Length of Stay per Total Body Surface Area Burn Relative to Mechanism: A Pediatric Injury Quality Improvement Collaborative Study.

Studies on length of stay (LOS) per total body surface area (TBSA) burn in pediatric patients are often limited to single institutions and are grouped in ranges of TBSA burn which lacks specific detail to counsel patients and families. A LOS to TBSA burn ratio of 1 has been widely accepted but not validated with multi-institution data. The objective of this study is to describe the current relationship of LOS per TBSA burn and LOS per TBSA burn relative to burn mechanism with the use of multi-institutional data. Data from the Pediatric Injury Quality Improvement Collaborative (PIQIC) were obtained for patients across five pediatric burn centers from July 2018 to September 2020. LOS per TBSA burn ratios were calculated. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear regression which modeled characteristics associated with LOS per TBSA ratio are described. Among the 1267 pediatric burn patients, the most common mechanism was scald (64%), followed by contact (17%) and flame (13%). The average LOS/TBSA burn ratio across all cases was 1.2 (SD = 2.1). In adjusted models, scald burns and chemical burns had similar LOS/TBSA burn ratios of 0.8 and 0.9, respectively, whereas all other burns had a significantly higher LOS/TBSA burn ratio (p<0.0001). LOS/TBSA burn ratios were similar across races, although Hispanics had a slightly higher ratio at 1.4 days. These data establish a multi-institution LOS per TBSA ratio across PIQIC centers and demonstrate a significant variation in the LOS per TBSA burn relative to the burn mechanism sustained.

Defining Benchmarks in Pediatric Burn Care: Inception of the Pediatric Injury Quality Improvement Collaborative.

Pediatric burn care is highly variable nationwide. Standardized quality and performance benchmarks are needed for guiding performance improvement within pediatric burn centers. A network of pediatric burn centers was established to develop and evaluate pediatric-specific best practices. A multi-disciplinary team including pediatric surgeons, nurses, advanced practice providers, pediatric intensivists, rehabilitation staff, and child psychologists from five pediatric burn centers established a collaborative to share and compare performance improvement data, evaluate outcomes, and exchange best care practices. In December 2016, the Pediatric Injury Quality Improvement Collaborative (PIQIC) was established. PIQIC members chose quality improvement indicators, drafted and approved a memorandum of understanding (MOU), data use agreement (DUA) and charter, formalized the multidisciplinary membership, and established a steering committee. Since inception, PIQIC has conducted monthly teleconferences and biannual in-person or virtual group meetings. A centralized data repository has been established where data is collated and analyzed for benchmarking in a blinded fashion. PIQIC has shown the feasibility of multi-institutional data collection, implementation of performance improvement metrics, publication of research, and enhancement of aggregate and institution-specific pediatric burn care.

Assessing opioid administration in pediatric burn patients with nonsurgical management.

BACKGROUND: Despite the vast literature studying the opioid crisis, sparse data describe this in the pediatric burn population. This study sought to assess patient-level characteristics and their potential effects on opioid administration in nonsurgical pediatric burn inpatients. METHODS: Admitted burn patients from 2013 to 2018 with nonsurgical management at an American Burn Association (ABA) verified pediatric burn center were retrospectively identified. Morphine milligram equivalents by weight (MME/kg) per admission were evaluated through a multiple loglinear regression with race, sex, age, total body surface area burned (TBSA), and burn depth as predictors. Simple linear regression was used to evaluate the temporal trend of median opioid utilization. RESULTS: A total of 806 patients (55% White, 35% Black, 5% Hispanic, 5% Other) were included. In an adjusted analysis, no differences in opioid administration were seen by sex, burn degree, or for Blacks and Hispanics when compared with Whites. Increased MME/kg was associated with older age (10-18 years; p<0.0001) and larger burns (>5% TBSA burned; p<0.0001). From 2013 to 2018, median MME/kg per admission declined significantly (2013:0.21, 2018:0.09; p=0.0103). CONCLUSIONS: Nonsurgical burn patients who were older and presented with larger TBSA experienced marked increases in opioid utilization. Overall, opioid administration decreased over time.

Efficacy of Smartphone Active and Passive Virtual Reality Distraction vs Standard Care on Burn Pain Among Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: It is unknown whether smartphone-based virtual reality (VR) games are effective in reducing pain among pediatric patients in real-world burn clinics. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a smartphone VR game on dressing pain among pediatric patients with burns. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized clinical trial included children aged 6 to 17 years who seen in the outpatient clinic of a large American Burn Association-verified pediatric burn center and level I pediatric trauma center between December 30, 2016, and January 23, 2019. Speaking English as their primary language was an inclusion criterion. Intention-to-treat data analyses were conducted from December 2019 to March 2020. Interventions: Active VR participants played a VR game; passive VR participants were immersed in the same VR environment without interactions. Both groups were compared with a standard care group. One researcher administered VR and observed pain while another researcher administered a posttrial survey that measured the child's perceived pain and VR experience. Nurses were asked to report the clinical utility. Main Outcomes and Measures: Patients self-reported pain using a visual analog scale (VAS; range, 0-100). A researcher observed patient pain based on the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability-Revised (FLACC-R) scale. Nurses were asked to report VR helpfulness (range, 0-100; higher scores indicate more helpful) and ease of use (range, 0-100; higher scores indicate easier to use). Results: A total of 90 children (45 [50%] girls, mean age, 11.3 years [95% CI, 10.6-12.0 years]; 51 [57%] White children) participated. Most children had second-degree burns (81 [90%]). Participants in the active VR group had significantly lower reported overall pain (VAS score, 24.9 [95% CI, 12.2-37.6]) compared with participants in the standard care control group (VAS score, 47.1 [95% CI, 32.1-62.2]; P = .02). The active VR group also had a lower worst pain score (VAS score, 27.4 [95% CI, 14.7-40.1]) than both the passive VR group (VAS score, 47.9 [95% CI, 31.8-63.9]; P = .04) and the standard care group (VAS score, 48.8 [95% CI, 31.1-64.4]; P = .03). Simulator sickness scores (range, 0-60; lower scores indicate less sickness) were similar for active VR (19.3 [95% CI, 17.5-21.1]) and passive VR groups (19.5 [95% CI, 17.6-21.5]). Nurses also reported that the VR games could be easily implemented in clinics (helpfulness, active VR: 84.2; 95% CI, 74.5-93.8; passive VR: 76.9; 95% CI, 65.2-88.7; ease of use, active VR: 94.8, 95% CI, 91.8-97.8; passive VR: 96.0, 95% CI, 92.9-99.1). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, a smartphone VR game was effective in reducing patient self-reported pain during burn dressing changes, suggesting that VR may be an effective method for managing pediatric burn pain. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04544631.

Epidemiology and trend of US pediatric burn hospitalizations, 2003-2016.

BACKGROUND: Thermal injury is a leading cause of unintentional pediatric trauma morbidity and mortality. METHODS: This retrospective analysis of the 2003-2016 Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) included children <18 years old with a burn principal diagnosis. The objectives were to describe the trend of US pediatric burn hospital admissions and the patient and hospital characteristics of admitted children in 2016. The trends (2003-2012) and (2012-2016) were evaluated separately due to the 2015 implementation of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). RESULTS: The population rate of pediatric burn admissions decreased by 4.6% from 2003 to 2012, but the proportion of admissions to hospitals with burn pediatric patient volumes≥100 increased by 63.9%. The overall mortality rate of hospitalized burn patients decreased by 48.1%. Median length of stay increased slightly for patients with a burn ≥20% total body surface area (TBSA) but decreased for patients with TBSA burn <20%. From 2012 to 2016, the population rate decreased by 13.4%. In 2016, an estimated 8160 children were admitted with a burn principal diagnosis, and 41.4% transferred in from other facilities. Children age 1-4 years were the most commonly admitted age group (49.7%). Patients with ≥20% TBSA burns accounted for 7.8% of admissions (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.1-10.4%). Burn-related complications were documented in 5.9% of admissions (95% CI: 4.6-7.1%). CONCLUSION: Pediatric burn hospitalizations and burn-related mortality have decreased over time. The increases in transfers and admissions to hospitals with high pediatric burn volumes suggest increasing regionalization of care.

Variation in acute fluid resuscitation among pediatric burn centers.

BACKGROUND: Accurate resuscitation of pediatric patients with large thermal injury is critical to achieving optimal outcomes. The goal of this project was to describe the degree of variability in resuscitation guidelines among pediatric burn centers and the impact on fluid estimates. METHODS: Five pediatric burn centers in the Pediatric Injury Quality Improvement Collaborative (PIQIC) contributed data from patients with ≥15% total body surface area (TBSA) burns treated from 2014 to 2018. Each center's resuscitation guidelines and guidelines from the American Burn Association were used to calculate estimated 24-h fluid requirements and compare these values to the actual fluid received. RESULTS: Differences in the TBSA burn at which fluid resuscitation was initiated, coefficients related to the Parkland formula, criteria to initiate dextrose containing fluids, and urine output goals were observed. Three of the five centers' resuscitation guidelines produced statistically significant lower mean fluid estimates when compared with the actual mean fluid received for all patients across centers (4.53 versus 6.35ml/kg/% TBSA, p<0.001), (4.90 versus 6.35ml/kg/TBSA, p=0.002) and (3.38 versus 6.35ml/kg/TBSA, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This variation in practice patterns led to statistically significant differences in fluid estimates. One center chose to modify its resuscitation guidelines at the conclusion of this study.

Efforts to catalogue non-governmental organizations with a role in global burn relief.

INTRODUCTION: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been instrumental in the treatment of traumatic injuries, including burns, particularly in low- and middle-income counties. The purpose of this project was to catalogue burn injury related NGO activities, describe coordinated efforts, and provide insight to burn health care professionals seeking volunteer opportunities. METHODS: Eligible burn NGOs were identified through internet searches, literature reviews, and social media. The organizations' websites were reviewed for eligibility and contact was attempted to confirm details. Global health organizations, including the World Health Organization, were consulted for their viewpoints. RESULTS: We identified 27 unique NGOs working in the area of burn care in African countries, all with differing missions, capacities, recruitment methods, and ability to respond to disaster. We also describe 14 global NGOs, some of which accept volunteers. Some NGOs were local, while others were headquartered in western countries. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first effort towards the establishment of a Burn-NGO catalogue. Challenges included: frequent shifts in geographical regions supported, lack of collaboration among organizations, availability of public information, and austere environments. We invite collaborators to assist in the creation of a comprehensive, interactive and complete catalogue.

Safety and efficacy of uninterrupted perioperative enteral feeding in pediatric burn patients.

INTRODUCTION: Burn injuries are a significant cause of morbidity. Early enteral nutrition has been shown to improve outcomes, however enteral nutrition is often held for procedures receiving general anesthesia. Limited data is available on uninterrupted perioperative nutrition in pediatric burn patients. METHODS: A single, American Burn Association verified burn center database was queried for patients ≤18 years of age with ≥15% total body surface area (TBSA) burn injuries who underwent surgeries with general anesthesia. Demographic and clinical details were analyzed comparing patients who were fed continuously and those with interrupted feeds. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients met inclusion criteria. Eighteen had continuous feeds and thirteen had interrupted feeds. We found perioperative enteral feeds safe as there were no aspiration events in these patients. Patients with interrupted feeds lost an average of 119.1kcal/kg and 1.4days of estimated energy needs. This was a 125% fall below metabolic needs. This loss was more pronounced with multiple operations and for patients <30kg. Patients with continuous feeds gained an average of 144.4kcal/kg and 1.7days of estimated energy needs. These patients surpassed metabolic needs by 173%. Again, this had the biggest impact in patients with multiple operations and those <30kg. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolic demands of burn patients are above most critically ill patients. To meet these demands, we implemented uninterrupted perioperative feeding. There were no aspiration events. Continuous feeds were an effective means to achieve caloric demands and moderate catabolic injury. We demonstrated safety and efficacy of uninterrupted perioperative feeding of pediatric burn patients.

Evaluation of nurse accuracy in rating procedural pain among pediatric burn patients using the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) Scale.

BACKGROUND: Accurate pain assessment is essential for proper analgesia during medical procedures in pediatric patients. The Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale has previously been shown to be a valid and reliable tool for assessing pediatric procedural pain in research labs. However, no study has investigated how rater factors (gender, number of dressing changes performed/week, burn history, having children, nursing experience, stress at home/work) and patient factors (pain intensity) affect the accuracy of FLACC ratings for procedural pain when implemented by bedside care providers. METHOD: Twenty-four nurses in an ABA verified Pediatric Burn Center watched four videos of dressing changes for pediatric burn patients in random order three times and rated the children's procedural pain using the FLACC scale. The four videos had standard FLACC scores established by an interdisciplinary panel. RESULTS: Descriptive and mixed modeling analysis was conducted to explore nurse rating accuracy and to evaluate the rater and patient factors that influenced the rating accuracy. The highest accuracy was reached when rating high procedural pain (with a FLACC of 6). Nurses underrated both mild and severe procedural pain. Nurses who had less nursing experience demonstrated significantly higher accuracy than those with more experience. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first study in the literature to systematically examine the factors influencing the accuracy of FLACC rating for pediatric procedural pain among bedside care providers. The findings suggest that nurse clinical experience and patient pain intensity are two significant contributors to rating accuracy.