomizados e aqueles que incluíram pacientes com Transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e outra comorbidade de Eixo I foram excluídos. Riscos relativos, diferenças de médias e número necessário para tratar (NNT) foram estimados. Pessoas que morreram ou saíram dos estudos foram considerados como sem melhora. RESULTADOS: Antidepressivos (imipramina, venlafaxina e paroxetina) foram superiores ao placebo no tratamento do Transtorno de ansiedade generalizada. O número necessário para tratar para os antidepressivos em Transtorno de ansiedade generalizada foi 5,15. Taxas de abandono não diferiram entre antidepressivos e placebo. CONCLUSAO: A evidência disponível sugere que os antidepressivos são um tratamento adequado para pacientes com Transtorno de ansiedade generalizada.