Chitosan-Acrylic Polymeric Nanoparticles with Dynamic Covalent Bonds. Synthesis and Stimuli Behavior.

Drug delivery represents one of the most important research fields within the pharmaceutical industry. Different strategies are reported every day in a dynamic search for carriers with the ability to transport drugs across the body, avoiding or decreasing toxic issues and improving therapeutic activity. One of the most interesting strategies currently under research is the development of drug delivery systems sensitive to different stimuli, due to the high potential attributed to the selective delivery of the payload. In this work, a stimuli-sensitive nanocarrier was built with a bifunctional acrylic polymer, linked by imine and disulfide bonds to thiolate chitosan, the latter being a biopolymer widely known in the field of tissue engineering and drug delivery by its biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymer nanoparticles were exposed to different changes in pH and redox potential, which are environments commonly found inside cancer cells. The results proof the ability of the nanoparticles to keep the original structure when either changes in pH or redox potential were applied individually. However, when both stimuli were applied simultaneously, a disassembly of the nanoparticles was evident. These special characteristics make these nanoparticles suitable nanocarriers with potential for the selective delivery of anticancer drugs.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcNMNAT): a cytosol protein target for serine kinases.

Nicotinamide/nicotinate adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NaAD) performs essential functions in cell metabolism and energy production due to its redox properties. The nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT, EC 2.7.7.1/18) enzyme catalyses the key step in the biosynthesis of NAD+. Previously, the enzyme NMNAT was identified in Trypanosoma cruzi (TcNMNAT), a pathogenic agent with epidemiological importance in Latin America. To continue with the functional characterisation of this enzyme, its subcellular location and its possible post-translational modifications were examined in this study. For this, polyclonal antibodies were generated in mice, with soluble and denatured recombinant protein being used to detect the parasite's NMNAT. Immunodetection assays were performed on whole extracts of T. cruzi, and an approximation of its intracellular location was determined using confocal microscopy on wild and transgenic parasites, which revealed the cytosol distribution patterns. This localisation occurs according to the needs of the dinucleotides that exist in this compartment. Additionally, a bioinformatics study was performed as a first approach to establish the post-translational modifications of the enzyme. Possible phosphorylation events were experimentally analysed by western blot, highlighting TcNMNAT as a potential target for serine kinases.

Exhaled Nitric Oxide fraction in asthma and obstructive sleep apnea among children at high altitudes. A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO) is employed for the diagnosis and phenotyping of asthma as an inflammatory biomarker of the airway. Limited evidence exists regarding its behavior in the presence of asthma and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Our objective was to determine whether FeNO levels are associated with the severity of OSA or the coexistence of asthma and OSA in residents at high altitudes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study in children aged 5-16 years residing at 2600 m above sea level treated at a Sleep Study Center between 2019 and 2021. We conducted a medical history, polysomnogram, and measurement of FeNO levels. The children were categorized into four groups: OSA, asthma, asthma with OSA, and controls (without asthma or OSA). FeNO levels among the groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and correlations were explored using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Analyses considered statistical significance at a two-tailed p-value <0.05. RESULTS: Among the 261 included children, 68 (26.1 %) had OSA, 42 (16.1 %) were diagnosed with asthma, 109 (41.8 %) had both asthma and OSA, and 42 (16.1 %) were controls. Their FeNO medians were 10 ppb, 18.5 ppb, 15 ppb, and 14 ppb, respectively, with no significant differences between the evaluated groups (p = 0.263). We found no correlation between FeNO and apnea-hypopnea index and obstructive apnea index even for the groups of patients with FeNO >20 ppb and FeNO >35 ppb (>75th percentile). In the adjusted model, a significant association was observed between asthma and FeNO levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that FeNO measurements in children would not allow establishing this biomarker as part of the diagnosis of OSA. However, these findings may be related to high altitude.

Non-natural amino acids into LfcinB-derived peptides: effect in their (i) proteolytic degradation and (ii) cytotoxic activity against cancer cells.

The dimeric peptide 26[F]: (RRWQWRFKKLG)2-K-Ahx has exhibited a potent cytotoxic effect against breast cancer cell lines, with position 26 (F) being the most relevant for anti-cancer activity. In this investigation, six analogues of the 26[F] peptide were synthesized in which the 26th position was replaced by non-natural hydrophobic amino acids, finding that some modifications increased the resistance to proteolytic degradation exerted by trypsin or pepsin. Additionally, these modifications increased the cytotoxic effect against breast cancer cells and generated cell death mediated by apoptosis pathways, activating caspases 8 and 9, and did not compromise the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane. Finally, it was found that the modified peptides have a broad spectrum of action, since they also have a cytotoxic effect against the HeLa human cervical cancer cell line. Peptide 26[F] was inoculated in mice by ip administration and the lethal dose 50 (LD50) was between 70 and 140 mg kg-1. While for the 26[1-Nal]: (RRWQWR-1-Nal-KKLG)2-K-Ahx peptide, a dose-response test was performed, and the survival rate was 100%. These results suggested that these peptides are safe in this animal model and could be considered as promissory to develop a treatment against breast cancer.

A Systematic Review on Cannabinoids for Neuropathic Pain Administered by Routes Other than Oral or Inhalation.

The use of cannabis and cannabinoid products for the treatment of neuropathic pain is a growing area of research. This type of pain has a high prevalence, limited response to available therapies and high social and economic costs. Systemic cannabinoid-based therapies have shown some unwanted side effects. Alternative routes of administration in the treatment of neuropathic pain may provide better acceptance for the treatment of multiple pathologies associated with neuropathic pain. To examine the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of cannabinoids (individualized formulations, phytocannabinoids, and synthetics) administered by routes other than oral or inhalation compared to placebo and/or conventional medications in the management of neuropathic pain. This systematic review of the literature reveals a lack of clinical research investigating cannabis by routes other than oral and inhalation as a potential treatment for neuropathic pain and highlights the need for further investigation with well-designed clinical trials. There is a significant lack of evidence indicating that cannabinoids administered by routes other than oral or inhaled may be an effective alternative, with better tolerance and safety in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Higher quality, long-term, randomized controlled trials are needed to examine whether cannabinoids administered by routes other than inhalation and oral routes may have a role in the treatment of neuropathic pain.

Extract of Calyces from Physalis peruviana Reduces Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder mainly characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, altered lipid profile, oxidative stress, and vascular compromise. Physalis peruviana is a plant used in traditional Colombian medicine for its known activities of glucose regulation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of the butanol fraction from an extract of Physalis peruviana calyces in two doses (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) in induced type 2 diabetic mice. Blood glucose levels were evaluated once a week, demonstrating that a dose of 100 mg/kg resulted in greater regulation of blood glucose levels in mice throughout the experiment. The same overall result was found for the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA- IR). The lipid profile exhibited improvement compared to the non-treated group, a dose of 100 mg/kg having greater protection against oxidative stress (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde levels). Histopathological findings in several tissues showed structure preservation in most of the animals treated. The butanol fraction from Physalis peruviana at 100 mg/kg showed beneficial results in improving hyperglycemia, lipidemia, and oxidative stress status, and can therefore be considered a beneficial coadjuvant in the therapy of diabetes mellitus.

Efficacy of Human Recombinant Epidermal Growth Factors vs Conventional Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Venous Ulcers: A Retrospective Case Series.

INTRODUCTION: Venous ulcers are the terminal phase of chronic venous insufficiency, the result of induced skin disorders and maintained by persistent venous hypertension. Affecting a large part of the adult population, they drain economic resources and greatly impact patient quality of life. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this descriptive, retrospective case series was to determine the efficacy of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) plus compression therapy vs standard of care in 48 patients with active ulcers resulting from chronic venous insufficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive, retrospective case series, 24 patients (mean age, 62.4 years) received rhEGF by intralesional and perilesional infiltration with compression therapy, and 24 patients (mean age, 69.4 years) received treatment with topical hydrocolloid gels and compression therapy. In 62.5% of patients, the ulcers were located in the internal malleoli. Ulcer progression time, ulcer size, Wollina score index, number of conventional cures, rhEGF vials used, and time to epithelialization were documented. RESULTS: Epithelialization of the active ulcer was reached in 100% of intervened patients. In the 24 patients receiving rhEGF, 71% achieved wound closure in 8 weeks or less, and the remaining percentage achieved closure within 9 and 12 weeks. In the conventional therapy group, patients achieved closure in an average of 29.5 weeks, with a minimum of 13 weeks and a maximum of 46 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Although conventional therapy with the use of hydrocolloids and compression achieved adequate epithelialization of venous ulcers, the use of rhEGF significantly decreased healing time and could be a beneficial therapy to these patients who have few therapeutic options.

Lipid nanoparticles with improved biopharmaceutical attributes for tuberculosis treatment.

Tuberculosis is a topic of relevance worldwide because of the social and biological factors that triggered the disease and the economic burden on the health-care systems that imply its therapeutic treatment. Challenges to handle these issues include, among others, research on technological breakthroughs modifying the drug regimens to facilitate therapy adherence, avoid mycobacterium drug resistance, and minimize toxic side-effects. Lipid nanoparticles arise as a promising strategy in this respect as deduced from the reported scientific data. They are prepared from biodegradable and biocompatible starting materials and compared to the use of the free drugs, the entrapment of active molecules into the carriers might lead to both dose reduction and controlled delivery. Moreover, the target to the lung, the organ mainly affected by the disease, could be possible if the particle surface is modified. Although conclusive statements cannot be made considering the limited number of available research works, looking into what has been achieved up to now definitively encourages to continue investigations in this regard.

Facing the Growing Heroin Problem in Colombia: The New Methadone-assisted Treatment Programs. / Enfrentando el problema emergente de consumo de heroína en Colombia: los nuevos programas de tratamiento asistido con metadona.

OBJECTIVE: Colombia is facing a rising epidemic of intravenous heroin use. Knowledge of the methadone-assisted treatment programs in the country is crucial in order to propose improvement strategies. METHODS: 13 programmes from priority regions were surveyed. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients attending the programs, a description of the services offered, their methadone treatment protocols, the various barriers to treatment and the causes of treatment abandonment were reviewed. RESULTS: 12/13 questionnaires were analysed with a total of 538 active patients. Most of the patients attending these programs were men (85.5%) between 18 and 34 years-old (70%). Forty percent (40%) were intravenous drug users and 25% admitted sharing needles. The comorbidities associated with heroin use were mental illness (48%), hepatitis C (8.7%) and HIV (2%). Psychiatric comorbidity was more likely in patients attending the private sector (69.8% vs 29.7%; p<0.03). The initial average dose of methadone administered was 25.3±8.9mg/day, with a maintenance dose ranging from 41 to 80mg/day. Lack of alignment with primary care was perceived to be the most serious barrier to access, ahead of problems with insurance and prejudice towards treatment with methadone (p<0.05). Health Administration and insurance problems (p<0.003), together with the lack of availability of methadone (p<0.018) and relapse (p<0.014) were the most important reasons for abandonment of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment protocols of these programmes offer different levels of development and implementation. Some of the barriers to access and reasons for abandonment of treatment with methadone can be mitigated with better health administration.

Evaluación calórica y sensorial de una mezcla para helado formulado con inulina como sustituto parcial de grasa / Sensory and calorie evaluation of an ice cream mix, where inulin is incorporated as a partial substitute for fat

RESUMEN Se evaluó el aporte calórico, el contenido de grasa saturada y la aceptación sensorial de helados de vainilla formulados con inulina, como sustituto parcial de grasa saturada. Se formularon por triplicado cuatro mezclas para helados, en las cuales, se reemplazó parte de la grasa de palma (2, 3 y 4%) por inulina comercial. La grasa del tratamiento control, se formuló con 7% de grasa vegetal saturada. Para el reemplazo, se utilizó una relación 1:0,25 (grasa saturada:inulina). El aporte calórico, se calculó mediante la medición de energía bruta. El análisis sensorial, se realizó con 23 jueces consumidores habituales de helado. Se concluyó que en la formulación de helados de vainilla es posible reemplazar el 57,14% de grasa vegetal saturada por inulina sin que se afecten las propiedades sensoriales en el producto, logrando reducir en un 16%, el contenido calórico y, en 48,6%, el contenido de grasa saturada. Por lo tanto, la sustitución de grasa vegetal por inulina es una alternativa, que permite ofrecer en el mercado helados funcionales, con bajo contenido calórico, sin perder la palatabilidad, que hace a los helados un producto placentero para la gran mayoría de la población mundial.

ABSTRACT The caloric intake, saturated fat content and sensory acceptance of vanilla ice cream formulated with inulin as a partial substitute for saturated fat was evaluated. Ice cream mixtures by triplicate were formulated, and part of the palm fat (2, 3 and 4%) was replaced by commercial inulin. The fat of the control treatment was formulated with 7% vegetable fat. For the replacement of fat, a ratio of 1: 0.25 (fat: inulin) was used. The caloric intake was calculated by measuring gross energy. The sensory analysis was carried out with 23 habitual consumers judges of ice cream. It was concluded that in the formulation of vanilla ice cream is possible to replace 57.14% vegetable fat for inulin without affecting the sensory properties in the product, with this is possible to obtain 16% reduction in the caloric content and 48.6% in the content of saturated fat. Therefore, the replacement of vegetable fat by inulin is an alternative that allows offering functional ice cream with low caloric content, without losing the palatability that makes ice cream pleasant for most of the world population.

Enfrentando el problema emergente de consumo de heroína en Colombia: los nuevos programas de tratamiento asistido con metadona / Facing the Growing Heroin Problem in Colombia: The New Methadone-assisted Treatment Programs

RESUMEN Objetivo: Colombia está enfrentado una epidemia emergente del consumo endovenoso de heroína. Un conocimiento de los programas existentes que ofrecen tratamiento asistido con metadona en el país es necesario para que se puedan proponer estrategias de mejoría. Métodos: Se encuestaron 13 programas de regiones prioritarias. Se evaluaron las caracte rísticas demográficas y clínicas de los usuarios, así como los servicios ofrecidos por estos programas, sus protocolos de tratamiento con metadona y las diferencias en las barreras al tratamiento y las causas de abandono del tratamiento. Resultados: Se analizaron 12/13 cuestionarios, con un total de 538 pacientes activos. La mayo ría de los pacientes eran varones (85,5%) de 18 a 34 arios (70%). El 40% eran usuarios de drogas intravenosas y el 25% admitió compartir agujas. Entre las comorbilidades asociadas con el consumo de heroína se encontró la enfermedad mental (48%), la hepatitis C (8,7%) y la infección por el VIH (2%). La comorbilidad psiquiátrica se asocia más con los pacientes que acuden al sector privado (el 69,8 frente al 29,7%; p < 0,03). La media de la dosis inicial de metadona es 25,3 ± 8,9mg/día y las dosis de mantenimiento van de 41 a 80 mg/día. La falta de articulación con atención primaria fue una barrera más sentida que los problemas con la cobertura del seguro médico y los prejuicios del tratamiento con metadona (p < 0,05). También, los problemas administrativos y de la aseguradora (p < 0,003), la falta de sumi nistro de metadona (p < 0,018) y la recaída en el consumo (p < 0,014) son las razones más significativas de abandono del tratamiento. Conclusiones: Estos programas tienen diferentes niveles de desarrollo e implementación en los protocolos de tratamiento. Algunas de las barreras de acceso y de las causas de abandono del tratamiento pueden mitigarse mejorando la administración de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: Colombia is facing a rising epidemic of intravenous heroin use. Knowledge of the methadone-assisted treatment programs in the country is crucial in order to propose improvement strategies. Methods: 13 programmes from priority regions were surveyed. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients attending the programs, a description of the services offered, their methadone treatment protocols, the various barriers to treatment and the causes of treatment abandonment were reviewed. Results: 12/13 questionnaires were analysed with a total of 538 active patients. Most of the patients attending these programs were men (85.5%) between 18 and 34 years-old (70%). Forty percent (40%) were intravenous drug users and 25% admitted sharing needles. The comorbidities associated with heroin use were mental illness (48%), hepatitis C (8.7%) and HIV (2%). Psychiatric comorbidity was more likely in patients attending the private sec tor (69.8% vs 29.7%; p < 0.03). The initial average dose of methadone administered was 25.3 ± 8.9mg/day, with a maintenance dose ranging from 41 to 80mg/day. Lack of align ment with primary care was perceived to be the most serious barrier to access, ahead of problems with insurance and prejudice towards treatment with methadone (p < 0.05). Health Administration and insurance problems (p < 0.003), together with the lack of availa bility of methadone (p < 0.018) and relapse (p < 0.014) were the most important reasons for abandonment of treatment. Conclusions: The treatment protocols of these programmes offer different levels of develop ment and implementation. Some of the barriers to access and reasons for abandonment of treatment with methadone can be mitigated with better health administration.

El amigo en Aristóteles como posibilidad de autoconocimiento ylas diferencias con un adulador 1 / The friend in Aristotle as a possibility for self-knowledge and the differences between a friend and a flatterer / O amigo em aristóteles como possibilidade de autoconhecimento e as diferenças com um adulador

Resumen Desde la perspectiva aristotélica, se establecen las diferencias que existen entre un amigo y un adulador, describiéndose los elementos esenciales que hacen parte de una relación de amistad verdadera donde confluyen elementos de ética y de autoconocimiento. Se establece es este sentido, y de acuerdo con el Estagirita, que se puede tener una relación amistosa si se dan estas condiciones:1) hacer el bien o lo que parece el bien a otros; 2) querer que su amigo exista y viva por el amor de su propio amigo; 3) pasar el tiempo con el amigo y elegir las mismas cosas que este; 4) compartir las alegrías y penas del amigo. En sentido contrario, no hay amistad si no existen condiciones de igualdad, semejanza de virtud y reciprocidad entre los amigos; donde cada uno desea el bien para el otro, tanto como para sí mismo.

Abstract From the aristotelean perspective, the differences between a friend and a flatterer are established, describing the essential elements which constitute a true friendship relationship, where elements of ethics as an essential virtue and self-knowledge come together. In this sense, it is established, following the Stagirite, that one have a friendship relationship without these conditions: 1) doing good, or what seems to be good, to others; 2) wishing that your friend exists and loves for the love of their own friend; 3) spending time with and choosing the same things as your friend; 4) sharing your friend's happiness and sorrows. Conversely, there can be no friendship if there are no conditions of equality, similar virtue and reciprocity between friends; where one wishes good for the other as much as for oneself.

Resumo Desde a perspectiva Aristotélica, se estabelecem as diferenças que existem entre um amigo e um adulador, descrevendo-se os elementos essenciais que fazem parte de uma relação de amizade verdadeira onde confluem elementos de ética como virtude essencial e de autoconhecimento. Se estabelece é este sentido, e de acordo com o Estagirita, que se pode ter uma relação amistosa se dão estas condições:1)fazer o bem ou o que parece o bem aos outros; 2) querer que seu amigo exista e viva pelo amor do seu próprio amigo; 3) passar o tempo com o amigo e eleger as mesmas coisas que este; 4) compartilhar as alegrias e angústias do amigo. No sentido contrário, não há amizade se não existem condições de igualdade, semelhança de virtude e reciprocidade entre os amigos; onde cada um deseja o bem para o outro, tanto como para si mesmo.

Estudio fitoquímico y actividad antiinflamatoria de hojas, flores y frutos de Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. (Pegamosco) / Phytochemical study and anti-inflammatory activity of leaves, flowers and fruits of Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. (pegamosco)

Introducción: Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. es una especie vegetal conocida en Colombia como pegamosco; es empleada por diferentes comunidades para atrapar insectos y para el tratamiento de dolencias respiratorias; además, es una especie que cuenta con escasos estudios desde el punto de vista químico y biológico. Objetivos: contribuir al estudio fitoquímico de las hojas, flores y frutos de B. resinosa (Ericaceae) y evaluar su actividad antiinflamatoria. Métodos: hojas, flores y frutos por separado fueron extraídos por maceración en frío con éter de petróleo y etanol 96 por ciento; estos extractos se fraccionaron por partición líquido/líquido y métodos cromatográficos; su actividad antiinflamatoria se evaluó utilizando el modelo murino de edema auricular inducido por 13-acetato de 12-tetradecanoilforbol (TPA). La elucidación estructural de los compuestos aislados se llevó a cabo mediante las técnicas de CG-EM y RMN (experimentos 1H, 13C, COSY, J-MOD, HSQC y HMBC). Resultados: la separación de los extractos y fracciones por cromatografías en columna, en capa delgada y preparativa, permitieron obtener una mezcla de compuestos tipo triterpeno compuesta por germanicol, -amirina y -amirina y el aislamiento de lupeol, salicilato de metilo, 3,5,7,3´,4´ pentahidroxiflavona (quercetina), 3,5-dihidroxi-6,7,8-trimetoxiflavona y 3,5,7,3´,4´ pentahidroxiflavanol. Se encontró que la fracción que contiene la mezcla de triterpenos y la quercetina fueron las que presentaron un efecto antiinflamatorio mayor al 65 por ciento. Conclusiones: el estudio fitoquímico de la especie vegetal B. resinosa permitió establecer similitud en cuanto a la composición química de los diferentes órganos ya que se encontraron metabolitos secundarios comunes para hojas flores y frutos como la mezcla de triterpenos, lupeol y quercetina; además se logró establecer que la mezcla de triterpenos y la quercetina son fuertes agentes antiinflamatorios, pues redujeron significativamente el edema causado por el TPA en la oreja del ratón con porcentajes de inhibición cercanos a los presentados por el fármaco de referencia, indometacina(AU)

Introduction: Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. is a plant species known as pegamosco in Colombia. It is used by several communities to catch insects and to treat respiratory disorders. Few chemical and biological studies have been conducted about this species. Objectives: Contribute to the phytochemical study of leaves, flowers and fruits of B. resinosa (Ericaceae) and evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity. Methods: Leaves, flowers and fruits were extracted separately by cold maceration with petroleum ether and 96 percent ethanol. The extracts obtained were fractioned using liquid / liquid partition and chromatographic methods. Their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated with the mouse model of ear edema induced by 12-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Structural characterization of the compounds isolated was based on GC-MS and NMR techniques (experiments 1H, 13C, COSY, J-MOD, HSQC and HMBC). Results: Separation of extracts and fractions by thin-layer and preparative column chromatography made it possible to obtain a mixture of triterpene compounds made up of germanicol, α-amyrin and ß-amyrin, and isolate lupeol, methyl salicylate, 3,5,7,3´,4´ pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin), 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimetoxyflavona and 3,5,7,3´,4´-pentahydroxyflavanol. It was found that the fraction containing the mixture of triterpenes and quercetin had an anti-inflammatory effect above 65 percent. Conclusions: The phytochemical study of the plant species B. resinosa revealed similarities between the chemical composition of the different organs, since common secondary metabolites were found in leaves, flowers and fruits, such as the mixture of triterpenes, lupeol and quercetin. It was also established that the mixture of triterpenes and quercetin is a strong anti-inflammatory agent, for it significantly reduced the mouse ear edema caused by TPA with inhibition percentages close to those of the drug of reference indometacin(AU)

Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcNMNAT): a cytosol protein target for serine kinases

Nicotinamide/nicotinate adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NaAD) performs essential functions in cell metabolism and energy production due to its redox properties. The nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT, EC 2.7.7.1/18) enzyme catalyses the key step in the biosynthesis of NAD+. Previously, the enzyme NMNAT was identified in Trypanosoma cruzi (TcNMNAT), a pathogenic agent with epidemiological importance in Latin America. To continue with the functional characterisation of this enzyme, its subcellular location and its possible post-translational modifications were examined in this study. For this, polyclonal antibodies were generated in mice, with soluble and denatured recombinant protein being used to detect the parasite’s NMNAT. Immunodetection assays were performed on whole extracts of T. cruzi, and an approximation of its intracellular location was determined using confocal microscopy on wild and transgenic parasites, which revealed the cytosol distribution patterns. This localisation occurs according to the needs of the dinucleotides that exist in this compartment. Additionally, a bioinformatics study was performed as a first approach to establish the post-translational modifications of the enzyme. Possible phosphorylation events were experimentally analysed by western blot, highlighting TcNMNAT as a potential target for serine kinases.

Respiración de Cheyne-Stokes y bruxismo severo documentada por polisomnografía que mejora con la administración de oxígeno a 1 L/min / Cheyne-Stokes respiration and severe bruxism documented by polysomnography that improves with administration of oxygen at 1 L/min

Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 59 años con diagnóstico de encefalopatía anoxicoisquémica, quien se encuentra en estado vegetativo persistente y epilepsia secundaria de difícil control, quien en el transcurso de su evolución clínica desarrolla apnea central del sueño con índice de apnea hipopnea (IAH) de 87.86/h con patrón de respiración de Cheyne-Stokes (RCS) y bruxismo severo documentado mediante polisomnografía, alteraciones que mejoraron tras la administración de oxígeno por cánula nasal a 1 L/min. La asociación de bruxismo con respiración de Cheyne-Stokes y la respuesta simultánea y completa de las dos alteraciones a la administración de oxígeno suplementario no ha sido reportada previamente.

The case of a 59 year old female diagnosed with anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, who is in a persistent vegetative state and secondary epilepsy difficult to control, who in the course of her clinical evolution develops central sleep apnea with apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of 87.86 / h with Cheyne-Stokes pattern and severe bruxism documented by polysomnography, alterations that improved after administration of oxygen by nasal cannula at 1 L / min., is presented. The association of bruxism with Cheyne-Stokes respiration and the simultaneous and complete response of the two alterations to the administration of supplemental oxygen has not been reported previously.

Neumoconiosis ocupacional por óxido de estaño / Occupational pneumoconiosis due to tin oxide

Resumen Se presenta el caso de hombre de 34 años con compromiso pulmonar secundario a exposición crónica a soldadura con óxido de estaño. El paciente consulto por tos seca de cuatro meses de evolución asociada a disnea leve y sibilancias ocasionales sin mejoría a tratamiento broncodilatador y con aparición de opacidades pulmonares en vidrio esmerilado hacia los lóbulos superiores, en biopsia transbronquial pulmonar se encuentran zonas de antracosis con macrófagos pardos sin fibrosis, hallazgos compatibles con estañosis. Esta enfermedad es poco frecuente, se relaciona con un curso benigno y debe ser reconocida dentro del grupo de enfermedades ocupacionales para definir el pronóstico del paciente. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 273-276).

Abstract A case of 34 year old man with lung involvement secondary to chronic exposure to welding with tin oxide. The patient consulted for a four-month history of dry cough associated with mild dyspnea and occasional wheezing without improvement with bronchodilator therapy and appearance of ground glass pulmonary opacities towards the upper lobes. In a transbronchial lung biopsy there are anthracosis areas with brown macrophages without fibrosis, findings consistent with stannosis. This is a rare disease that is associated with a benign course and should be recognized within the group of occupational diseases to define the prognosis of the patient. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 273-276).

Terapia biológiaa en patología pulmonar: parte i generalidades y clasificaciónn parte ii: terapias específicas en asma, epoc, enfermedad pulmonar parinquematosa difusa, cáncer pulmonar / Terapiabiológicaa em patología pulmonar / Terapia biológica en patología pulmonar parte I: generalidades y clasificación parte II: terapias específicas en asma, EPOC, enfermedad pulmonar parinquematosa difusa, cáncer pulmonar

El avance de la investigación médica, en los campos de la biología molecular y la ingeniería genética, ha traído consigo el desarrollo de una serie de nuevos medicamentos dirigidos a bloquear diferentes vías de la respuesta inmune celular. La terapia biológica, nombre con el cual se reconoce a estos nuevos medicamentos, ofrece una nueva oportunidad terapéutica para el manejo de enfermedades crónicas progresivas. En las enfermedades pulmonares crónicas como el asma, la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), la enfermedad pulmonar parenquimatosa difusa (EPPD) y el cáncer de pulmón, el tratamiento con medicamentos biológicos ha aportado importantes avances para comprender con mayor claridad estas enfermedades y en algunos casos gracias a la eficacia de los mismos, mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes que las presentan. Debido al número cada vez mayor de medicamentos de terapia biológica y su aplicación terapéutica creciente en enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas y cáncer, creemos necesario revisar su estado actual en el manejo de la patología pulmonar crónica.

The advancement of medical research in molecular biology and genetic engineering has given rise to the development of new drugs aimed at blocking different pathways of cellular immune responses. Biological therapy is a new therapeutic option for progressive chronic disease management. In chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD) and lung cancer, treatment with biologics has made important advances in the understanding of these diseases, and in some cases, due to their effectiveness, has contributed to the improvement in life quality of patients who suffer them. Due to the increasing number of biological therapy drugs and their therapeutic application in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer, it is relevant to review their current status in the management of chronic lung diseases.

O avanço da pesquisa médica, nos campos da biologia molecular e da engenharia genética, trouxe consigo o desenvolvimento de uma série de novos medicamentos dirigidos a bloquear diferentes vias da resposta imune celular. A terapia biológica, nome com o qual são conhecidos estes novos medicamentos, oferece uma nova oportunidade terapêutica para o tratamento de doenças cônicas progressivas. Nas doenças pulmonares crônicas como a asma, a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), a doença parenquimatosa difusa pulmonar (DPDP) e o câncer de pulmão, o tratamento com medicamentos biológicos tem contribuído com importantes avanços para compreender com maior claridade estas doenças e em alguns casos graças à eficácia dos mesmos, melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes que as apresentam. Devido ao número cada vez maior de medicamentos de terapia biológica e sua aplicação terapêutica crescente em doenças inflamatórias crônicas e câncer, acreditamos que é necessário revisar seu estado atual no tratamento da patologia pulmonar Crônica.

Abscesos como complicación infrecuente de lagranulomatosis de Wegener: descripción de trescasos / Abscess rare complication of Wegener's granulomatosis: report of three cases

La granulomatosis con poliangeítis es una vasculitis necrotizante de pequeño vaso que puedeafectar a múltiples órganos, se describen formas clínicas localizadas y generalizadas, esta últimacaracterizada por compromiso renal y pulmonar grave, asociada a la presencia de PR3- ANCAcirculante en más del 90% de los casos. Se presentan tres casos de pacientes con diagnósticopatológico de granulomatosis con poliangeítis, dos de ellos con lesiones pulmonares detectadasen radiografías convencionales y tomografía computarizada (TC), imágenes compatibles conabscesos pulmonares; hallazgos poco comunes en las manifestaciones imaginológicas de la granulomatosiscon poliangeítis en el sistema respiratorio, se añade además un tercer caso complicadocon absceso paraesofágico. Se destaca la importancia y utilidad de la radiología convencional y latomografía computarizada (TC) para el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad y de sus complicaciones.

Comparación de tecnologías de oxidación (TAO´s) para la degradación del pesticida Mertect / Comparison of oxidation technologies (TAO’s) for pesticide degradation Mertect

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar la comparación de tecnologías avanzadas de oxidación (TAO´s) para la degradación del pesticida Mertect. Para el diseño experimental del trabajo se empleó un fotoreactor. La degradación del pesticida se determinó mediante espectrofotometría ultravioleta/visible, método que permitió determinar que los procesos fotoquímicos basados en la fotocatálisis heterogénea con dióxido de titanio – TiO2 y los procesos de fotocatálisis homogénea con hierro (III) permiten obtener porcentajes de remoción significativos del pesticida superiores al 99.0 y al 95.0 respectivamente, lo que permite concluir que los procesos de oxidación avanzados son adecuados para la remoción y degradación del pesticida Mertect.