Light activated simultaneous release and recognition of biological signaling molecule carbon monoxide (CO).

The therapeutic action of carbon monoxide (CO) is very well known and has been studied on various types of tissues and animals. However, real-time spatial and temporal tracking and release of CO is still a challenging task. This paper reported an amphiphilic CO sensing probe NP and phospholipid 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) based nanoscale vesicular sensing system Ves-NP consisting of NP. The liposomal sensing system (Ves-NP) showed good selectivity and sensitivity for CO without any interference from other relevant biological analytes. Detection of CO is monitored by fluorescence OFF-ON signal. Ves-NP displayed LOD of 5.94 µM for CO detection with a response time of 5 min. Further, in a novel attempt, Ves-NP is co-embedded with the amphiphilic CO-releasing molecule 1-Mn(CO)3 to make an analyte replacement probe Ves-NP-CO. Having a both CO releasing and sensing moiety at the surface of the same liposomal system Ves-NP-CO play a dual role. Ves-NP-CO is used for the simultaneous release and recognition of CO that can be controlled by light. Thus, in this novel approach, for the first time we have attached both the release and recognition units of CO in the vesicular surface, both release and recognition simultaneously monitored by the change in fluorescent OFF-ON signal.

Therapeutic Potential of Recreation on Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: A Literature Review.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Non-motor symptoms (NMSs) such as anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, autonomic dysregulation, and sensory impairments are as debilitating as motor symptoms and negatively impact an individual's quality of life. While the majority appear in the prodromal stage, a few NMSs, like anxiety and hallucinations can also occur as a side effect of dopaminergic drugs. Physical activity-based recreation has emerged as a newer non-pharmacological approach to managing NMS in PD. However, there is a paucity of literature proving its efficacy in reducing NMS burden. Primary Objective: The objective of the present review is to summarise evidence on the efficacy of physical activity-based recreation to manage NMSs in PD. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases. Fifty studies including randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and cohort studies published between 2012-2022 were reviewed thoroughly as per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis-Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Setting: India. Participants: Individuals with PD. Results: Three out of eight studies, one fair quality (level IIa) and two high-quality studies (level Ib and Ia respectively) observed the effects of dance on NMS, two high-quality studies (level Ib) examined the effects of Tai-chi, two high-quality studies (level Ia and Ib respectively) examined the effect of Qigong while the remaining one high-quality study (level Ia) assessed the effects of Yoga. Conclusion: Review findings indicate that yoga and Tai-chi followed by Qigong and dance are effective therapeutic adjuncts to regular physiotherapy interventions in alleviating NMSs in individuals with PD.

Fetus-in-Fetu: A Tale of the Trapped Triplets.

A 7-day-old male child presented with abdominal distention and jaundice. Radiological investigations revealed an encapsulated sac encasing three fetus-in-fetu (FIF) in the retroperitoneum. Laparotomy revealed a sac occupying almost the whole of the abdomen. The sac was stretching the duodenum and barely visible common bile duct, which were carefully separated. The rest of the bowel was displaced to the left. The sac containing three FIFs was excised intact. One of the fetuses was highly differentiated and had thoracic meningomyelocele, which has never been reported in FIF.

Antiferromagnetically coupled double perovskite as an efficient and robust catalyst for visible light driven water splitting at neutral pH.

Green and sustainable energy production through renewable sources is an enormously exciting field of research. Herein, we report an A-site lanthanum doped oxygen excess ruthenate (predominantly Ru5+-ions) double perovskite system, CaLaScRuO6+δ (CLSR), as an excellent photocatalyst for water splitting. The well characterized polycrystalline compound shows canted antiferromagnetic (AFM) behavior due to the existence of disordered Ru-ions at the B-site. Based on density functional theory + U (Hubbard U) calculations, we have estimated various magnetic exchange interactions and found that the ground state is antiferromagnetic in nature which is in perfect agreement with our experimental results. Detailed analysis of the electronic structure further reveals that the present system belongs to the family of charge transfer semiconductors with an energy gap of ∼0.45 eV. Finally, the material is found to proficiently work for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) via visible-light driven water splitting at neutral pH in an ecofriendly manner.

Tissue culture-induced DNA methylation in crop plants: a review.

Plant tissue culture techniques have been extensively employed in commercial micropropagation to provide year-round production. Tissue culture regenerants are not always genotypically and phenotypically similar. Due to the changes in the tissue culture microenvironment, plant cells are exposed to additional stress which induces genetic and epigenetic instabilities in the regenerants. These changes lead to tissue culture-induced variations (TCIV) which are also known as somaclonal variations to categorically specify the inducing environment. TCIV includes molecular and phenotypic changes persuaded in the in vitro culture due to continuous sub-culturing and tissue culture-derived stress. Epigenetic variations such as altered DNA methylation pattern are induced due to the above-mentioned factors. Reportedly, alteration in DNA methylation pattern is much more frequent in the plant genome during the tissue culture process. DNA methylation plays an important role in gene expression and regulation of plant development. Variants originated in tissue culture process due to heritable methylation changes, can contribute to intra-species phenotypic variation. Several molecular techniques are available to detect DNA methylation at different stages of in vitro culture. Here, we review the aspects of TCIV with respect to DNA methylation and its effect on crop improvement programs. It is anticipated that a precise and comprehensive knowledge of molecular basis of in vitro-derived DNA methylation will help to design strategies to overcome the bottlenecks of micropropagation system and maintain the clonal fidelity of the regenerants.

A simple colorimetric sensor for the detection of moisture in organic solvents and building materials: applications in rewritable paper and fingerprint imaging.

A simple off-the-shelf dye molecule, 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone or quinizarin (1), has been investigated for the effective detection of moisture in organic solvents and building materials. Anion-induced deprotonation of 1 to 1.F followed by re-protonation with water is the working principle of the sensor system. Changes in colour, UV-Vis spectra and emission intensity indicate the moisture detection of 1.F in various organic solvents. The probe 1.F is more effective at the detection of water in acetonitrile and THF with a LOD of 0.0011 and 0.0026 wt%. Probe 1.F is reversible, reusable, highly selective, and sensitive and has a fast response time both in solution phase and in test papers. Probe 1.F is also applied for the detection of unknown moisture content in raw building materials such as cement, fly ash, foundry sand, and limestone. 1.F incorporated cellulose-based papers are applicable for inkless writing and stamping in the read-erase manner. Furthermore, these papers are also suitable for fingerprint imaging and sweat pore mapping by the simple colour change method.

Human papillomavirus infection & anal cytological abnormalities in HIV-positive men in eastern India.

BACKGROUND: Oncogenic Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are closely associated with anal cancer which is high among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected males. There are no data regarding anal HPV infection and cytological abnormalities in HIV positive males receiving free therapy in the national program. Thus, this cross-sectional study was performed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of anal HPV infection and cytological abnormalities in HIV positive males. METHODS: We screened 126 HIV-positive male patients attending the antiretroviral treatment center (ART) between 2014 and 2015 with anal papanicolaou smear cytology and HPV-DNA testing. HPV-DNA was detected by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with two consensus primer sets E6 and MY09/11 and further analyzed for the presence of various HPV genotype by Sanger sequencing. Risk factors associated with anal cytological abnormalities and HPV infection was analyzed by using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Out of 126, 52 were on antiretroviral therapy. 91% were married to female partners but during the study 48 (38%) gave positive history of anal intercourse with other men. Anal cytology was done in 95 patients, out of which 60 (63.15%) had cytological abnormalities. LSIL (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions) was present in 27 (45%), ASCUS (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) in 31 (52%) and ASC-H (atypical squamous cells cannot exclude a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) in 2 (3.33%). In multivariate analysis, the risk factors for cytological abnormality were presence of history of anal intercourse (OR, 6.1; 95% CI, 2.0-18.7) and WHO stage III & IV (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1-7.5). HPV-DNA was detected in 33/119 (27.73%) patients. The most prevalent HPV type in the study was HPV-16 (10.08%), other HPV types detected were 18,31,35,17,66,72,52,68 and 107 (17.65%). CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of anal cytological abnormalities in our study suggests that regular anal Pap smear screening should be done in HIV positive males in the ART center.

Bilateral Mirror Image Cervical Neurofibroma in an Adult with Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by various phenotypic features like hyperpigmented spots, neurofibromas, Lisch nodules, skeletal abnormalities and tendency to develop neoplasms. Only few cases of Non-Familial Spinal Neurofibromatosis-1 (Non-FSNF1) have been described in literature with tumors involving the spinal roots at every level being even rarer. We reported an interesting case of bilateral symmetrical cervical neurofibroma with multiple spinal neurofibromas appearing as mirror image on CT, associated with non familial NF-1 as a rare presentation in a 25-year-old adult male.

Detection of Moisture by Fluorescent OFF-ON Sensor in Organic Solvents and Raw Food Products.

Copper complex based on a new class of fluorescence OFF-ON sensor 1.Cu has been reported for the detection of trace amounts of water in various organic solvents such as CH3OH, THF, CH3CN, and acetone by means of fluorescence emission intensity. The probe is highly responsive to water in THF (DL = 0.003 wt %). The dissociation of copper from probe 1.Cu in the presence of water is responsible for the fluorescence change and it was confirmed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and fluorescence lifetime studies. Real application of the probe was successfully applied for the detection of moisture content in commercial products such as salt, sugar, wheat, and washing powder.

Initiating pain and palliative care outpatient services for the suburban underserved in Montgomery County, Maryland: Lessons learned at the NIH Clinical Center and MobileMed.

OBJECTIVE: With the ongoing expansion of palliative care services throughout the United States, meeting the needs of socioeconomically marginalized populations, as in all domains of healthcare, continues to be a challenge. Our specific aim here was to help meet some of these needs through expanding delivery of pain and palliative care services by establishing a new clinic for underserved patients and collecting descriptive data about its operation. METHOD: In November of 2014, the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center's Pain and Palliative Care Service (PPCS) launched a bimonthly offsite pain and palliative care outpatient clinic in collaboration with Mobile Medical Care Inc. (MobileMed), a private not-for-profit primary care provider in Montgomery County, Maryland, serving underserved area residents since 1968. Staffed by NIH hospice and palliative medicine clinical fellows and faculty, the clinic provides specialty pain and palliative care consultation services to patients referred by their primary care healthcare providers. A patient log was maintained, charts reviewed, and referring providers surveyed on their satisfaction with the service. RESULTS: The clinic had 27 patient encounters with 10 patients (6 males, 4 females, aged 23-67) during its first 7 months of operation. The reason for referral for all but one patient was chronic pain of multiple etiologies. Patients had numerous psychosocial stressors and comorbidities. All primary care providers who returned surveys (n = 4) rated their level of satisfaction with the consultation service as "very satisfied" or "extremely satisfied." SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: This brief descriptive report outlines the steps taken and logistical issues addressed to launch and continue the clinic, the characteristics of patients treated, and the results of quality-improvement projects. Lessons learned are highlighted and future directions suggested for the clinic and others that may come along like it.

Lymphnodal Co-infection of Cryptococcus and Histoplasma in a HIV-Infected Patient and Review of Published Reports.

Human infection with Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus runs the gamut from asymptomatic illness to disseminated disease. Though both are the most prevalent systemic mycoses in HIV-infected patients, simultaneous infection by both the pathogens rarely occurs. We document the first case from Asian subcontinent with concurrent infection with disseminated cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis infections in a HIV-infected Indian patient diagnosed by morphological examination of fine-needle aspiration cytology samples obtained from the enlarged lymph nodes on light microscopy and were later confirmed by culture studies. A prompt, accurate and timely diagnosis of the disseminated form of dual mycosis (or either of the mycosis as well) is of utmost importance which has obvious impact on early initiation of treatment. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is a rapid, cost-effective and reliable method to identify infection with Cryptococcus and Histoplasma and is comparable with the essential culture studies.

Mass propagation of Cymbidium giganteum Wall. ex Lindl. using in vitro seedlings.

In vitro seedlings were used as explants for protocorm like bodies (PLBs) production which in turn were used for regeneration purpose. PLBs were induced from the base of seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm in size) in MS + BAP (8.88 microM). After 90 days of inoculation, PLBs production rate started declining and most of the PLBs turned into plantlets. Preculture of seedlings in 1.0 microM thidiazuron (TDZ) for 7 days and transfer to BAP supplemented medium resulted in production of 16 PLBs per seedling within 90 days of culture. Increase of TDZ concentration to 2.5 microM and preculture time 15 days, resulted in induction of highest number of PLBs (19 PLBs per seedling) in the basal medium. The results emphasized the importance of thidiazuron (TDZ) concentration and preculture time for PLBs proliferation from the base of seedlings. The PLBs thus produced were used for regeneration studies. Irrespective of single, segmented or clumps of PLBs, the regeneration response was 100% in 2,4-D (4.52 microM) and KN (4.64 microM) but when KN was replaced by BAP (8.88 microM), response was observed only in clumps of PLBs, whereas in single and segmented ones it was 99 and 97%, respectively. Regenerants developed stout root system in half strength M medium supplemented with 2.84 microM of IAA and transferred to greenhouse with 90% survival. The present study holds tremendous potential as the mother plant is not destroyed and PLBs are produced as a continuous system.

Cognitive facet and paradigm of the caregivers of children with developmental problems in Eastern India.

Background: The role of caregivers in grooming the neuro-developmental outcome of high-risk newborns and developmental challenges in children needs to be explored. Objectives: To find the knowledge and perception among parents regarding the neuro-developmental outcome of high-risk newborns, methods adopted to address these problems, and to identify areas on which awareness generation needs to focus. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based awareness survey was conducted to understand the knowledge, attitude, and practices of families of children with developmental challenges. Results: The study revealed that more than 70 percent of families lack information about child development, developmental challenges, and means to deal with them. They are unaware of the available health care services and other resources. One in three families has misconceptions on developmental disabilities; consider them as curse or jinx and consequently neglected. Female children with developmental problems are further ostracized due to gender inequity in families. About 10 percent of families have shown great openness toward acquiring new skills and knowledge for handling their children with developmental delays. Conclusions: This study is based on the précis research findings of our grass-root level fieldwork conducted in remote rural Bengal areas. The observation will be of interest and learning materials for general primary care practitioners, family physicians, and stakeholders to initiate appropriate intervention strategies for properly rehabilitating children with developmental delay at grass-root levels of primary health care.

The multi-dimensional impact of captopril modification on human serum albumin.

Captopril is a thiol drug, widely used for the management of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Reactive thiols are found to covalently modify the cysteines of plasma proteins and affect their structure and function. Human serum albumin (HSA) is prone to undergo modification by various low molecular weight compounds, including drugs. Cysteine34 (Cys34) in HSA has a free thiol group with antioxidant properties, considered to be the most redox-sensitive amino acid in plasma. Through mass-spectrometric analysis, we demonstrate for the first time that captopril forms a disulfide adduct at Cys34 residue and increases the protease susceptibility of HSA to trypsin. As evidenced by our biophysical and electron microscopy studies, HSA undergoes structural alteration, aggregation and morphological changes when treated with different captopril concentrations. Molecular dynamics studies further revealed the regions of secondary structural changes in HSA due to disulfide adduct formation by captopril at Cys34. It also elucidated the residues involved in the noncovalent interactions with captopril. It is envisaged that structural change in HSA may influence the efficacy of drug delivery as well as its own biological function. These findings may thus provide significant insights into the field of pharmacology intriguing further investigation into the effects of long-term captopril treatment.

Role of biomarkers in prognostication of moderate and severe COVID-19 cases.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic demanded upgrading of laboratory medicine to limit morbidity, disability and mortality from moderate and severe SARS-COV-2 infections. Objective: To assess among moderate and severe COVID-19 patients, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), ferritin, D-dimer, interleukin 6 (IL-6), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total and differential leucocyte count (TLC and DLC), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), absolute platelet count (APC), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and international normalized ratio (INR) to find their interdependence and role in prognosis. Methods: This open label analytical cross-sectional noninterventional study evaluated array of independent biochemical, haematological and coagulopathy markers, viz. CRP, PCT, ferritin, D-dimer, IL-6, LDH, TLC, DLC, NLR, absolute platelet count, PT, APTT and INR on consecutive 100 patients with diagnosis of moderate and severe COVID-19 from July to August 2021. Results: In our study, on consecutive designated 100 cases (55 cases moderate and 45 cases severe), more severity were reported as the age progressed; gender difference was not noted. Among independent markers, CRP, PCT, ferritin, D-dimer, IL-6 and LDH had statistically significant relation in comparison with severity of the disease as Chi-square calculated value (P < 0.05). TLC, DLC and APC showed no significant relation in comparison with severity of the disease; NLR had highly significant relation. PT showed significant relation in comparison with severity, though APTT and INR did not show significant relation. Conclusion: Our research group felt that CRP, PCT, ferritin, D-dimer, IL-6, LDH and NLR should be in included in clinical practice guidelines to prognosticate COVID-19 cases. Furthermore, translational researches are needed at all levels of healthcare to improve validity for practices of primary care physicians.

Current scenario on adhesion to zirconia; surface pretreatments and resin cements: A systematic review.

Several methods have been proposed to increase bonding of zirconia with resin. However, we are still to find the Holy Grail. A systematic literature review was performed through PubMed on international literature from January 2000 to May 2021 with relevant Medical Subject Headings terms. 56 articles were found to be relevant. Of all the different methods proposed, mechanochemical pretreatment of zirconia surface with alumina oxide and use of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate were found to be most effective as per majority of studies. New methods that require further research also surfaced.

Phenotypic variation and epigenetic insight into tissue culture berry crops.

Berry crops, a nutrient powerhouse for antioxidant properties, have long been enjoyed as a health-promoting delicious food. Significant progress has been achieved for the propagation of berry crops using tissue culture techniques. Although bioreactor micropropagation has been developed as a cost-effective propagation technology for berry crops, genetic stability can be a problem for commercial micropropagation that can be monitored at morphological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Somaclonal variations, both genetic and epigenetic, in tissue culture regenerants are influenced by different factors, such as donor genotype, explant type and origin, chimeral tissues, culture media type, concentration and combination of plant growth regulators, and culture conditions and period. Tissue culture regenerants in berry crops show increased vegetative growth, rhizome production, and berry yield, containing higher antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves that might be due to epigenetic variation. The present review provides an in-depth study on various aspects of phenotypic variation in micropropagated berry plants and the epigenetic effects on these variations along with the role of DNA methylation, to fill the existing gap in literature.

Outcome Analysis of Osseous Ingrowth in an Artificially Created Gap Non-union Using the Novel 3D Biodegradable Polycaprolactone Poly-l-Lactide Polymer Scaffold: Insights from an Experimental Study.

Background: Synthetic biopolymers have been widely used to manage bone effects in recent years. The study aims to analyse the ability to repair artificially created ulnar bone defects with the scaffold made of Polycaprolactone (PCL) and investigate the material's feasibility as a bone graft substitute. Method: We have tested a novel 3D biodegradable Polycaprolactone Poly-l-Lactide polymer scaffold in an experimental animal model. 14 adults New Zealand white rabbits were used to create the ulnar defect model of 10 mm in length, and randomly divided into group A (test-12 rabbits), group B (control-3 rabbits). The defect area was implanted with the PCL scaffold in the test group, whereas it was left as such in the control group. The repairing effect was observed by gross, histology, radiology, and the Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Cook's scoring was used to assess the radiological parameters. Results: Histological and radiological results showed better quality of bone regeneration in the defect area at 12 week follow-up period. The SEM image at that period showed impregnation of the osteogenic cells in the surface and pores of the scaffold material. It was evident that the scaffold was thoroughly degraded, corresponding with osteogenesis. New bone formation was statistically significant in the test group than in the control group. Conclusion: The Polycaprolactone Poly-l-Lactide polymer scaffold is biodegradable in-vivo at a suitable half-life. It has an excellent porous structure, no tissue toxicity, excellent mechanical strength, high osteogenesis potential, and osteoconductivity. Therefore, it can be used as bone graft material in the gap non-union and as a void filler in bone defects.

Blood-based biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and severity prediction of COVID-19: Opportunities and challenges.

The reasons for high morbidity and mortality with Corona virus disease (COVID-19) disease remain unanswered with extremes of manifestation and uncertainty of modes of transmission for which biomarkers are urgently needed for early prediction of severity and prompt treatment. We have reviewed publications from PubMed (years 2019-2021) analysing the biochemical, immune-inflammatory, nucleic acid, and cellular biomarkers that predict infection, disease progression in COVID-19 with emphasis on organ-specific damage. Our analysis of 65 biomarkers assessing the impact of SCoV-2 infection on five organs (lung, liver, cardiac, kidney, and neural) reported that increased levels of CRP, TNF-α, ferritin, IL-6, D-dimer, Procalcitonin, Fibrinogen to Albumin Ratio (FAR), and decrease platelet count (PC), lymphocyte count, leukocyte count, and CD4+/CD8 + ratio shows promising association in the early diagnosis, prediction of prognosis and severity disease and also correlates with cytokine storm a cardinal feature of COVID-19 progression. In the above scenario, this review has put forth the most promising biomarkers for COVID diagnosis and prognosis based on the reported literature. In recent year's chemically synthesized antibody-like biomolecules, aptamers were also used in the diagnosis of COVID-19 which could be preferably used for diagnosis over antibodies. Biomarkers including increase in free DNA and Fibrinogen-to-Albumin Ratio, CRP, PCT, and Ferritin along with a consequential decrease of CD3+ T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK cells with corresponding increase in CD4+/CD8+ ratio following SARS CoV-2 infection has been consistently correlated with disease severity. Despite the two waves of COVID-19 pandemic, currently there is no standard clinical practice guideline for evaluating the severity of the devastating pandemic of COVID-19, hence these biomarkers will have immense relevance for the third and subsequent wave of COVID-19 and related pandemic.

Investigation of the Captopril-Insulin Interaction by Mass Spectrometry and Computational Approaches Reveals that Captopril Induces Structural Changes in Insulin.

Post-translational modifications remarkably regulate proteins' biological function. Small molecules such as reactive thiols, metabolites, and drugs may covalently modify the proteins and cause structural changes. This study reports the covalent modification and noncovalent interaction of insulin and captopril, an FDA-approved antihypertensive drug, through mass spectrometric and computation-based approaches. Mass spectrometric analysis shows that captopril modifies intact insulin, reduces it into its "A" and "B" chains, and covalently modifies them by forming adducts. Since captopril has a reactive thiol group, it might reduce the insulin dimer or modify it by reacting with cysteine residues. This was proven with dithiothreitol treatment, which reduced the abundance of captopril adducts of insulin A and B chains and intact Insulin. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis identified the modification of a total of four cysteine residues, two in each of the A and B chains of insulin. These modifications were identified to be Cys6 and Cys7 of the A chain and Cys7 and Cys19 of the B chain. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated that captopril may simultaneously modify the cysteine residues of intact insulin or its subunits A and B chains. Biophysical studies involving light scattering and thioflavin T assay suggested that the binding of captopril to the protein leads to the formation of aggregates. Docking and molecular dynamics studies provided insights into the noncovalent interactions and associated structural changes in insulin. This work is a maiden attempt to understand the detailed molecular interactions between captopril and insulin. These findings suggest that further investigations are required to understand the long-term effect of drugs like captopril.