Intradermal Injection of a Thermoresponsive Polymeric Dexamethasone Prodrug (ProGel-Dex) Ameliorate Dermatitis in an Imiquimod (IMQ)-Induced Psoriasis-like Mouse Model.

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease, affecting ∼ 3% of the US population. Although multiple new systemic therapies have been introduced for the treatment of psoriatic skin disease, topical and intralesional glucocorticoids (GCs) continue to be used as effective psoriasis therapies. Their clinical utility, however, has been hampered by significant adverse effects, including skin atrophy and pigmentation as well as elevated blood glucose levels and hypertension. To mitigate these limitations, we have developed a N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-based thermoresponsive dexamethasone (Dex) prodrug (ProGel-Dex) and assessed its therapeutic efficacy and safety in an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like (PL) mouse model. ProGel-Dex was intradermally administered once at three dosing levels: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg/day Dex equivalent at the beginning of the study. PL mice were also treated with daily topical saline or Dex, which were used as control groups. Treatment of PL mice with ProGel-Dex dosed at 0.5 mg/kg/day resulted in a significant reduction in scaling and erythema. Improvement in gross pathology scores, skin histological scores, and serum cytokine levels was also observed. Interestingly, for mice treated with ProGel-Dex at 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg/day Dex equivalent, only improvement in skin erythema was observed. GC-associated side effects, such as elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and amylase levels and body weight loss, were not observed in mice treated with ProGel-Dex at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg/day Dex equivalent. Collectively, these results demonstrate the efficacy and improved safety of ProGel-Dex in treating psoriatic skin lesions when compared to topical Dex treatment, supporting its translational potential for clinical management of lesional skin psoriasis.

Enhanced Disease-Specific Survival Among Individuals With Malignant Adnexal Tumors of the Skin Treated With Mohs Surgery: A National Database Study.

BACKGROUND: Malignant adnexal tumors of the skin are a rare group of tumors that can be locally aggressive and require surgical excision with strict margin control to achieve clearance. Given the rarity of these tumors, there is a limited understanding within the medical community regarding optimal treatment approaches. OBJECTIVE: To examine surgical management trends and outcomes for patients diagnosed with cutaneous adnexal tumors from 2000 to 2020. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried to identify biopsy-proven cases of cutaneous adnexal tumors between 2000 and 2020. Clinical and disease characteristics were examined, and disease-specific survivals were compared between surgical approaches using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Mohs surgery demonstrated a significant increase in utilization from 2000 to 2020 (+447.1%) and improvements in disease-specific survival (mean 231.7 months; p < .001) compared with no surgery; wide local excision exhibited no improved disease-specific survival (227.7 months; p = .070). Multivariable Cox regression further highlighted that only Mohs surgery exhibited a reduced disease-specific mortality risk compared with no surgery (adjusted HR 0.49; p = .011). CONCLUSION: Given the enhanced disease-specific survival coupled with tissue preservation strategies, Mohs surgery emerges as a promising surgical approach for the treatment of malignant adnexal tumors of the skin.

Histopathologic Features of Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms.

IMPORTANCE: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a severe cutaneous adverse reaction occurring 2 to 8 weeks after medication initiation. Diagnosis is clinical; RegiSCAR scoring includes biopsy "suggestive of DRESS," undefined in the literature. OBJECTIVE: This study correlates DRESS dermatopathology, culprit drugs, disease course, and outcome severity compared with maculopapular drug reactions (MDR). METHODS: Between 2014 and 2023, a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care institute reviewed 55 patients with DRESS, assessing demographics, culprit drug, illness course, and histopathology. Biopsies of 15 patients with DRESS and 15 MDR patients were graded by a predefined histopathological scoring system. Statistical analysis (significant P -value<0.05) included the Fisher exact probability, ANOVA, and correlation tests. RESULTS: Among 55 patients with DRESS (mean age 50.13, 28 female/27 male), 15 (mean age 50.4, 7 female/8 male) had diagnostic biopsies. Compared with MDR patients, patients with DRESS exhibited significantly more interface dermatitis ( P = 0.04), lichenoid dermatitis ( P = 0.0007), pigment incontinence ( P = 0.04), and periadnexal interface dermatitis ( P = 0.002). MDR biopsies displayed perivascular inflammation and higher eosinophils than DRESS, trending toward significance. CONCLUSIONS: Key histopathologic features are interface dermatitis, periadnexal interface dermatitis, lichenoid dermatitis, pigment incontinence, and neutrophils dominance over eosinophils indicate DRESS clinically.

Moraxella nonliquefaciens-Associated Ecthyma Gangrenosum in a Pediatric Patient With Cancer.

ABSTRACT: In this brief report, we describe a 16-year-old patient with pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia on chemotherapy who presented to the emergency department with a fever and "bruise-like" area on his left forearm. Empiric antibiotic therapy was initiated, and initial tissue biopsy demonstrated findings consistent with ecthyma gangrenosum. On day 4 of admission, initial blood cultures grew Moraxella nonliquefaciens, and targeted antibiotic therapy was initiated and continued for a total of 21 days. The patient was discharged after 6 days of in-patient therapy and made a full recovery. M. nonliquefaciens has been reported to be associated with multiple types of infection, but no cases of M. nonliquefaciens-associated ecthyma gangrenosum were identified in the literature review for this report. Given this unique case and the empiric risks and broad differential associated with cutaneous manifestations in immunocompromised patients, obtaining a skin biopsy for histological examination is imperative for diagnostic workup.

Improvement of Unilateral Breast Hypoplasia With Oral Spironolactone in a Patient With Becker Nevus Syndrome.

Becker nevus (BN) is a benign cutaneous smooth muscle hamartoma that presents with a hyperpigmented patch or plaque with or without hypertrichosis.1 BN may be associated with ipsilateral breast hypoplasia or other musculoskeletal abnormalities, an association which has been termed Becker nevus syndrome (BNS).

Retiform purpura: A diagnostic approach.

Retiform purpura is a specific morphology within the spectrum of reticulate eruptions of vascular origin. It develops when blood vessels serving the skin are compromised resulting in downstream cutaneous ischemia, purpura, and necrosis. Identifying retiform purpura is important particularly in the acutely ill patient. It may elucidate the underlying diagnosis, provide prognostic information, and suggest a treatment approach. The differential diagnosis of retiform purpura is vast, reflecting the myriad conditions that can lead to cutaneous vessel wall damage or lumen occlusion. In this article, we give an overview of the differential diagnosis of this cutaneous morphology, provide an approach to workup, and highlight updates in treatment of some of the more common conditions that manifest as retiform purpura.

Retiform purpura: Workup and therapeutic considerations in select conditions.

In this article we focus on updates in select etiologies of retiform purpura. These causes of retiform purpura, in addition to bacterial or fungal sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, purpura fulminans, and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, are important diagnoses with potential for morbidity and mortality. Important aspects in the pathophysiology, patient demographics and risk factors, updates in the diagnostic workup, histopathology, and treatment of these specific conditions are discussed.

Lymphomatoid papulosis in children and adolescents: A clinical and histopathologic retrospective cohort.

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is a CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder that is rare and not well described within the pediatric subpopulation. We sought to review the literature and characterize clinical and pathologic features among pediatric and adolescent patients diagnosed with LyP at a tertiary care center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort of 27 pediatric and adolescent patients (defined as <20 years old) diagnosed with LyP at the Weill Cornell Medicine Dermatopathology division from 2006 to 2016 was identified. Subsequently, we reviewed the histopathologic characteristics and collected clinical follow-up data from patients and their providers. The parameters assessed included the pathological LyP subtype including the immunohistochemical staining pattern, the development of secondary lymphoma, disease duration and rate of remission. RESULTS: While type A was the most prevalent subtype, B and C subtypes were also frequently observed. CD8 predominance was a common finding, especially among type B LyP patients and those with eccrinotropic granulomatous features. None of the patients with clinical follow-up have developed secondary lymphoma, and some patients experienced remission of their disease. CONCLUSION: While type A appears to be the dominant variant described in children, types B, C, and even the newly described variants E and F may occur more often than previously reported. Pediatric LyP may be more indolent than the adult variant, but close clinical follow-up is still warranted.

Inpatient eDermatology (Teledermatology) Can Help Meet the Demand for Inpatient Skin Disease.

Background: Currently, the number of inpatient dermatology providers cannot meet the overall burden of inpatient skin disease in the United States. Introduction: We seek to determine whether inpatient eDermatology can meet the need for inpatient skin disease in hospitals without access to a dermatology hospitalist. Methods: This retrospective cohort study reviewed inpatient eDermatology consults at the University of Pittsburgh eDermatology Consult Service between July 1, 2014 and June 30, 2018. This included a diverse group of 1,320 patients admitted to 10 different community hospitals. Study data were reviewed for demographics, diagnostic impressions, time to discharge, and diagnostic discordance between referring and consultant physicians. Results: Forty percent of inpatient eDermatology consults were admitted with a primary dermatologic diagnosis. Referring diagnosis most commonly was rash not otherwise specified. eDermatology consulting impressions, conversely, were specific and varied. Ninety-one percent of patients received a consultant impression by the end of day, or within 8 hours. Overall, 89.3% of patients with a referring diagnosis of "cellulitis" were given a different diagnosis by the consultant. Discussion: Although this study lacked concordance data to compare the Inpatient eDermatologist with a live Inpatient Dermatologist, overall, eDermatology consultants were able to provide rapid consult recommendations that aided patient management. Conclusions: Inpatient eDermatology appears to be an effective medium to provide dermatologic care to patients at hospitals without a dermatology presence. This delivery of health care can help prevent misdiagnosis, unnecessary costs, and inappropriate systemic therapies.

Surgical smoke: Risk assessment and mitigation strategies.

BACKGROUND: Although many dermatologic surgeons are aware of the risks of surgical smoke, many do not use hazard reduction strategies. OBJECTIVE: To identify the infectious, inhalational, chemical, and mutagenic risks of surgical smoke in dermatologic procedures and suggest evidence-based hazard reduction strategies. METHODS: A review of articles indexed for MEDLINE on PubMed using the keywords surgical smoke, dermatology, surgical mask, respirator, smoke evacuator, and guidelines in 13 combinations was performed by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols. The review included data from 45 articles from the dermatology, surgery, infectious disease, obstetrics, and cancer biology literature. RESULTS: There are risks associated with surgical smoke, and although some dermatologists are aware of these risks, many are not using hazard reduction strategies such as smoke evacuators and surgical masks. LIMITATIONS: Most of the data regarding the hazards of surgical smoke and methods for smoke safety are derived from in vitro and in vivo studies in nonhumans, as well as from resources outside of the dermatology literature. CONCLUSION: Standardized guidelines for surgical smoke safety should be implemented in the dermatology community and residency curriculum.

Eruptive Keratoacanthoma-Like Discoid Lupus Erythematosus.

Hypertrophic discoid lupus erythematosus can resemble keratoacanthoma histomorphologically. We describe a unique case of eruptive keratoacanthomatous scaly papules in a 56-year-old woman with discoid lupus erythematosus. We review the literature and conclude by discussing important histologic features and useful immunostains to consider when attempting to discern the underlying identity and pathogenicity of such lesions.

Myoepithelial-Rich and Infiltrative Giant Vascular Eccrine Spiradenoma: A Unique Presentation of a Rare Adnexal Tumor.

A rare variant of the eccrine spiradenoma, the giant vascular eccrine spiradenoma, has been characterized as a large circumscribed and sometimes hemorrhagic solitary tumor occurring in adults older than 50 years. Histopathologically, the lesion is comprised of distinct cell populations and cystic hemorrhagic glandular spaces. We present a 68-year-old Bengali man with a giant vascular eccrine spiradenoma and describe immunohistochemical features of this tumor. In addition, we highlight unique aspects of this case, including a rich myoepithelial component and focal pseudocapsular infiltration.

Orofacial granulomatosis and erythema multiforme in an adolescent with Crohn's disease.

The cutaneous manifestations of Crohn's disease are myriad. A 15-year-old girl presented with recurrent lip swelling and eventual development of diarrhea and targetoid macules on the palms, feet, and back. She was finally diagnosed with Crohn's disease in the setting of a clinical presentation and histopathology consistent with orofacial granulomatosis and erythema multiforme. We review the literature and summarize reported occurrences of these cutaneous diseases in children with Crohn's disease.

Pediatric pustular psoriasis responsive to cyclosporine bridged to etanercept: A treatment approach.

Pustular psoriasis occurs rarely in children but can present with acute toxicity requiring inpatient admission. For the best approach, medical providers should have an evidence based and systematic treatment algorithm in their armamentarium. Toillustrate this point, we describe a 13-year-old girl who was admitted with generalized pustular psoriasis and who responded dramatically to "wet wrap" therapy and cyclosporine bridged to etanercept. Using this case example, we highlight the three most important considerations in any patient with new onset pustularpsoriasis: avoidance of disease complications, acute "rescue" therapy, and maintenance therapy.