Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea: spontaneous versus iatrogenic hypothyroidism.

Although hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea occur in primary hypothyroidism, factors influencing their presence are not well established. To further define these factors, the duration of illness and serum levels of PRL and TSH were investigated in a group of 50 patients with spontaneous (27 females and 7 males) and iatrogenic (16 females) primary hypothyroidism. To test the hypothesis of reduced hypothalamic dopamine content in over long-standing primary hypothyroidism, the percent increase in serum PRL after the administration of metoclopramide, a dopamine blocker (2.5 mg, iv bolus), was studied in 13 women with spontaneous primary hypothyroidism and compared with that in 10 euthyroid women. While 88.2% of the patients with spontaneous primary hypothyroidism were hyperprolactinemia, only 31% of those with iatrogenic disease had elevated PRL levels. Women with spontaneous primary hypothyroidism had a longer duration of illness (72 +/- 12 vs. 6.7 +/- 1.8 months; P less than 0.001) and higher serum TSH (189 +/- 32 vs. 68 +/- 14 microunits/ml; P less than 0.01) and PRL levels (49.8 +/- 5.6 vs. 20.9 +/- 0.8 ng/ml; P less than 0.001) than women with iatrogenic hypothyroidism. A linear correlation existed between PRL and duration of illness (r = 0.53; P less than 0.001), while a logarithmic correlation was found between PRL and TSH levels (r = 0.44; P less than 0.01). Even though the duration of illness and TSH levels were similar in women with spontaneous disease with (n = 7) or without (n = 20) galactorrhea, the former were significantly younger (39.3 +/- 1.8 vs. 56.6 +/- 3 yr; P less than 0.001), and their PRL levels were significantly higher (69.3 +2- 8.9 vs. 42.9 +/- 2.2 ng/ml; P less than 0.001). The PRL response to metoclopramide in women with spontaneous disease was significantly smaller than that in controls (194 +/- 39% vs. 446 +/- 40%; P less than 0.001) and inversely correlated with basal PRL levels (r = -0.55; P less than 0.05). These data indicate that in primary hypothyroidism 1) the duration of illness is important in the development of hyperprolactinemia, 2) galactorrhea is more common in young women with spontaneous disease and high PRL levels, and 3) hypothalamic dopamine appears reduced in spontaneous disease.

[Are disturbances of small intestinal motility associated with hyperglucagonemia in patients with liver cirrhosis?]. / Estan los trastornos motores del intestino delgado relacionados con la hiperglucagonemia en pacientes con cirrosis hepatica?

Patients with liver cirrhosis develop marked abnormalities in small bowel motility and high plasma glucagon levels. Disturbances in small intestinal motor activity could be related to hyperglucagonemia. To investigate the relationship between fasting plasma glucagon levels and changes in small bowel motility in patients with liver cirrhosis, eighteen cirrhotic patients and ten controls were studied. Plasma glucagon was measured by RIA. Mouth to cecum transit time was estimated by lactulose hydrogen breath test. Fasting small bowel motility was investigated by means of intraluminal manometry. Plasma glucagon levels were significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis (61 +/- 5 pmol/l) than in controls (32 +/- 3 pmol/l); p < 0.01. In patients with liver disease, plasma glucagon levels were not significantly correlated to mouth to cecum transit time (r: -0.32), duration of migrating motor complex (r: -0.24), nor to the frequency of multiple clustered contractions (r: -0.26). The degree of small bowel dysmotility is not related to plasma glucagon levels in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. These results do not support the hypothesis that hyperglucagonemia plays an important pathogenic role in the abnormalities of gut motility in cirrhosis.