RESUMO
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT), after its first medical application in the urological field for lithotripsy, nowadays represents a valid therapeutical tool also for many musculoskeletal diseases, as well as for regenerative medicine applications. This is possible thanks to its mechanisms of action, which in the non-urological field are not related to mechanical disruption (as for renal stones), but rather to the capacity, by mechanotransduction, to induce neoangiogenesis, osteogenesis and to improve local tissue trophism, regeneration and remodeling, through stem cell stimulation. On the basis of these biological assumptions, it becomes clear that ESWT can represent a valid therapeutic tool also for all those pathological conditions that derive from musculoskeletal trauma, and are characterized by tissue loss and/or delayed healing and regeneration (mainly bone and skin, but not only). As a safe, repeatable and noninvasive therapy, in many cases it can represent a firstline therapeutic option, as an alternative to surgery (for example, in bone and skin healing disorders), or in combination with some other treatment options. It is hoped that with its use in daily practice also the muscleskeletal field will grow, not only for standard indications, but also in posttraumatic sequelae, in order to improve recovery and shorten healing time, with undoubted advantages for the patients and lower health service expenses.
Assuntos
Ondas de Choque de Alta Energia/uso terapêutico , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/terapia , Ortopedia , Traumatologia , Pesquisa Biomédica , Humanos , Regeneração , Tendões/patologia , Engenharia Tecidual , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
Generalist species, which exploit a wide range of food resources, are expected to be able to combine available resources as to attain their specific macronutrient ratio (percentage of caloric intake of protein, lipids and carbohydrates). Among mammalian predators, the red fox Vulpes vulpes is a widespread, opportunistic forager: its diet has been largely studied, outlining wide variation according to geographic and climatic factors. We aimed to check if, throughout the species' European range, diets vary widely in macronutrient composition or foxes can combine complementary foods to gain the same nutrient intake. First, we assessed fox's intake target in the framework of nutritional geometry. Secondly, we aimed to highlight the effects of unbalanced diets on fox density, which was assumed as a proxy for Darwinian fitness, as assessed in five areas of the western Italian Alps. Unexpectedly, the target macronutrient ratio of the fox (52.4% protein-, 38.7% lipid- and 8.9% carbohydrate energy) was consistent with that of hypercarnivores, such as wolves and felids, except for carbohydrate intakes in urban and rural habitats. The inverse relation between density and the deviation of observed macronutrient ratios from the intake target suggests that fox capability of surviving in a wide range of habitats may not be exempt from fitness costs and that nutrient availability should be regarded among the biotic factors affecting animal abundance and distribution.
Assuntos
Ecologia , Raposas , Animais , Ecossistema , CarboidratosRESUMO
Data on cellular immunity mediators in the early phase of human leishmaniasis are still limited and controversial. In order to mimic the changes of humoral mediators during the early phase of human natural infection, some Th1, Th2, Treg, and Breg cytokines, MCP-1, and the nitric oxide (NO) from human PBMC, stimulated by Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica infective metacyclic promastigotes, were determined. After 4 h of L. major, L. donovani, and L. tropica challenge, TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6 levels were significantly higher than negative control cultures with saline (SF) instead of Leishmania promastigotes, unlike L. infantum-stimulated TNFα and L. major-stimulated IL-1ß. We obtained higher levels of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines after stimulation of human PBMCs by L. infantum and L. donovani, compared to those observed after the challenge of PBMCs by L. major and L. tropica. Regarding IL-35, such cytokine levels were significantly increased following infection with L. infantum and L. donovani, in contrast to L. major and L. tropica. Up to our knowledge, we are the first to study the effect of four different species of Leishmania on IL-35 levels in human cells. Our study highlights how several Leishmania species can up-regulate different groups of cytokines (Th1, Th2, Treg and Breg) and modulate NO release in a different way. This original aspect can be explained by different Leishmania cell products, such as LPG, obtained from different strains/species of live parasites. Our findings would contribute to the development of new therapeutics or vaccination strategies.
Assuntos
Leishmania donovani , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniose Visceral , Leishmaniose , Parasitos , Animais , Humanos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Leishmaniose/parasitologia , Citocinas , Interleucinas , Progressão da DoençaRESUMO
The Nup154 gene of Drosophila encodes a protein showing similarity with known nucleoporins: rat Nup155 and yeast Nup170 and Nup157. Hypomorphic mutant alleles of Nup154 affected female and male fertility, allowing investigation of the gene function in various steps of oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Nup154 was required in testes for cyst formation, control of spermatocyte proliferation and meiotic progression. In ovaries, Nup154 was essential for egg chamber development and oocyte growth. In both the male and female germ line, as well as in several other cell types, the Nup154 protein was detected at the nuclear membrane, but was also present inside the nucleus. Intranuclear localization has not previously been described for rat Nup155 or yeast Nup170 and Nup157. In mutant egg chambers the Nup154 protein accumulated in the cytoplasm, while it was only barely detected at the nuclear envelopes. FG repeats containing nucleoporins detected with mAb414 antibody were also mislocalized to a certain extent in Nup154 mutant alleles. This suggests that Nup154 could be required for localizing other nucleoporins within the nuclear pore complex, as previously demonstrated for the yeast Nup170. On the other hand, no evident defects in lamin localization were observed, indicating that Nup155 mutations did not affect the overall integrity of the nuclear envelope. However, ultrastructural analyses revealed that in mutant cells the morphology of the nuclear envelope was altered near the nuclear pore complexes. Finally, the multiplicity of phenotypes observed in Nup154 mutant alleles suggests that this gene plays a crucial role in cell physiology.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Drosophila , Drosophila/genética , Gametogênese/fisiologia , Complexo de Proteínas Formadoras de Poros Nucleares , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Feminino , Fertilidade/fisiologia , Imunofluorescência , Genes de Insetos/genética , Imuno-Histoquímica , Proteínas de Insetos/química , Masculino , Meiose/genética , Microscopia Eletrônica , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação/genética , Ovário/crescimento & desenvolvimento , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Testículo/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Drosophila nup154 encodes a predicted nucleoporin homologous to yeast Nup170p, Nup157p, and vertebrate Nup155, all of which are major components of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Unlike its yeast homologs, nup154 is essential for viability. Animals with strong loss-of-function nup154 mutations caused by P-element insertion in the 5'-UTR of the gene died as larvae with small discs, brains, and testes. nup154 mRNA expression appeared developmentally regulated in tissues of wild-type embryos, larvae, and adults, suggesting that new nup154 synthesis is required when assembly of new NPCs is required, as in proliferating or growing tissues. Two additional nup154 alleles also associated with different P-element inserts in the 5'-UTR were viable but had strong loss-of-function sterile phenotypes, including failure to maintain spermatogenic stem cells and failure to progress into vitellogenic stages of oogenesis. Lethality vs. viability correlated with orientation of the P-element inserts in the different alleles. Transcript analysis by 5'-RACE suggested a mechanism for allelic differences: an outward-directed promoter internal to the P-element 3' end able to drive sufficient expression of the nup154 transcript for viability but not for fertility.
Assuntos
Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Proteínas de Drosophila , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Complexo de Proteínas Formadoras de Poros Nucleares , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Transcrição Gênica , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Sequência de Bases , Sequência Conservada , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Drosophila melanogaster/embriologia , Drosophila melanogaster/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Embrião não Mamífero/fisiologia , Feminino , Genes Letais , Homozigoto , Larva , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Mapeamento por Restrição , Translocação GenéticaRESUMO
The abnormal oocyte mutation (2;44) originates in the wild: it confers no visible phenotype on homozygous abo males or females, but homozygous abo females produce defective eggs and the probability of their developing into adults is much lower than that of heterozygous sister females. We isolated by chromosome walking 200 kb of DNA from region 32. This paper reports that a restriction enzyme site polymorphism analysis in wild type and mutant stocks allowed us to identify a DNA rearrangement present only in stocks carrying the abo mutation. The rearrangement is caused by a DNA insert on the abo chromosome in region 32E which, by restriction map and sequence analysis, was identified as copia-like blood transposon. The transposon, in strains that had remained in abo homozygous conditions for several generations and had lost the abo maternal-effect, was no longer present in region 32E. Certain features of the abo mutation, discussed in the light of this finding, may be ascribed to the nature of the particular allele studied.
Assuntos
Elementos de DNA Transponíveis/fisiologia , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Óvulo , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Southern Blotting , Epistasia Genética , Rearranjo Gênico , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Mapeamento por RestriçãoRESUMO
In this paper we analyze the expression in follicular cells and regulation of the vitelline membrane protein gene we identified in region 32E of the second chromosome of D. melanogaster (VMP32E). We report germ line transformation results obtained with different kinds of gene fusion leading to the identification of a follicular cell subpopulation involved in the expression of the VMP32E. We have characterized two 5' non-transcribed regions (-465/-249; -135/-39) where the cis-acting transcriptional regulatory sequences, directing tissue and temporal specificity, are contained. The region between -465 and -249, which appears to control transcriptional high efficiency, does not behave as an enhancer as it is incapable of conferring any expression to a reporter gene. The region between -135 and -39 can confer temporal specificity of expression of the VMP32E gene, albeit at a very low level. Most interestingly, sequence similarities to ecdysone response elements raise the possibility of hormonal control also for VMP gene expression.
Assuntos
Proteínas do Ovo/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Oogênese/genética , Folículo Ovariano/metabolismo , Sequências Reguladoras de Ácido Nucleico , Membrana Vitelina/metabolismo , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Northern Blotting , DNA , Sondas de DNA , Drosophila melanogaster/embriologia , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Feminino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Folículo Ovariano/embriologia , Fatores de Tempo , Transcrição Gênica , Transformação Genética , beta-GalactosidaseRESUMO
Sperm tail proteins that are components of a specific structure formed late during spermatid elongation have been found to be encoded by the Mst(3)CGP gene family. These genes have been demonstrated to be regulated both at the transcriptional as well as at the translational level. We report here on the dissection of the regulatory regions for two members of the gene family, Mst84Da and Mst84Db. While high level transcription and negative translational control of Mst84Da is mediated by a short gene segment of 205 nt (-152/+53), Mst84Db expression is controlled by a number of distinct regulatory elements with different effects that all reside within the gene itself. We identify a transcriptional control element between +154 and +216, a translational repression element around +216 to +275 and an RNA stability element within the 3'UTR. Irrespective of the final common expression characteristics, correct regulation for any individual member of the gene family seems to be achieved by very different means. This confirms earlier observations that did not detect any other sequence elements in common apart from the TCE (translational control element).
Assuntos
Drosophila/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Sequências Reguladoras de Ácido Nucleico , Cauda do Espermatozoide , Animais , Drosophila/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Larva , Masculino , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Testículo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Testículo/metabolismo , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
Drosophila oogenesis provides an excellent opportunity to study fundamental aspects of developmental biology and to learn the importance of multiple signalling pathways in the regulation of cellular morphogenesis. Taking advantage of the genetic and molecular approaches extremely powerful in this organism, over the years an enormous collection of data has accumulated on the genes involved in important steps of egg chamber development, such as germline and somatic stem cell maintenance, division and differentiation; oocyte determination and positioning; establishment of follicle cell fate and axes formation. These different processes are mediated by a reciprocal cross-talk between germline and somatic follicle cells. Here, in a schematic and simplified form, we point out what we believe are the main recent results on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying ovarian development and outline our recent contribution to this field.
Assuntos
Drosophila melanogaster/embriologia , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Infertilidade Feminina/genética , Oogênese , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Feminino , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Genéticos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Oócitos/fisiologia , Ovário/fisiologia , Homologia de Sequência de AminoácidosRESUMO
The latest generation of shock wave lithotripters, with therapy heads mounted on articulated arms, have found widespread application in the treatment of orthopedic diseases. Currently, integration of an ultrasound probe in the therapy head is the dominant modality for positioning the shock wave focus on the treatment area. For orthopedic applications, however, X-ray imaging is often preferred. This article describes a new method to locate the therapy head of a lithotripter. In the first step, the surgeon positions the tissue to be treated at the isocenter of a C-arc. This is achieved using AP and 30-degree lateral projections, with corresponding horizontal and vertical movements of the patient under fluoroscopic guidance. These movements register the anatomic location in the coordinate system of the C-arc. In the second step, the therapy head is navigated to align the shock wave focus with the isocenter. Position data are reported from an optical tracker mounted on the X-ray system, which tracks an array of infrared LEDs on the therapy head. The accuracy of the tracking system was determined on a test bench, and was calculated to be 1.55 mm (RMS) for an angular movement of +/-15 degrees around a calibrated position. Free-hand navigation and precise alignment are performed with a single virtual reality display. The display is calculated by a computer system in real time, and uses graphical symbols to represent the shock wave path and isocenter. In an interactive process, the physician observes the display while navigating the therapy head towards the isocenter. Precise alignment is achieved by displaying an enlarged view of the intersecting graphical symbols. Results from the first tests on 100 patients demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in a clinical environment.
Assuntos
Simulação por Computador , Fluoroscopia/instrumentação , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/instrumentação , Litotripsia/instrumentação , Interface Usuário-Computador , Apresentação de Dados , Humanos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The authors report the long-term results obtained after 2 and 4 years in a controlled study conducted on surgical synovectomies performed in articular and extra-articular regions in rheumatoid arthritis. Out of a total of 157 patients submitted to surgery between 1977 and 1987 admitted to the study were 82 patients with bilateral symmetric localizations, but who had been submitted to synovectomy only unilaterally. The collection and interpretation of data showed that synovectomy is truly effective and that clinical improvements is not related to a spontaneous regression in the rheumatoid process. Surgery must be performed when the degree of osteocartilaginous deficit is absent or moderate. It does not avoid local recurrence, but it does obtain an antalgic effect, better joint excursion, and a slowing down in the destructive osteocartilaginous processes.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/cirurgia , Sinovectomia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
After analyzing the various types of anatomical and radiographic fractures in pagetic bone, the authors explain the reason for their preference for surgical treatment if the lesion is localized in the lower limbs. This choice allows for a reduction in the duration of immobilization and a lowered incidence of local (rapid and intense osteolysis of the pagetic bone) and general complications (hypercalciuria, at times, hypercalcemia). It is best to resort to internal osteosynthesis for diaphyseal fractures and prosthetic substitution for fractures of the femoral neck where treatment with screws and plates is less reliable due to the fragility of the pagetic bone. Non-surgical treatment may be used for fractures of the upper limb as the duration of the consolidation process, which is always increased, at any rate remains restricted to acceptable limits. Nonetheless, the radiographic occurrence of repair callus is not a sure sign of healing as it may also be affected by the Paget's disease.
Assuntos
Fraturas Espontâneas/etiologia , Osteíte Deformante/complicações , Idoso , Fraturas do Colo Femoral/etiologia , Humanos , Fraturas do Úmero/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/etiologia , Fraturas da Tíbia/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The 'medial thigh lift' was first described by Lewis in 1957, but did not receive the widespread acceptance because of the various postoperative complications, such as scar migration with vulvar deformities and early recurrence of ptosis. For this reason, Lockwood developed a technique of anchoring the dermis to the Colles' fascia, to make the surgical outcome more stable over time and to prevent scar migration. In this article, we describe our approaches to the medial thigh lift in post-bariatric surgery patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 45 females underwent medial thigh reduction. In 15 patients with Grade 2 on Pittsburgh Scale (PS), we performed a thigh lift with a horizontal scar; in 15 patients with Grade 2 on PS, we used a technique with a vertical scar; in 15 patients with Grade 3 on PS, the above-mentioned two procedures were combined. When it was really necessary, we also did the liposuction of the medial thigh. The patients were observed every 6 months with a 60-month median follow-up (range: 12-108 months). RESULTS: In six patients was observed scar enlargement due to poor wound healing (one patient with a horizontal scar, three patients with a vertical scar and two with the combined procedure). In two patients with a horizontal scar, minimal scar migration was observed. In three patients, the recurrence of ptosis was evident (one patient with a horizontal scar and two patients with the combined procedure). No skin necrosis was observed. CONCLUSION: The medial thigh lift surgery is remarkably simple and free of major complications, if the basic anatomy of this region is understood, in order to preserve important structures such as the great saphenous vein and femoral vessels. The only complication is the presence of extensive and visible scars along the thigh, in the case of vertical procedure, and along the inguinal canal, with a possible distortion of the labia major, in the case of horizontal procedure.
RESUMO
The peculiar anatomical characteristics and precarious vascularization of the carpal scaphoid are responsible for a difficult healing of fractures and a fairly frequent subsequent evolution to pseudoarthrosis. Recently, extracorporeal shockwaves therapy (ESWT) has yielded encouraging results in the treatment of pseudoarthrosis of various bone segments. We report a retrospective study comparing the results of application of three sessions of shockwaves therapy (SW) with energy flux density (EFD) impulses of 0.09 (SD = 0.02) mJ/mm(2) ESWT emitted by an electromagnetic generator in 58 patients (group I) affected by pseudoarthrosis of the carpal scaphoid, with the results of surgical treatment consisting of stabilization and bone graft according to the Matti-Russe technique, performed in 60 subjects (controls, group II). There were no statistically significant differences in the mean duration of the pseudoarthrosis (p = 0.46), sex distribution (p = 0.41) and mean age at recruitment (p = 0.95) between the two patient groups. Posttreatment clinical-functional assessment, based on the Mayo Wrist Score, showed a significantly improved score, rising from 28-74.6 in group I already after 2 mo (p < 0.001), with 86.3% of the results judged as satisfactory or excellent; in group II the mean score rose from 27.5-74.2 after 2 mo, with 83.4% of the results judged as satisfactory or excellent (p < 0.001). At the same two-months follow-up (FU), radiographic consolidation was shown in 75.9% of patients in group I and 76.7% in group II. These improvements persisted at the subsequent controls at six and 12 mo in both groups. The Mayo Wrist Score and X-rays did not show statistically significant differences at the various FU visits in the two groups (p > 0.05). On the basis of our data, we can conclude that the results of ESWT are comparable with those of surgical stabilization and bone graft in the treatment of scaphoid pseudoarthrosis. In view of their minimal invasiveness, shockwaves should therefore be considered the treatment of choice of this disorder.
Assuntos
Litotripsia/métodos , Osteotomia , Pseudoartrose/terapia , Osso Escafoide/efeitos da radiação , Osso Escafoide/cirurgia , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
In Xenopus oogenesis, the mechanisms governing the localisation of molecules crucial for primary axis determination have been uncovered in recent years. In stage I oocytes, the mitochondrial cloud (MC) entraps RNAs implicated in germ line specification and other RNAs, such as Xwnt-11 and Xlsirts, that are later delivered to the vegetal pole. Microfilaments and microtubules gradually develop in the cytoplasm, sustaining organelles as well as the MC. At stage III, other mRNAs migrate to the vegetal hemisphere through a microtubule-dependent mechanism. We report here the isolation of a cDNA encoding XNOA 36, a highly conserved protein, whose function is to date not fully understood. The XNOA 36 transcript is abundantly accumulated in stage I oocytes where it decorates a filamentous network. At the end of stage I the transcript gradually segregates in a sector of the oocyte surrounding the MC and opposite the ovarian hylum. Here, XNOA 36 mRNA distributes in a gradient-like pattern extending from a peripheral network towards the interior of the oocyte. This distribution is similar to that of alpha-spectrin mRNA. Both mRNAs are segregated in one half of the 250 microm oocytes, with the MC located between the XNOA 36/alpha-spectrin mRNA-labelled and unlabelled regions. XNOA 36 mRNA localisation was uncoupled from that of alpha-spectrin mRNA by cytochalasin B or ice-nocodazole treatments, suggesting that the two transcripts rely on different mechanisms for their localisation. However, immunolocalisation experiments coupled with in situ hybridisation revealed that the XNOA 36 transcript co-localises with the protein spectrin. This observation, together with the finding that XNOA 36 mRNA co-precipitates with spectrin, indicates that these two molecules interact physically. In conclusion, our data suggest that XNOA 36 mRNA is localized and/or anchored in the oocyte through a cytoskeletal network containing spectrin. The putative implications of this finding are discussed.
Assuntos
Oócitos/metabolismo , Espectrina/metabolismo , Proteínas de Xenopus/metabolismo , Xenopus laevis/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Northern Blotting , Feminino , Imunoprecipitação , Hibridização In Situ , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oócitos/citologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Espectrina/genética , Proteínas de Xenopus/genética , Xenopus laevis/embriologiaRESUMO
The authors emphasize the rarity of aneurysmal bone cysts localised in the hand. They report three cases and describe the radiographic, macroscopic and histological appearances. These three cases were out of a total of 350 tumours of the hand. The surgical treatment is described, also the differential diagnosis and the criteria used to select the type of surgery adopted.
Assuntos
Cistos Ósseos/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Ósseas/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Cistos Ósseos/cirurgia , Neoplasias Ósseas/cirurgia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , RadiografiaRESUMO
Authors show various techniques utilized in surgical treatment of forty-nine hand chondromas, specifying indications, advantages and long term results, and refer on one case with beginning malignancy and one case of chondrosarcoma in the hand. By analysis of clinical, roentgenographic, pathological and evolutive pictures they discuss on their conclusions in malignancy criteria, reporting their surgical choices in treatment of hand chondrogenic malignant tumors.
Assuntos
Condroma/cirurgia , Condrossarcoma/cirurgia , Mãos , Idoso , Condroma/diagnóstico por imagem , Condroma/epidemiologia , Condrossarcoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Condrossarcoma/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Mãos/diagnóstico por imagem , Mãos/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/cirurgia , RadiografiaRESUMO
The authors, after referring the various pathogenetic hypotheses for Paget's disease (till the latest hypothesis of infection by slow-action virus) report their follow-up of forty-five patients with Paget's disease of bone; then explain their diagnostic method, and record complications stressing the sarcomatous degeneration. Finally they give details on their therapeutic treatment emphasizing the need of hematochemical and radiographic periodical controls in order to optimize the treatment case by case.
Assuntos
Osteíte Deformante/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biópsia , Osso e Ossos/diagnóstico por imagem , Osso e Ossos/patologia , Calcitonina/administração & dosagem , Ácido Etidrônico/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Displasia Fibrosa Monostótica/diagnóstico , Displasia Fibrosa Monostótica/tratamento farmacológico , Displasia Fibrosa Monostótica/patologia , Displasia Fibrosa Poliostótica/diagnóstico , Displasia Fibrosa Poliostótica/tratamento farmacológico , Displasia Fibrosa Poliostótica/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteíte Deformante/tratamento farmacológico , Osteíte Deformante/patologia , Radiografia , CintilografiaRESUMO
A putative membrane form of guanylate cyclase gene was identified in region 32 of the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. The Drosophila protein has a single hydrophobic sequence that divides the protein into a putative extracellular region and a cytoplasmic catalytic region which contains tyrosine kinase and cyclase domains showing varying degrees of conservation with other guanylate and adenylate cyclases. The gene shows a very interrupted organization with small exons separated by small introns and a low level of expression. Transcripts have been localized in situ during oogenesis in the germarium and later in stages 10-14 of egg chamber development. The putative maternal transcript can be seen in very early embryos and reappears later as a product of zygotic gene expression.