RESUMO
Purpose: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of VGB racemate and its single enantiomers, and explore the potential of clinic development for single enantiomer S-VGB. Methods: In the pharmacokinetics study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with VGB racemate or its single enantiomers dosing 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, and the blood samples were collected during 12 h at regular intervals. In the experiment of tissue distribution, VGB and its single enantiomers were administered intravenously dosing 200 mg/kg, and the tissues including heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, eyes, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex were separated at different times. The concentrations of R-VGB and S-VGB in the plasma and tissues were measured using HPLC. Results: Both S-VGB and R-VGB could be detected in the plasma of rats administered with VGB racemate, reaching Cmax at approximately 0.5 h with t1/2 2-3 h. There was no significant pharmacokinetic difference between the two enantiomers when VGB racemate was given 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. However, when given at the dose of 50 mg/kg, S-VGB presented a shorter t1/2 and a higher Cl/F than R-VGB, indicating a faster metabolism of S-VGB. Furthermore, when single enantiomer was administered respectively, S-VGB presented a slower metabolism than R-VGB, as indicated by a longer t1/2 and MRT but a lower Cmax. Moreover, compared with the VGB racemate, the single enantiomers S-VGB and R-VGB had shorter t1/2 and MRT, higher Cmax and AUC/D, and lower Vz/F and Cl/F, indicating the stronger oral absorption and faster metabolism of single enantiomer. In addition, regardless of VGB racemate administration or single enantiomer administration, S-VGB and R-VGB had similar characteristics in tissue distribution, and the content of S-VGB in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and liver was much higher than that of R-VGB. Conclusions: Although there is no transformation between S-VGB and R-VGB in vivo, those two enantiomers display certain disparities in the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution, and interact with each other. These findings might be a possible interpretation for the pharmacological and toxic effects of VGB and a potential direction for the development and optimization of the single enantiomer S-VGB.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive ability. Exosomes derived from bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-exos) are extracellular vesicles that can execute the function of bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Given the versatile therapeutic potential of BMSC and BMSC-exos, especially their neuroprotective effect, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential effect of BMSC-exos on AD-like behavioral dysfunction in mice and explore the possible molecular mechanism. METHODS: BMSC-exos were extracted from the supernatant of cultured mouse BMSCs, which were isolated from the femur and tibia of adult C57BL/6 mice, purified and sorted via flow cytometry, and cultured in vitro. BMSC-exos were identified via transmission electron microscopy, and typical marker proteins of exosomes were also detected via Western blot. A sporadic AD mouse model was established by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Six weeks later, BMSC-exos were administered via lateral ventricle injection or caudal vein injection lasting five consecutive days, and the control mice were intracerebroventricularly administered an equal volume of solvent. Behavioral performance was observed via the open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze test (EPM), novel object recognition test (NOR), Y maze test (Y-maze), and tail suspension test (TST). The mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus were measured via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. Moreover, the protein expression of Aß1-42, BACE, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, GFAP, p-Tau (Ser396), Tau5, synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1), synapsin-1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus was detected using Western blot, and the expression of GFAP, IBA1, Aß1-42 and DCX in the hippocampus was measured via immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: Lateral ventricle administration, but not caudal vein injection of BMSC-exos improved AD-like behaviors in the STZ-injected mouse model, as indicated by the increased number of rearing, increased frequency to the central area, and increased duration and distance traveled in the central area in the OFT, and improved preference index of the novel object in the NOR. Moreover, the hyperactivation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus of the model mice was inhibited after treatment with BMSC-exos via lateral ventricle administration, accompanied by the reduced expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, Aß1-42, and p-Tau and upregulated protein expression of synapse-related proteins and BDNF. Furthermore, the results of the Pearson test showed that the preference index of the novel object in the NOR was positively correlated with the hippocampal expression of BDNF, but negatively correlated with the expression of GFAP, IBA1, and IL-1ß. Apart from a positive correlation between the hippocampal expression of BDNF and Syt-1, BDNF abundance was found to be negatively correlated with markers of glial activation and the expression of the inflammatory cytokines, Aß1-42, and p-Tau, which are characteristic neuropathological features of AD. CONCLUSIONS: Lateral ventricle administration, but not caudal vein injection of BMSC-exos, can improve AD-like behavioral performance in STZ-injected mice, the mechanism of which might be involved in the regulation of glial activation and its associated neuroinflammation and BDNF-related neuropathological changes in the hippocampus.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva , Exossomos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/terapia , Animais , Medula Óssea , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/terapia , Exossomos/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismoRESUMO
Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenol with diverse beneficial biological and pharmacological activities, and our previous results have demonstrated its neuroprotective effects in several metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of the present study is to investigate the potential effect of RES against oleic acid (OA)-induced cell injuries in SH-SY5Y cells and explore the possible mechanism. Based on the dose- and time-dependent effects of OA on cell proliferation and LDH release, SH-SY5Y cells were challenged with OA and incubated with or without RES (10-5-10-9 mM) or sitagliptin (STG, 10-7 mM). Lipid accumulation, SREBP1 and PPARα protein expression, glucose consumption and IRS1, AKT, ERK phosphorylation under insulin stimulation, and ROS production were detected. The protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Copine 6, and key molecules in the Wnt/ß-catenin signalling pathway were measured via western blot. The expression of Wnt 1 was also measured via immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that RES treatment could alleviate the neurotoxicity induced by OA, as indicated by the increased cell proliferation and the decreased concentration of LDH in the supernatant. The increased lipid deposition and protein expression of SREBP1 and PPARα induced by OA was also reversed by treatment with RES. Moreover, RES could upregulate glucose consumption and the protein expression of phosphorylated IRS1, AKT, ERK and reduced ROS production in OA-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, RES treatment reversed the imbalanced protein expression of BDNF, Copine 6, p-ß-catenin, and Wnt 1 in SH-SY5Y cells induced by OA and decreased the hyperexpression of p-GSK3ß. However, these effects were suppressed by DKK1, which is a specific antagonist of the Wnt signalling pathway. These results suggested that RES has a neuroprotective effect against OA-induced cell injury and dysfunctional glucolipid metabolism, and the mechanism might involve its ability to regulate oxidative stress and insulin resistance via the Wnt/ß-catenin signalling pathway.
Assuntos
Glucose/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Ácido Oleico/toxicidade , Resveratrol/farmacologia , Via de Sinalização Wnt/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/farmacologia , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/fisiologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Via de Sinalização Wnt/fisiologiaRESUMO
Alcohol consumption is one of the risk factors for kidney injury. The underlying mechanism of alcohol-induced kidney injury remains largely unknown. We previously found that the kidney in a mouse model of alcoholic kidney injury had severe inflammation. In this study, we found that the administration of alcohol was associated with the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and NF-κB signaling, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Whole-genome methylation sequencing (WGBS) showed that the DNA encoding fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) was significantly methylated in the alcoholic kidney. This finding was confirmed with the bisulfite sequencing (BSP), which showed that alcohol increased DNA methylation of FTO in the kidney. Furthermore, inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) by 5-azacytidine (5-aza) reversed alcohol-induced kidney injury and decreased the mRNA and protein levels of FTO. Importantly, we found that FTO, the m6A demethylase, epigenetically modified peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) in a YTH domain family 2 (YTHDF2)-dependent manner, which resulted in inflammation in alcoholic kidney injury models. In conclusion, our findings indicate that alcohol increases the methylation of PPAR-α m6A by FTO-mediated YTHDF2 epigenetic modification, which ultimately leads to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and NF-κB-driven renal inflammation in the kidney. These findings may provide novel strategies for preventing and treating alcoholic kidney diseases.
Assuntos
Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato/genética , Metilação de DNA , Etanol , Nefropatias/genética , Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Citocinas/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/metabolismo , Nefropatias/induzido quimicamente , Nefropatias/metabolismo , Masculino , Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/genética , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Quercetin (QUE) is a flavonol reported with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and previous results from the group of this study have demonstrated its neuroprotective effect against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuropsychiatric injuries. However, little is known about its potential effect on neuropsychiatric injuries induced or accompanied by metabolic dysfunction of glucose and lipids. METHODS: A nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rat model was induced via a high-fat diet (HFD), and glucolipid parameters and liver function were measured. Behavioral performance was observed via the open field test (OFT) and the Morris water maze (MWM). The plasma levels of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM1) and TREM2 were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expression levels of Synapsin-1 (Syn-1), Synaptatogmin-1 (Syt-1), TREM1 and TREM2 in the hippocampus were detected using western blotting. Morphological changes in the liver and hippocampus were detected by HE and Oil red or silver staining. RESULTS: Compared with the control rats, HFD-induced NAFLD model rats presented significant metabolic dysfunction, hepatocyte steatosis, and impaired learning and memory ability, as indicated by the increased plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG), the impaired glucose tolerance, the accumulated fat droplets and balloon-like changes in the liver, and the increased escaping latency but decreased duration in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze. All these changes were reversed in QUE-treated rats. Moreover, apart from improving the morphological injuries in the hippocampus, treatment with QUE could increase the decreased plasma concentration and hippocampal protein expression of TREM1 in NAFLD rats and increase the decreased expression of Syn-1 and Syt-1 in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested the therapeutic potential of QUE against NAFLD-associated impairment of learning and memory, and the mechanism might involve regulating the metabolic dysfunction of glucose and lipids and balancing the protein expression of synaptic plasticity markers and TREM1/2 in the hippocampus.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Memória/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Metabólicas/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Quercetina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Western Blotting , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/sangue , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Teste do Labirinto Aquático de Morris/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/complicações , Teste de Campo Aberto/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Imunológicos/sangue , Receptor Gatilho 1 Expresso em Células Mieloides/sangueRESUMO
The pyroptosis is a causative agent of rheumatoid arthritis, a systemic autoimmune disease merged with degenerative articular cartilage. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism of extracellular acidosis on chondrocyte pyroptosis is largely unclear. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) belong to an extracellular H+ -activated cation channel family. Accumulating evidence has highlighted activation of ASICs induced by extracellular acidosis upregulate calpain and calcineurin expression in arthritis. In the present study, to investigate the expression and the role of acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), calpain, calcineurin, and NLRP3 inflammasome proteins in regulating acid-induced articular chondrocyte pyroptosis, primary rat articular chondrocytes were subjected to different pH, different time, and different treatments with or without ASIC1a, calpain-2, and calcineurin, respectively. Initially, the research results showed that extracellular acidosis-induced the protein expression of ASIC1a in a pH- and time-dependent manner, and the messenger RNA and protein expressions of calpain, calcineurin, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1 were significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibition of ASIC1a, calpain-2, or calcineurin, respectively, could decrease the cell death accompanied with the decreased interleukin-1ß level, and the decreased expression of ASIC1a, calpain-2, calcineurin, and NLRP3 inflammasome proteins. Taken together, these results indicated the activation of ASIC1a induced by extracellular acidosis could trigger pyroptosis of rat articular chondrocytes, the mechanism of which might partly be involved with the activation of calpain-2/calcineurin pathway.
Assuntos
Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido/fisiologia , Artrite Experimental , Calcineurina/metabolismo , Calpaína/metabolismo , Condrócitos , Piroptose , Animais , Artrite Experimental/mortalidade , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Células Cultivadas , Condrócitos/metabolismo , Condrócitos/patologia , Masculino , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Necroptosis, a necrotic cell death pathway regulated by receptor interacting protein (RIP) 1 and 3, plays a key role in pathophysiological processes, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, whether necroptosis is involved in RA articular cartilage damage processes remain unclear. The aim of present study was to investigate the dynamic changes in arthritic chondrocyte necroptosis and the effect of RIP1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) inhibitor amiloride on arthritic cartilage injury and acid-induced chondrocyte necroptosis. Our results demonstrated that the expression of RIP1, RIP3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein phosphorylation (p-MLKL) were increased in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rat articular cartilage in vivo and acid-induced chondrocytes in vitro. High co-expression of ASIC1a and RIP1 showed in AA rat articular cartilage. Moreover, Nec-1 and amiloride could reduce articular cartilage damage and necroinflammation in AA rats. In addition, acid-induced increase in necroptosis markers RIP1/RIP3 were inhibited by Nec-1, ASIC1a-specific blocker psalmotoxin-1 (PcTx-1) or ASIC1a-short hairpin RNA respectively, which revealed that necroptosis is triggered in acid-induced chondrocytes and mediated by ASIC1a. These findings indicated that blocking ASIC1a-mediated chondrocyte necroptosis may provide potential therapeutic strategies for RA treatment.
Assuntos
Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido/metabolismo , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Condrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Indóis/farmacologia , Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido/genética , Amilorida/farmacologia , Animais , Artrite Experimental/etiologia , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Cartilagem Articular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cartilagem Articular/patologia , Condrócitos/patologia , Masculino , Necrose/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores , Venenos de Aranha/farmacologiaRESUMO
The acute-phase proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) demonstrate high-level expression and pleiotropic biological effects, and contribute to the progression and persistence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Acid hydrarthrosis is also an important pathological characteristic of RA, and the acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) plays a critical role in acidosis-induced chondrocyte cytotoxicity. However, the roles of IL-1ß and TNF-α in acid-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes remain unclear. Rat adjuvant arthritis and primary articular chondrocytes were used as in vivo and in vitro model systems, respectively. ASIC1a expression in articular cartilage was increased and highly colocalized with nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression in vivo. IL-1ß and TNF-α could upregulate ASIC1a expression. These cytokines activated mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathways in chondrocytes, while the respective inhibitors of these signaling pathways could partially reverse the ASIC1a upregulation induced by IL-1ß and TNF-α. Dual luciferase and gel-shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that IL-1ß and TNF-α enhanced ASIC1a promoter activity in chondrocytes by increasing NF-κB DNA-binding activities, which was in turn prevented by the NF-κB inhibitor ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. IL-1ß and TNF-α also decreased cell viability but enhanced LDH release, intracellular Ca2+ concentration elevation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3/9 expression, and apoptosis in acid-stimulated chondrocytes, which effects could be abrogated by the specific ASIC1a inhibitor psalmotoxin-1 (PcTX-1), ASIC1a-short hairpin RNA or calcium chelating agent BAPTA-AM. These results indicate that IL-1ß and TNF-α can augment acidosis-induced cytotoxicity through NF-κB-dependent up-regulation of ASIC1a channel expression in primary articular chondrocytes.
Assuntos
Acidose/patologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Cartilagem Articular/efeitos dos fármacos , Condrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-1beta/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido/genética , Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido/metabolismo , Acidose/genética , Acidose/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/genética , Artrite Experimental/genética , Artrite Experimental/metabolismo , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Cartilagem Articular/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Condrócitos/fisiologia , Masculino , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Cima/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although studies have reported an increased risk for mood disorders in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients even in the euthyroid state, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Neuroinflammation may play a key role in the etiology of mood disorders in humans and behavioral disturbances in rodents. Therefore, this study established a euthyroid HT model in mice and investigated whether HT itself was capable of triggering neuroinflammation accompanied by emotional alterations. METHODS: Experimental HT was induced by immunizing NOD mice with thyroglobulin and adjuvant twice. Four weeks after the last challenge, mice were tested for anxiety-like behavior in the open field and elevated plus maze tests and depression-like behavior in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Then, animals were sacrificed for thyroid-related parameter measure as well as detection of cellular and molecular events associated with neuroinflammation. The changes in components of central serotonin signaling were also investigated. RESULTS: HT mice showed intrathyroidal monocyte infiltration and rising serum thyroid autoantibody levels accompanied by normal thyroid function, which defines euthyroid HT in humans. These mice displayed more anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors than controls. HT mice further showed microglia and astrocyte activation in the frontal cortex detected by immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These observations were also accompanied by enhanced gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and TNF-α in the frontal cortex. Despite this inflammatory response, no signs of neuronal apoptosis were visible by the TUNEL staining and TEM in the frontal cortex of HT mice. Additionally, IDO1 and SERT, key serotonin-system-related genes activated by proinflammatory cytokines, were upregulated in HT mice, accompanied by reduced frontal cortex serotonin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are the first to suggest that HT induces neuroinflammation and alters related serotonin signaling in the euthyroid state, which may underlie the deleterious effects of HT itself on emotional function.
Assuntos
Sintomas Afetivos/etiologia , Encefalite/etiologia , Doença de Hashimoto/complicações , Animais , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Encefalite/patologia , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Exploratório/fisiologia , Feminino , Adjuvante de Freund/toxicidade , Proteína Glial Fibrilar Ácida/metabolismo , Doença de Hashimoto/etiologia , Doença de Hashimoto/patologia , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Marcação In Situ das Extremidades Cortadas , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Neuroglia/patologia , Neuroglia/ultraestrutura , Neurônios/patologia , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Natação/psicologiaRESUMO
The anorexigenic molecule nesfatin-1 has recently been taken as a potential mood regulator, but the potential mechanisms remain unknown. Results of our previous study have demonstrated that nesfatin-1 could induce anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats, accompanied by the hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the imbalanced mRNA expression of synaptic vesicle proteins. To explore the potential neurobiological mechanism underlying the effect of nesfatin-1 on the synaptic plasticity, the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of nesfatin-1 in the present study. The mRNA and protein expressions of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) were measured via real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and western blot, respectively. The protein expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and synapsin I were detected via western blot. The results confirmed that nesfatin-1 (10-9~10-7 mol/L) could up-regulate the expression of CRH. Moreover, nesfatin-1 (10-9~10-7 mol/L) could also increase the protein expressions of p-ERK1/2 and synapsin I, and these effects could be blocked by CP376395, a selective antagonist of CRH type 1 receptor (CRHR1). Furthermore, the increased expression of synapsin I induced by nesfatin-1 could also be reversed by PD98059, a specific inhibitor of the p-ERK. These results indicated that CRHR1 might mediate the effect of nesfatin-1 on the expressions of synapsin I via ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Sinapsinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Aminopiridinas/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/fisiologia , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Nucleobindinas , Fosforilação , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinapsinas/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a degenerative joint disease that is caused by multiple pathogenic factors. However, the precise etiology of RA is still unknown. Our previous studies demonstrated that acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a)-mediated articular chondrocyte apoptosis played a key role in the progression of RA. In this study, we aim to explore whether ASIC1a mediates autophagy or not and the effect of autophagy on ASIC1a-mediated apoptosis. Primary articular chondrocytes, extracted from rat knee joints, were exposed to different concentrations of concentrated hydrochloric acid for different time intervals in vitro. The results indicated that extracellular acid treatment induced autophagy of rat articular chondrocytes. Moreover, inhibition of ASIC1a with either psalmotoxin 1 or ASIC1a short hairpin RNA reduced the autophagy flux. The results suggested that ASIC1a mediated acid-induced autophagy. Pretreatment with autophagy antagonist 3-methyladenine decreased the autophagy, but increased the apoptosis mediated by ASIC1a. Furthermore, knockdown of Beclin 1 by small interfering RNA attenuated autophagy but potentiated ASIC1a-mediated apoptosis of rat articular chondrocytes. Taken together, these findings suggested that both inhibition and silencing of autophagy could enhance ASIC1a-mediated apoptosis in rat articular chondrocytes, and therefore, autophagy is likely to be a new mechanism involved in ASIC1a-mediated apoptosis of articular chondrocytes during the pathogenesis of RA.
Assuntos
Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido/metabolismo , Apoptose , Autofagia , Cartilagem Articular/metabolismo , Condrócitos/metabolismo , Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido/genética , Animais , Artrite Reumatoide/genética , Artrite Reumatoide/metabolismo , Artrite Reumatoide/patologia , Proteína Beclina-1/genética , Proteína Beclina-1/metabolismo , Cartilagem Articular/patologia , Condrócitos/patologia , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
As a classic differentiation agent, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been widely used in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, clinical application of ATRA has limitations. Our previous studies suggested that 4-Amino-2-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl Retinate (ATPR), a novel all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) derivative designed and synthesized by our team, could induce differentiation of APL cells in vivo and in vitro. To explore the underlying mechanism of ATPR, the effect of ATPR on autophagy of APL cells was observed in the present study. The results showed that the differentiation effect of ATPR on APL cells was accompanied with autophagy induction and PML-RARα degradation via activating Notch1 signaling pathway. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targets essential autophagy gene ATG5 abrogated the ATPR-induced cell differentiation. Furthermore, when pretreated with DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor, the Notch1 signaling pathway was blocked in APL cells, followed by the reduction of ATPR-induced autophagy and differentiation. Taken together, these results suggested that autophagy play an important role in ATPR-induced cell differentiation, which may provide a novel approach to cure APL patients.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/patologia , Retinoides/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Autofagia/fisiologia , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Retinoides/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic, synovial inflammation affecting multiple joints, finally leading to extra-articular lesions for which limited effective treatment options are currently available. Interleukin-34 (IL-34), recently discovered as the second colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) ligand, is a newly discovered cytokine. Accumulating evidence has disclosed crucial roles of IL-34 in the proliferation and differentiation of mononuclear phagocyte lineage cells, osteoclastogenesis and inflammation. Recently, IL-34 was detected at high levels in patients with active RA and in experimental models of inflammatory arthritis. Blockade of functional IL-34 with a specific monoclonal antibody can reduce the severity of inflammatory arthritis, suggesting that targeting IL-34 or its receptors may constitute a novel therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases such as RA. Here, we have comprehensively discussed the structure and biological functions of IL-34, and reviewed recent advances in our understanding of the emerging role of IL-34 in the development of RA as well as its potential utility as a therapeutic target.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Interleucinas/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Artrite Reumatoide/terapia , Humanos , Imunoterapia/tendências , Inflamação , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Sistema Fagocitário Mononuclear , Osteogênese , Receptores de Fator Estimulador de Colônias/metabolismoRESUMO
The major purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resveratrol (RES) on the spatial learning and memory ability in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) rat model and the potential mechanism. A SCH rat model was induced by hemi-thyroid electrocauterization and the activity of hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis was detected. The spatial learning and memory ability was tested using Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze. The protein expressions of synaptotagmin-1 (syt-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus were measured via western blot. The results showed that SCH rat model was successfully duplicated. The SCH rats showed impaired learning and memory in the behavioral tests. However, these changes were reversed by the treatment of RES (15mg/kg) and levothyroxine (LT4). Moreover, RES treated rats exhibited reduced plasma TSH level and hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA expression, which suggested that the imbalance of HPT axis in the SCH rats could be reversed by RES treatment. Furthermore, RES treatment up-regulated the protein levels of syt-1 and BDNF in hippocampus. These findings indicated an amelioration effect of RES on the spatial learning and memory in the SCH rats, the mechanism of which might be involved with its ability of modifying the hyperactive HPT axis and up-regulating the hippocampal hypo-expression of syt-1 and BDNF.
Assuntos
Doenças Assintomáticas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipotireoidismo/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/prevenção & controle , Transtornos da Memória/prevenção & controle , Nootrópicos/uso terapêutico , Estilbenos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/agonistas , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal , Hipotireoidismo/metabolismo , Hipotireoidismo/fisiopatologia , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/etiologia , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/agonistas , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Resveratrol , Aprendizagem Espacial/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinaptotagmina I/agonistas , Sinaptotagmina I/metabolismo , Tiroxina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is considered to be the central driving force of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which plays a key role in the stress response and depression. Clinical reports have suggested that excess retinoic acid (RA) is associated with depression. Abscisic acid (ABA) and RA are direct derivatives of carotenoids and share a similar molecular structure. Here, we proposed that ABA also plays a role in the regulation of CRH activity sharing with the RA signaling pathway. METHODS: [3H]-ABA radioimmunoassay demonstrated that the hypothalamus of rats shows the highest concentration of ABA compared with the cortex and the hippocampus under basal conditions. RESULTS: Under acute stress, ABA concentrations increased in the serum, but decreased in the hypothalamus and were accompanied by increased corticosterone in the serum and c-fos expression in the hypothalamus. Moreover, chronic ABA administration increased sucrose intake and decreased the mRNA expression of CRH and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) in the hypothalamus of rats. Furthermore, ABA improved the symptom of chronic unpredictable mild stress in model rats, as indicated by increased sucrose intake, increased swimming in the forced swim test, and reduced mRNA expression of CRH and RARα in the rat hypothalamus. In vitro, CRH expression decreased after ABA treatment across different neural cells. In BE(2)-C cells, ABA inhibited a series of retinoid receptor expression, including RARα, a receptor that could facilitate CRH expression directly. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ABA may play a role in the pathogenesis of depression by downregulating CRH mRNA expression shared with the RA signaling pathway.
Assuntos
Ácido Abscísico/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Abscísico/farmacocinética , Animais , Antidepressivos/farmacocinética , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Corticosterona/sangue , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/genética , Transtorno Depressivo/fisiopatologia , Sacarose Alimentar/administração & dosagem , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotálamo/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores do Ácido Retinoico/metabolismo , Receptor alfa de Ácido Retinoico , Estresse PsicológicoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Interleukin (IL)-22, originally referred to as IL-TIF for IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor, is a member of the IL-10-like cytokine family. IL-22 is highly expressed by Th17 cells and is tightly linked to chronic inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease and local intestinal inflammation among others. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A PubMed and Web of Science databases search was performed for studies providing evidences on the role of IL-22 in liver diseases. CONCLUSION: IL-22 plays an important role in ameliorating liver injury in many rodent models by targeting hepatocytes that express high levels of IL-22 receptor 1 and IL-10 receptor 2. This review concisely summarizes the role of IL-22 in the development progression of liver disease of different etiologies. It is focused mainly on the IL-22 intracellular signaling and its influence on liver diseases.
Assuntos
Interleucinas/metabolismo , Hepatopatias/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , Interleucinas/uso terapêutico , Hepatopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores de Interleucina/metabolismo , Interleucina 22RESUMO
Hepatic fibrosis is a chronic inflammation-associated disease, which is involved in the infiltration of inflammatory cells and releasing of proinflammatory cytokines. In the pathological process, protons are released by damaged cells and acidosis is considered to play a critical role in cell injury. Although the underlying mechanism (s) remain ill-defined, ASICs (acid-sensing ion channels) are assumed to be involved in this process. The diuretic, amiloride, is neuroprotective in models of cerebral ischemia, a property attributable to the inhibition of central ASICs by the drug. However, the effect of inhibition of ASICs by amiloride in the liver fibrotic process remains unclear. We found that amiloride (25, 50, or 100 µM) could restrain acid-induced HSCs at pH6 in vitro. In vivo experiments showed that amiloride could significantly alleviate liver injury, decreasing levels of profibrogenic cytokines, collagen deposition, and reducing pathological tissue damage. In summary, amiloride inhibits hepatic fibrosis in vivo and in vitro, which is probably associated with the downregulation of ASICs.
Assuntos
Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido/metabolismo , Células Estreladas do Fígado/metabolismo , Bloqueadores do Canal Iônico Sensível a Ácido/farmacologia , Bloqueadores do Canal Iônico Sensível a Ácido/uso terapêutico , Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido/química , Actinas/metabolismo , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Amilorida/farmacologia , Amilorida/uso terapêutico , Animais , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Tetracloreto de Carbono/toxicidade , Células Cultivadas , Colágeno/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Canais Epiteliais de Sódio/metabolismo , Células Estreladas do Fígado/citologia , Células Estreladas do Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Cirrose Hepática/induzido quimicamente , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
To investigate the chemical constituents of the whole plants of Bidens bipinnata, the separation and purification of constituents were performed by chromatography on macroporous resin, silica gel, MCI and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data as quercetin (1), quercetin-3-0-alpha-L-rhamnoside (2), keampferol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), keampferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (4), 3', 5-dyhydroxy-3, 6, 4'-trimethoxyl -7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside flavonoid (5), 7, 8, 3', 4'-tetraflavanone(6), (2S)- and (2R)-isookanin-7-O-beta-D- glucopyranoside (7a/7b), (2S)- and (2R)-3'-methoxy-isookanin-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8a/8b), 6, 7, 3', 4'-tetrahydroxyaurone(9), maritimetin (10), esculetin (11), 3-O-caffeoyl-2-methyl-d-erythrono-1, 4-lactone (12), (7S, 8R) balanophonin-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (13), eugenyl-O-beta-apiofuranosyl-( 1"-6') -O-beta-glucopyranoside (14), and (+)-syringaresinol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (15). Compounds 8, 13, 14, and 15 were isolated from this genus for the first time. Compounds 1 and 6 were potent inhibitors against HSC-T6 cells in vitro and compounds 1, 2, 6, and 7 were capable of decreasing the inflammatory cytokine production of macrophage cells in vitro.
Assuntos
Bidens/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Estrutura Molecular , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por ElectrosprayRESUMO
Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with multiple neuropsychiatric impairments, including cognitive dysfunction, and melatonin (MLT) plays a crucial role in maintaining normal neuropsychiatric functions. This study is aimed at investigating the change in plasma MLT levels and its association with neuropsychiatric impairments in T2DM patients. Methods: One hundred twenty-six T2DM patients were recruited, and their demographics and clinical data were collected. Apart from the plasma glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and other routine metabolic indicators, the plasma concentrations of MLT, C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble myeloid triggered receptor 1 (sTREM 1), and receptor 2 (sTREM 2) were measured. Moreover, the executive function and depressive tendency were evaluated via the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) and the Epidemiological Research Center Depression Scale (CES-D), respectively. Result: Compared with the low HbA1c group, the T2DM patients in the high HbA1c group presented lower plasma MLT levels but higher plasma concentrations of inflammatory biomarker levels, together with higher scores in the BRIEF-A and CES-D scales. Moreover, results of the Pearson correlation test showed that the plasma MLT levels were negatively correlated with the BRIEF-A and CES-D scores, as well as plasma concentrations of HbA1c and inflammatory indications, indicating that MLT may mediate their neuroinflammation and neuropsychiatric impairments. Furthermore, the ROC curve results indicated that plasma MLT levels have a predictive effect on executive impairment and depressive status in T2DM patients. Conclusion: MLT levels decreased in patients with T2DM and were associated with neuropsychiatric impairments and inflammatory status, and MLT might be developed as a therapeutic agent and predictive indicator for T2DM-associated executive impairment and depression status.