A meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate intake and inflammatory bowel disease risk: evidence from 15 epidemiology studies.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: epidemiological studies that assess the association of dietary total carbohydrate intake and inflammatory bowel disease risk (IBD) have yielded controversial results. Therefore, this study of various epidemiological studies was conducted in order to explore this relationship. METHODS: a systematic literature search of the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Medline databases was performed up to September 2017. Cohort, case-control or cross-sectional design studies were included that reported the association of dietary carbohydrate intake and IBD risk. Summary odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% CI were calculated using the random effects model. RESULTS: a total of eight articles with 15 individual studies that included 1,361 cases were eligible according to the inclusion criteria. Dietary carbohydrate intake had a non-significant relationship with the risk of IBD (OR = 1.091, 95% CI = 0.817-1.455, I2 = 31.6%, pfor heterogeneity = 0.116). The pooled OR and 95% CI for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) with regard to dietary carbohydrate intake was 1.167 (0.777-1.752) and 1.010 (0.630-1.618), respectively. These associations were also non-significant in both European and Asia populations. CONCLUSIONS: a higher dietary total carbohydrate intake had a non-significant relationship with IBD risk. Further studies with large populations are needed to verify this relationship.

Chemical and microbial semi-synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberines as inhibitors on tissue factor procoagulant activity.

To discover new inhibitors on tissue factor procoagulant activity, 21 tetrahydroprotoberberines were screened on the model of human THP-1 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Among these tetrahydroprotoberberines, several unique compounds were synthesized through microbial transformation: compound 6 (l-corydalmine) was obtained through regio-selective demethylation by Streptomyces griseus ATCC 13273, whereas compounds 4a, 4b, 5h, and 5i were microbial glycosylation products by Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL1086. The bioassay results showed that compounds 3 (tetrahydroberberine), 10 (tetrahydroberberrubine), and 5f (cinnamyl ester of 5) and 5i (glycosidic product of 5), exhibited the most potential effects, with IC(50) values of 8.35, 6.75, 3.75, and 8.79 nM, respectively. The preliminary structure and activity relationship analysis revealed that the 2,3-methylenedioxy group of the A ring was essential for the strong inhibitory effects, and the R configuration of the chiral center C-14 showed higher activity than S-form products. The formation of fatty acid or aromatic acid esters of compound 5, except the cinnamyl esters, would weaken its effects. It is also interesting to note that the glycosylation of tetrahydroprotoberberines will maintain and even enhance the inhibitory effects. Because of the importance of glycochemistry in new drug discovery and development, this deserves further exploration and may provide some guide on the semi-synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberines as tissue factor pathway inhibitors. Our findings also provide some potential leading compounds for tissue factor-related diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Regio- and enantio-selective glycosylation of tetrahydroprotoberberines by Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL1086 resulting in unique alkaloidal glycosides.

The microbial transformation of a series of tetrahydroprotoberberines (THPBs, 1-5) by Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL1086 was investigated. In this research, the novel glycosylation of tetrahydroberberrubine (1) was observed with fast rate and high regio- and enantio-selectivity. One pair of unique enantiomorphic alkaloidal glycosides T-1 and T-2 was isolated and their structures were elucidated unambiguously by HR-MS, CD, 1D and 2D NMR spectrum. It is interesting that different amounts of glucose in the potato broth medium could influence the ratio of T-1 and T-2; in the 1.5% glucose medium, the ratio was about 15:1 and the yield of the S-form product T-1 may reach the theoretical maximum yield of about 50% which could provide one practical method to prepare the enantiomerically pure product and one alternative resolution method of tetrahydroberberrubine. The preliminary enzymatic research by using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and imidazole as glycosyltransferase and glycosidase inhibitors revealed that glycosyltransferase may contribute to glycosylation process. This is the first successful approach to glycosylation of tetrahydroprotoberberines.

Effects of allitridin on acute and chronic mouse cytomegalovirus infection.

This study investigated the effects of allitridin on acute and chronic mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infections in vivo. The results demonstrated that allitridin reduced the titers of MCMV in salivary glands, and reductions in viral loads were confirmed by determining viral DNA and RNA levels in susceptible organs during the acute infection phase. Although allitridin did not eliminate MCMV, treatment reduced viral levels and facilitated healing of pathologic lesions in organs, particularly during the chronic infection phase. The results presented in this report suggest that allitridin could act as an effective agent against MCMV infections in vivo.

Bis(1H-imidazole-κN)bis-(2-methyl-benzoato-κO)bis-(2-methyl-benzoic acid-κO)copper(II).

The structure of the title compound, [Cu(C(8)H(7)O(2))(2)(C(3)H(4)N(2))(2)(C(8)H(8)O(2))(2)], consists of centrosymmetric monomeric units, in which the Cu(II) atom has a tetra-gonally distorted octa-hedral coordination involving two imidazole N atoms and two carboxyl-ate O atoms in the square plane [Cu-N = 1.964 (3) and Cu-O = 1.960 (2) Å] and 2-methyl-benzoic acid O atoms in axial sites [Cu-O = 2.753 (3) Å]. Within the complex, the carb-oxy-lic acid forms intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, while the mol-ecules are assembled through N-H⋯O(carbox-yl) hydrogen bonds into chains extending along the a-axis direction. These chains are further linked by weak π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid separation = 3.930 (2) Å].

Diversity synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberines glycosides by combined chemical and microbial catalysis.

The present study was designed to construct the structurally diverse library of tetrahydroprotoberberines (THPBs) by combining the methods of chemical nonselective demethylation and microbial glycosylation. HPLC-MS/MS analyses tentatively identified 12 de-methylated and 9 glycosylated derivates of THPBs and 5 rarely oxidized glycosides of THPBs in the library. Through this effort, we achieved not only a variety of the THPBs and their glycosides but also tested the catalytic characteristics and capabilities of G. deliquescens NRRL 1086.

Unique biocatalytic resolution of racemic tetrahydroberberrubine via kinetic glycosylation and enantio-selective sulfation.

In this communication, we document a facile kinetic glycosylation resolution of racemic tetrahydroberberrubine. We also demonstrate that the enantiomeric excess of the resolved products is increased via a second resolution of the minor product of the first glycosylation resolution. This provides a rare example of tandem kinetic resolution of racemates.

Synthesis and bioactivity of aripiprazole derivatives.

Ten aripirazole (CAS 129722-12-9) derivatives were prepared and examined for dopamine receptor antagonist activity. The structures of these newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by their elemental analyses and by IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectra. It was demonstrated that all the new compounds have dopamine receptor antagonist activity to a certain extent. Three compounds showed more potent activity than aripiprazole.