Postprocedural trans-mitral gradient in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation undergoing mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between high postprocedural mean gradient (ppMG) and clinical events following mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (MV-TEER) in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) is still debated. AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of elevated ppMG after MV-TEER on clinical events in patients with DMR at 1-year follow-up. METHODS: The study included 371 patients with DMR treated with MV-TEER enrolled in the "Multi-center Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology (GISE) registry of trans-catheter treatment of mitral valve regurgitation" (GIOTTO) registry. Patients were stratified in tertiles according to ppMG. Primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death and hospitalization due to heart failure at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Patients were stratified as follows: 187 with a ppMG ≤ 3 mmHg, 77 with a ppMG > 3/=4 mmHg, and 107 with a ppMG > 4 mmHg. Clinical follow-up was available in all subjects. At multivariate analysis, neither a ppMG > 4 mmHg nor a ppMG ≥ 5 mmHg were independently associated with the outcome. Notably, the risk of elevated residual MR (rMR > 2+) was significantly higher in patients belonging to the highest tertile of ppMG (p = 0.009). The association of ppMG > 4 mmHg and rMR ≥ 2+ was strongly and independently associated with adverse events (hazard ratio: 1.98; 95% confidence interval: [1.10-3.58]). CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world cohort of patients suffering DMR and treated with MV-TEER, isolated ppMG was not associated with the outcome at 1-year follow-up. A high proportion of patients showed both elevated ppMG and rMR and their combination appeared to be a strong predictor of adverse events.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the novel-generation Navitor device: Procedural and early outcomes.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has proved beneficial in patients with severe aortic stenosis, especially when second-generation devices are used. We aimed at reporting our experience with Navitor, a third-generation device characterized by intrannular, large cell, and cuffed design, as well as high deliverability and minimization of paravalvular leak. Between June and December 2021, a total of 39 patients underwent TAVI with Navitor, representing 20% of all TAVI cases. Mean age was 80.0 ± 6.7 years, and 14 (36.8%) women were included. Severe aortic stenosis was the most common indication to TAVI (37 [97.4%] cases), whereas 2 (5.3%) individuals were at low surgical risk. Device and procedural success was obtained in all patients, with a total hospital stay of 6.6 ± 4.5 days. One (2.9%) patient required permanent pacemaker implantation, but no other hospital events occurred. At 1-month follow-up, a cardiac death was adjudicated in an 87-year-old man who had been at high surgical risk. Echocardiographic follow-up showed no case of moderate or severe aortic regurgitation, with mild regurgitation in 18 (47%), and none or trace regurgitation in 20 (53%). The Navitor device, thanks to its unique features, is a very promising technology suitable to further expand indications and risk-benefit profile of TAVI.

Clinical outcomes and predictors in patients with previous cardiac surgery undergoing mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair.

BACKGROUND: Mitral-valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (MV-TEER) is recommended in patients with severe functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) and in those with degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) not eligible to traditional surgery. Patients with a history of previous cardiac surgery are considered at high risk for surgical reintervention, but data are lacking regarding procedural and clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and clinical results of MV-TEER in patients with previous cardiac surgery enrolled in the "multicentre Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology registry of transcatheter treatment of mitral valve regurgitation" (GIOTTO). METHODS: Patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR), or mitral valve repair (MVR) were included. Those with multiple or combined previous cardiac surgeries were excluded. Clinical follow-up was performed at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years. The primary endpoint was a composite of death or rehospitalization at 1- and 2-year follow-ups. RESULTS: A total of 330 patients enrolled in the GIOTTO registry were considered (CABG 77.9%, AVR 14.2%, and MVR 7.9%). Most patients showed FMR (66.9%), moderate reduction of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, and signs of LV dilation. Procedural and device successes were 94.8% and 97%. At 1 and 2 years, the composite endpoint occurred are 29.1% and 52.4%, respectively. The composite outcome rates were similar across the three subgroups of previous cardiac surgery (p = 0.928) and between the FMR and DMR subgroups (p = 0.850) at 2 years. In a multivariate analysis, residual mitral regurgitation (rMR) ≥2+ was the main predictor of adverse events at 1 year (hazard ratio: 1.54 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.00-2.38]; p = 0.050). This association was confirmed at 2 years of Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MV-TEER is effective in these patients, regardless of the subtype of previous cardiac surgery and the MR etiology. An rMR ≥2+ is independently associated with adverse outcomes at 1-year follow-up.

Predictors of optimal procedural result after transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair in secondary mitral regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: Procedural success after transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TEER) is defined as a reduction of mitral regurgitation (MR) degree to

Management of Structural Heart Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Transcatheter interventions for structural heart disease (SHD) now represent an effective alternative to surgery in selected patients. A clear premise is that delay in or neglect of treating patients in need of SHD intervention is associated with unavoidable morbidity and mortality because many of them have life-threatening conditions. However, the recent outbreak of coronavirus-associated disease-2019 (COVID-19) is placing an unprecedented strain on patients, physicians and world healthcare systems that resulted in deferral of elective and semi-elective procedures, such as SHD, and delay in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We hereby present the case for a focused resumption of transcatheter SHD interventions in selected centers, in order to preserve patient safety and avoid that death rate will extend far beyond that directly associated with COVID-19. A similar approach should be applied to the invasive management of ACS. Indeed, a proactive and vigilant stance on managing SHD and ACS is crucial, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the risk of overlooking severely sick patients or postponing life-saving treatments is high. If such corrective measures are not put into effect, we may expect in the near future an excess of avoidable fatalities indirectly due to COVID-19 but truly caused by cardiovascular diseases, as well as an exceedingly large number of patients with severe heart failure leading to shorter life expectancy, reduced quality of life and increased healthcare cost.

Degenerative Severe Aortic Stenosis and Concomitant Coronary Artery Disease: What Is Changing in the Era of the "Transcatheter Revolution"?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognostic relevance, and treatment options of coronary artery disease (CAD) when coupled with severe aortic stenosis (SAS). In regard to treatment options, we focused on the most recently adopted therapeutic approaches and on the future perspectives in light of the latest percutaneous and surgical technical improvements in the field of both CAD and SAS management. RECENT FINDINGS: Nowadays, SAS is the most common valve disease requiring intervention, either surgical or percutaneous. On the other side, CAD is one of the leading causes of death in the developed countries. CAD and degenerative SAS share several predisposing factors and are often concurrently found in clinical practice. Despite in the last years the transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been deeply changing the therapeutic approach to SAS, the correct management of patients with concomitant CAD remains controversial due to limited and heterogeneous data in the literature. Coronary revascularization is often performed in patients with concomitant CAD and SAS. Complete surgical approach is still the standard of care according to international guidelines. However, in light of the recent results of TAVR trials, the therapeutic approach is expected to change. To date, percutaneous coronary intervention performed before TAVR is safe and feasible even if the optimal timing for revascularization remains debated. Due to the great complexity of the patients affected by SAS and CAD and until unquestionable truths will come from large randomized trials, the role of the Heart Team in the decision-making process is of primary importance to guarantee the best tailored therapeutic strategy for the single patient.

Correction to: Atherothrombosis Prevention and Treatment with Anti-interleukin-1 Agents.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained typo in the 2nd author's family name. Instead of "Garmenda", it should be "Garmendia". The original version has been corrected.

Atherothrombosis Prevention and Treatment with Anti-interleukin-1 Agents.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Despite major advances in terms of prevention, diagnosis, risk-stratification, management and rehabilitation, atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis continue to have major morbidity and mortality implications worldwide. Since the unraveling of the pivotal role of inflammation in atherothrombosis pathophysiology, several focused treatments have been proposed with the ultimate goal of preventing or treating myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. In particular, given the centrality of interleukin-1 (IL-1), targeted anti-IL-1 agents have attracted substantial attention and efforts. Yet, uncertainty persists on the real risk-benefit and cost-benefit balance of anti-IL-1 agents in patients with or at risk of atherothrombosis. RECENT FINDINGS: Several trials have been recently completed on atherothrombosis prevention and treatment with anti-IL-1 agents, ranging, for instance, from the large Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) trial to the series of translational studies conducted within the Virginia Commonwealth University-Anakinra Remodeling Trial (VCU-ART) platform. In light of the present scoping umbrella review, it appears evident that anti-IL-1 agents can reduce systemic inflammation and improve surrogate markers of cardiac and vascular function, with potential benefits on the risk of new/worsening heart failure. One trial suggested an increased risk of major adverse events with anti-interleukin-1 agents, possibly due to a rebound phenomenon, but this was based on a post-hoc analysis of a small number of events, and it was not supported by all other pertinent trials. The CANTOS study showed a potential hazard due to an increased risk of fatal infections, but the effect size was rather small. In addition, cost issues limit the foreseeable scope of these treatment strategies in unselected patients, calling instead for more refined prescribing. The evidence base on the risk-benefit and cost-benefit profile of anti-IL-1 agents for atherothrombosis prevention and treatment has expanded substantially in the last decade. While largely dominated by the landmark CANTOS trial, effect estimates also including the VCU-ART trials suggest complex short- and long-term effects which may prove favorable in carefully selected patients with acute or chronically sustained inflammation. Conversely, more liberal use appears less promising, and further studies with currently available agents or novel ones are eagerly needed to better define their role in the era of precision molecular medicine.

Profiling the Acute Effects of Modified Risk Products: Evidence from the SUR-VAPES (Sapienza University of Rome-Vascular Assessment of Proatherosclerotic Effects of Smoking) Cluster Study.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Modified risk products (MRP) are promoted as a safer alternative to traditional combustion cigarettes (TCC) in chronic smokers. Evidence for their lower hazardous profile is building, despite several controversies. Yet, it is unclear whether individual responses to MRP differ among consumers. We hypothesized that different clusters of subjects exist in terms of acute effects of MRP. RECENT FINDINGS: Pooling data from a total of 60 individuals, cluster analysis identified at least three clusters (labelled 1 to 3) of subjects with different electronic vaping cigarettes (EVC) effects and at least two clusters (labelled 4 to 5) of subjects with different heat-not-burn cigarettes (HNBC) effects. Specifically, oxidative stress, platelet aggregation, and endothelial dysfunction after EVC were significantly different cluster-wise (all p < 0.05), and oxidative stress and platelet aggregation after HNBC were significantly different (all p < 0.05). In particular, subjects belonging to Cluster 1 appeared to have less detrimental responses to EVC usage than subjects in Cluster 2 and 3, as shown by non-significant changes in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and less marked increase in Nox2-derived peptide (NOX). Conversely, those assigned to Cluster 3 had the worst reaction in terms of changes in FMD, NOX, and P-selectin. Furthermore, individuals belonging to Cluster 4 responded unfavorably to both HNBC and EVC, whereas those in Cluster 5 interestingly showed less adverse results after using HNBC than EVC. Results for main analyses were consistent employing different clusters, tests, and bootstrap. Individual responses to MRP differ and smokers aiming at using EVC or HNBC as a risk reduction strategy should consider trying different MRP aiming at finding the one which is less detrimental, with subjects resembling those in Cluster 1 preferably using EVC and those resembling Cluster 5 preferably using HNBC.

Impact of Tirofiban on Serum Troponin Changes in Patients Undergoing Carotid Artery Stenting: A Propensity Matched Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The optional periprocedural antithrombotic management for carotid artery stenting (CAS) is still debated. METHODS: We aimed to compare the procedural and 1-month outlook of patients undergoing CAS with tirofiban as parenteral antiplatelet therapy. We retrospectively compared patients receiving tirofiban during CAS versus those undergoing CAS without tirofiban, using propensity score matching. Ancillary antithrombotic therapy included in all patients aspirin, clopidogrel, and unfractioned heparin. The primary outcome was the change in serum troponin from baseline to postprocedural peak levels. A total of 30 patients undergoing CAS were included, 15 receiving tirofiban on top of heparin and dual oral antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and 15 receiving only heparin and DAPT. Bail-out use of tirofiban was an exclusion criterion. RESULTS: Baseline troponin was 3.00 (0.06; 5.20) ng/mL in the tirofiban group vs. 4.6 (0.02; 13.10) ng/mL in the no-tirofiban group (P = 0.229), and postprocedural peak 3.5 (0.06; 5.50) ng/mL vs. 6.30 (0.09; 28.40) ng/mL (P = 0.191). Peak-baseline difference in troponin was lower in the tirofiban group than in the no-tirofiban group: 0.3 (0.00; 1.7) ng/mL vs. 1.3 (0.01; 10.00) ng/mL (P = 0.044); the relative peak-baseline change in troponin was analogously different: 24.3% (0%; 44.7%) vs. 50% (21.3%; 80.0%) (P = 0.039). No case of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or transient ischemic attack occurred during in-hospital stay or at 1-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Tirofiban during CAS might provide periprocedural myocardial protection and reduce myocardial injury as determined by serial troponin measurements.

Safety and feasibility of balloon aortic valvuloplasty in non-TAVI centers: The "BAV for life" experience.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and the feasibility of balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) procedure made by trained operators in centers not performing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). BACKGROUND: BAV is a valuable therapeutic tool for patients with symptomatic severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) at prohibitive risk for TAVI or surgery. METHODS: Consecutive high-risk AS patients underwent BAV in five non-TAVI centers, where BAV operators had completed a 6-month training period in high-volume TAVI centers (Group A). All clinical, echocardiographic, and procedural data were prospectively collected and compared with data of patients treated in TAVI center (Group B). RESULTS: Between June 2016 and June 2017, 55 patients (83.9 ± 7.0 years) were enrolled: 25 in Group A and 30 in Group B. After BAV, a substantial reduction of the peak-to-peak aortic valve gradient was obtained in both groups (-35.3 ± 15.2 vs -28.8 ± 13.9 mmHg, P =0.25). No major bleeding or vascular complications occurred. In-hospital death was observed in three patients of Group A and two patients of Group B (P =0.493). The mean follow-up time was 303 ± 188 days; no patients were lost. The 1-year survival free from overall death (Group A 75.8% vs Group B 68.8%; P =0.682) and heart failure rehospitalization (Group A 73.0% vs Group B 66.8%; P =0.687) was similar in the two groups. At multivariable analysis, low left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (HR: 0.943; P = 0.011) and cardiogenic shock (HR: 5.128; P = 0.002) at admission were independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: BAV is a safe and effective procedure that can be performed by trained operators in centers not performing TAVI.

What We Have Learned from the Recent Meta-analyses on Diagnostic Methods for Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Atherosclerosis has major morbidity and mortality implications globally. While it has often been considered an irreversible degenerative process, recent evidence provides compelling proof that atherosclerosis can be reversed. Plaque regression is however difficult to appraise and quantify, with competing diagnostic methods available. Given the potential of evidence synthesis to provide clinical guidance, we aimed to review recent meta-analyses on diagnostic methods for atherosclerotic plaque regression. RECENT FINDINGS: We identified 8 meta-analyses published between 2015 and 2017, including 79 studies and 14,442 patients, followed for a median of 12 months. They reported on atherosclerotic plaque regression appraised with carotid duplex ultrasound, coronary computed tomography, carotid magnetic resonance, coronary intravascular ultrasound, and coronary optical coherence tomography. Overall, all meta-analyses showed significant atherosclerotic plaque regression with lipid-lowering therapy, with the most notable effects on echogenicity, lipid-rich necrotic core volume, wall/plaque volume, dense calcium volume, and fibrous cap thickness. Significant interactions were found with concomitant changes in low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein levels, and with ethnicity. Atherosclerotic plaque regression and conversion to a stable phenotype is possible with intensive medical therapy and can be demonstrated in patients using a variety of non-invasive and invasive imaging modalities.

Percutaneous Edge-to-Edge Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair: Current Indications and Future Perspectives.

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most prevalent valvular heart disease (VHD) and represents an important cause of heart failure. Medical therapy has a limited role in improving symptoms and does not hinder the progression of valvular disease. Surgery is the treatment of choice for severe symptomatic MR; valve repair is currently the preferred surgical approach because it reduces peri-operative mortality and ensures a good medium- to long-term survival outcome. Nevertheless, a non-negligible proportion of patients with indications for surgical correction are considered to be at prohibitive perioperative risk, mainly because of old age and multiple comorbidities. The introduction of percutaneous interventions to clinical practice has changed the natural history of this population. Percutaneous edge-to-edge transcatheter mitral valve repair (Mitraclip®, Abbott Vascular, Menlo Park, CA) is a state-of-the-art therapy for approaching MR in patients with a high surgical risk. Despite having been only recently introduced, this transvenous transfemoral percutaneous intervention has already been performed in more than 40,000 subjects worldwide, with reassuring post-operative results in terms of safety, feasibility, mortality and morbidity. Since Mitraclip® is considered to be minimally invasive, it is currently indicated in "frail" patients with severe comorbidities. We provide a critical review of the literature to clarify current indications, procedural details, patient selection criteria, and future perspectives for this innovative technique.

On a defective Mitraclip® system: Considerations on the medical device regulation in Europe.

The use of medical devices is constantly growing and constitutes a valid aid to ailing people because of remarkable technological advances. The regulations on their circulation in Italy and Europe are inspired by the principle of free circulation: it is sufficient for a device to have the CE logo for it to be freely commercialized in all European countries. These regulations that favors commerce also expose the sick to the risk of harm from defective devices that have not been suitably checked prior to commercial release. This paper reports a case of a defective MitraClip® Delivery System, discusses other episodes of similar device malfunctioning, and analyzes the European legislation on medical devices. In the author's opinion, a careful "control" policy for devices, an adequate care in device manufacturing, an appropriate evaluation of pre- and post-marketing and suitable measures for the patient's safety are needed.

What We Learned with Recent Network Meta-analyses on Atherosclerosis Prevention and Treatment.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The management of atherosclerosis requires a complex integration of the knowledge on its pathophysiology, patient values, and the synthesis of the global scientific evidence informing on its prevention and treatment. Novel statistical methods such as umbrella reviews and network meta-analyses (NMAs) offer a unique opportunity for integrating different sources of evidence stemming from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or internally valid observational studies. We aimed to provide an updated perspective on the most important contributions of recent network meta-analyses on atherosclerosis prevention and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: We identified and appraised in detail 9 NMAs on atherosclerosis prevention, all published in 2016, whereas a total of 12 NMAs on atherosclerosis treatment published between 2014 and 2016 were identified. Most NMAs focused on RCTs only, with primary prevention analyses including on average more trials and patients than those focusing on secondary prevention. In most cases, conclusive findings for clinically relevant outcomes could be provided. Yet, several inconclusive findings were reported, suggesting thus that NMAs can also guide new research by emphasizing where new evidence is most needed. NMAs provide a unique opportunity for poignant synthesis of high-quality evidence. In particular, they seem particularly promising when the evidence base has reached a sufficient level of maturity, and several competing interventions require comprehensive and comparative risk-benefit appraisal.