Modern aspects of burn injury immunopathogenesis and immuno-biochemical markers of wound healing (review of literature).

Burns are one of the most common traumatic injuries in the world, representing a global public health problem. Major burns (severe burn injury or burn disease) are one of the most life-threatening injuries. There is a great need to identify and monitor the development of complications (sepsis and septic shock, coagulopathy and DIC) in burned patients. The basis of the pathogenesis of burn injury, as well as any general pathological process, is an inflammatory reaction, ultimately aimed at restoring the structure and function of the damaged tissue. A feature of the inflammatory reaction in burn injury is the scale of alteration of the skin and mucous membranes. The review presents the main aspects of the burn injuries immunopathogenesis and the features of post-burn immune dysfunction, manifested by disorders in the innate and adaptive immunity systems. Attention is focused on the role in the immunopathogenesis of developing systemic and local disorders in burn injury. Also the role are discussed of a minor subpopulations of lymphocytes (Treg-, Th-17-, γδT-cells) in the immunopathogenesis and in the bacterial infection protection. The characteristics of the main immuno-biochemical markers of burn injury (cytokines and growth factors, nitric oxide, matrix metalloproteases, bacteria concentration levels) are present. The prognostic role of these biomarkers in assessing of the severity degree of patients with burn injury and wound healing processes is shown. The review has been compiled using references from major databases such as RSCI, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar (up to march 2022). After obtaining all reports from database, the papers were carefully analyzed in order to find data related to the topic of this review (60 references).

[Cephalopods as a Source of New Antimicrobial Substances].

Under the conditions of emergence of microbial strains with new properties, including antibiotic resistance, in human and animal populations the search for new antimicrobial substances with improved pharmacological properties and new mechanisms of action from natural objects, in particular from aquatic organisms, is continued. This review presents extensive data on antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties of biologically active substances (BAS) of different chemical nature, recovered from representatives of the class of cephalopods (squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus). Analysis of the literature shows that antibacterial activity of some BAS is not inferior, but in some cases is even superior to that of the available antibiotics. The authors note that the review includes the results, mainly of the in vitro studies. Adequate extrapolation of these data to the in vivo conditions is required, that could serve as foundation for development of new generations of medicinal compounds, functional foods and biologically active food supplements.

Effect of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Brown Algae on Apoptosis of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes.

We studied the influence of fucoidans from brown algae Fucus evanescens, Laminaria cichorioides and Laminaria japonica on apoptosis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. It was demonstrated that fucoidans induced lymphocyte apoptosis, increased the proportion of cells with low mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and inhibit expression of Bcl-xL gene in blood lymphocytes. These findings suggest that lymphocyte apoptosis induced by the analyzed sulfated polysaccharides is mediated by mitochondrial pathway.

[Antiprotease and immunostimulating effect of peptide components isolated from cuticle of the chicken stomach]. / Antiproteaznoe i immunostimuliruiushchee deistvie peptidnykh komponentov, vydelennykh iz kutikuly kurinogo zheludka.

Peptides with molecular weights of 0.8 to 16 kDa were isolated from the keratinous envelope of chicken muscular stomach cuticle. The peptide preparation had a immunostimulating activity whose qualitative and quantitative traits made it comparable with the activity of known drugs of similar composition. In addition, the peptide preparation reversibly inactivated trypsin and activated chymotrypsin. A low-molecular-weight protein (14.1 kDa) was isolated from the peptide preparation by affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B. This protein was found to be a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor of trypsin.

[Effect of a peptide from the mollusk optical ganglia on macrophage functional activity]. / Deistvie peptida iz opticheskikh gangliev molliuskov na funktsional'nuiu aktivnost' makrofagov.

Gangliin (tinrostim), a novel peptide isolated from the nervous tissue of the food mollusks, was investigated with respect to its effect on the cells of the system of the mononuclear phagocytes. It was shown to have a high protective action in some experimental infections. One of the main mechanisms of the gangliin action was the increase of the functional activity of the cells of the system of the mononuclear phagocytes. It was demonstrated that gangliin induced a decrease in the activity of 5'-nucleotidase and increased the absorption and digestive functions of the macrophage.

[The immunotropic properties of the deoxyribonucleic acid from Salmonidae milt]. / Immunotropnye svoistva dezoksiribonukleinovoi kisloty iz molok lososevykh ryb.

The study of the immunotropic action of DNA from salmon milt showed that it increased the antiinfectious resistance of mice to Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis, stimulated the antibody response to the thymus-dependent corpuscular antigen (sheep erythrocytes), increased the production of the antibody forming cells (AFC) in the murine spleen and intensified the absorptive and digestive activities of the cells of the mononuclear phagocytes. The immunotropic properties of the DNA permitted to broaden the DNA application spectrum with its supplementing by immunodeficiency of various genesis and diseases with phagocytic protection mechanisms. It is quite possible that the salmon milt DNA be used as a food additive.

[Therapeutic-prophylactic milk products with a new immunocorrector of natural origin]. / Lechebno-profilakticheskie molochnye produkty s novym immunokorrektorom prirodnogo proiskhozhdeniia.

Authors had received and investigated on experiment milk medical and prophylactic products (milk and kefir) with addition peptide, obtained from nervous tissue of squids. It has been established that addition of gangliin to the milk and kefir causes stimulation cellular and humoral factors of immunity answer at laboratory animals. Medical and prophylactic milk products with gangliin return to the normal state reduced immunity indexes of the mice with experimental immunodeficits.

[Effectiveness of peroral application of a new immunocorrective agent of natural origin]. / Effektivnost' peroral'nogo primeneniia novogo immunokorrektora prirodnogo proiskhozhdeniia.

Data on peroral application of new peptide origin immunocorrector from nervous tissue of hydrobionts are cited. It has been established that immunological gangliin activity, perorally introduced, is close to that being applied parenterally. This drug comprises a soft immunocorrector that is expressed by humoral and cellular factor strengthening of immunity, increasing induces of phagocynosis of PMNC and sells SMPh. Peroral gangliin introduction protects 50-60% of mice from fatal coli-infection. Gangliin availability to be taken perorally opens the door to its wide application as food addition.

[Depressive symptoms diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Russian clinical practice].

A cohort study of depression in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders was conducted in four Russian regional mental health services with the use of simultaneous one-day census on October 20, 2011. The total number of patients in this study was 1269: 753 patients were receiving outpatient treatment, 143 patients were served in day clinics and 373 patients were in-patients in psychiatric hospitals. Depressive symptoms were present in 6.0% of outpatients, 50.3% of day clinic patients, and 36.5% of inpatients. The average duration of current depressive symptoms in weeks was 10.0, 8.1, 9.0, respectively. The periods of depressive symptoms during the last 2 years were revealed in 30.8% of outpatients, 67.8% of day clinic patients, and 42.1% of inpatients with the average duration of each such period in weeks 10.9, 12.2, 8.3, respectively. In outpatient settings, 28.8% of patients received antidepressants in addition to antipsychotic therapy. The proportion of inpatients receiving this treatment was 42.1%, and two thirds of patients received antidepressants in day clinics.

[The comparative analysis of patients with co-morbid psychiatric and substance abuse pathologies in follow-up outpatients].

The findings of the comparative analysis of patients with alcohol dependence and psychopathology are presented. The main group (active follow-up) comprised 33 patients who had committed socially dangerous actions and the control follow-up group comprised 75 patients. Between-group differences in personality changes, specifics of the alcohol-use component of the comorbid disorder and responsiveness to psychotherapy are shown.

Modification of biological activity of lipopolysaccharide in the complex with chitosan.

In the complex with chitosan, lipopolysaccharide partially lost its ability to induce lymphokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-8, but retained immunostimulating properties and increased phagocytic function of macrophages by improving digestion of bacteria.