The Combination of Panobinostat and Melphalan for the Treatment of Patients with Multiple Myeloma.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors show synergy with several genotoxic drugs. Herein, we investigated the biological impact of the combined treatment of panobinostat and melphalan in multiple myeloma (MM). DNA damage response (DDR) parameters and the expression of DDR-associated genes were analyzed in bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 26 newly diagnosed MM patients. PBMCs from 25 healthy controls (HC) were examined in parallel. Compared with the ex vivo melphalan-only treatment, combined treatment with panobinostat and melphalan significantly reduced the efficiency of nucleotide excision repair (NER) and double-strand-break repair (DSB/R), enhanced the accumulation of DNA lesions (monoadducts and DSBs), and increased the apoptosis rate only in patients' BMPCs (all p < 0.001); marginal changes were observed in PBMCs from the same patients or HC. Accordingly, panobinostat pre-treatment decreased the expression levels of critical NER (DDB2, XPC) and DSB/R (MRE11A, PRKDC/DNAPKc, RAD50, XRCC6/Ku70) genes only in patients' BMPCs; no significant changes were observed in PBMCs from patients or HC. Together, our findings demonstrate that panobinostat significantly increased the melphalan sensitivity of malignant BMPCs without increasing the melphalan sensitivity of PBMCs from the same patients, thus paving the way for combination therapies in MM with improved anti-myeloma efficacy and lower side effects.

Targeting the Interplay between HDACs and DNA Damage Repair for Myeloma Therapy.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells, and accounts for 10% of all hematologic malignancies and 1% of all cancers. MM is characterized by genomic instability which results from DNA damage with certain genomic rearrangements being prognostic factors for the disease and patients' clinical response. Following genotoxic stress, the evolutionary conserved DNA damage response (DDR) is activated and, in turn, coordinates DNA repair with cell-cycle events. However, the process of carcinogenesis cannot be attributed only to the genetic alterations, but also involves epigenetic processes. Regulation of expression and activity of key players in DNA repair and checkpoint proteins are essential and mediated partly by posttranslational modifications (PTM), such as acetylation. Crosstalk between different PTMs is important for regulation of DNA repair pathways. Acetylation, which is mediated by acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC), not only affects gene expression through its modulation of histone tails but also has recently been implicated in regulating non-histone proteins. Currently, several HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been developed both in pre-clinical and clinical studies, with some of them exhibiting significant anti-MM activities. Due to reversibility of epigenetic changes during the evolutionary process of myeloma genesis, the potency of epigenetic therapies seems to be of great importance. The aim of the present paper is the summary of all data on the role of HDACi in DDR, the interference with each DNA repair mechanism and the therapeutic implications of HDACi in MM.

DNA repair of myeloma plasma cells correlates with clinical outcome: the effect of the nonhomologous end-joining inhibitor SCR7.

DNA repair activity of malignant cells seems to influence therapeutic outcome and patients' survival. Herein, we investigated the mechanistic basis for the link between DNA repair efficiency and response to antimyeloma therapy. Nucleotide excision repair (NER), interstrand cross-links repair (ICL/R), double-strand breaks repair (DSB/R), and chromatin structure were evaluated in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines (melphalan-sensitive RPMI8226; melphalan-resistant LR5) and bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs) from MM patients who responded (n = 17) or did not respond (n = 9) to subsequent melphalan therapy. The effect of DSB/R inhibition was also evaluated. Responders' BMPCs showed slower rates of NER and DSB/R (P <0022), similar rates of ICL/R, and more condensed chromatin structure compared with nonresponders. Moreover, apoptosis rates of BMPCs were inversely correlated with individual DNA repair efficiency and were higher in responders' cells compared with those of nonresponders (P = .0011). Similarly, RPMI8226 cells showed slower rates of NER and DSB/R, comparable rates of ICL/R, more condensed chromatin structure, and higher sensitivity than LR5 cells. Interestingly, cotreatment of BMPCs or cell lines with DSB/R inhibitors significantly reduced the rates of DSB/R and increased melphalan sensitivity of the cells, with the nonhomologous end-joining inhibitor SCR7 showing the strongest effect. Together, responders' BMPCs are characterized by lower efficiencies of NER and DSB/R mechanisms, resulting in higher accumulation of the extremely cytotoxic ICLs and DSBs lesions, which in turn triggers the induction of the apoptotic pathway. Moreover, the enhancement of melphalan cytotoxicity by DSB/R inhibition offers a promising strategy toward improvement of existing antimyeloma regimens.

The combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone reduces bone resorption in responding patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma but has no effect on bone formation: final results on 205 patients of the Greek myeloma study group.

The combination of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (RD) is very effective for patients with relapsed/ refractory myeloma. However, the effect of RD on bone metabolism has not been previously evaluated in these patients. To address this issue, we initially performed a retrospective study in 106 consecutive patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma who received RD. We measured the following bone indices on Cycle 1/Day 1 and then on Cycles 3 and 6/Day 28: dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1), sRANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), bone resorption markers (C-telopeptide of collagen type-I, CTX and TRACP-5b) and bone formation markers (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase-bALP and osteocalcin). RD produced a reduction of CTX only in responders, with no effect on bone formation. To validate these results, we then evaluated prospectively 99 patients who received either RD (n550) or VRD (bortezomib + RD, n549). RD reduced CTX, mainly in responders but showed no effect on bone formation, confirming the result of the retrospective study. However, the addition of bortezomib to RD (VRD arm) reduced Dkk-1, sRANKL/OPG, and CTX, while it increased bALP and OC after six cycles of therapy. These changes were irrespective of treatment response, which was similar between treatment arms. No skeletal-related events were observed in the VRD arm while two, nonresponding patients treated with RD developed a vertebral fracture. We conclude that RD reduces bone resorption only in responding patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma but has no effect on bone formation. Combination with bortezomib, which enhances bone formation, seems to be preferred for the management of myeloma patients with osteolytic disease.

Angiogenic cytokines profile in smoldering multiple myeloma: no difference compared to MGUS but altered compared to symptomatic myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM) evolves from an asymptomatic precursor state termed monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering myeloma (SMM). Angiogenesis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of MM but there are very limited data for angiogenesis in SMM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We measured the circulating levels of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiogenin in 54 patients with SMM. The results were compared with those of 27 MGUS patients, 55 MM patients, and 22 healthy controls. The expression of VEGF-A gene was also evaluated in 10 patients with SMM, 10 with symptomatic MM, and 10 with MGUS. RESULTS: The ratio of circulating Ang-1/Ang-2 was reduced in MM patients with symptomatic disease due to a dramatic increase of Ang-2 (p<0.001), but not in patients with SMM or MGUS, in whom it did not differ compared to controls. VEGF and angiogenin were increased in all patients compared to controls. However, circulating VEGF was higher in symptomatic MM compared to SMM and MGUS, while angiogenin was reduced. There were no differences in the expression of VEGF-A among the 3 patients categories. CONCLUSIONS: SMM has a circulating angiogenic cytokine profile similar to that of MGUS, but has altered profile compared to symptomatic MM. Thus, in the progression of MGUS to SMM, circulating angiogenic cytokines seem to be the same. On the contrary, in symptomatic myeloma, the alterations of angiopoietins along with VEGF contribute to myeloma cell growth, supporting the target of these molecules for the development of novel anti-myeloma agents.

Phase II Window Study of Olaparib Alone or with Cisplatin or Durvalumab in Operable Head and Neck Cancer.

Purpose: We conducted a phase II randomized noncomparative window of opportunity (WOO) trial to evaluate the inhibition of cellular proliferation and the modulation of immune microenvironment after treatment with olaparib alone or in combination with cisplatin or durvalumab in patients with operable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Experimental Design: Forty-one patients with HNSCC were randomized to cisplatin plus olaparib (arm A), olaparib alone (arm B), no treatment (arm C) or durvalumab plus olaparib (arm D). The primary endpoint was to evaluate the percentage of patients in each arm that achieved a reduction of at least 25% in Ki67. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), safety, and pathologic complete response (pCR) rate. Paired baseline and resection tumor biopsies and blood samples were evaluated for prespecified biomarkers. Results: A decrease in Ki67 of at least 25% was observed in 44.8% of treated patients, as measured by quantitative immunofluorescence. The ORR among treated patients was 12.1%. pCR was observed in 2 patients. Two serious adverse events occurred in 2 patients.Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) levels [combined positive score (CPS)] were significantly higher after treatment in arms A and D. Expression of CD163 and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) genes, markers of M2 macrophages, increased significantly posttreatment whereas the expression of CD80, a marker of M1 macrophages, decreased. Conclusion: Preoperative olaparib with cisplatin or alone or with durvalumab was safe in the preoperative setting and led to decrease in Ki67 of at least 25% in 44.8% of treated patients. Olaparib-based treatment modulates the tumor microenvironment leading to upregulation of PD-L1 and induction of protumor features of macrophages. Significance: HNSCC is characterized by defective DNA repair pathways and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. PARP inhibitors, which promote DNA damage and "reset" the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, can establish an effective antitumor response. This phase II WOO trial in HNSCC demonstrated the immunomodulatory effects of PARP inhibitor-induced DNA damage. In this chemo-naïve population, PARP inhibitor-based treatment, reduced tumor cell proliferation and modulated tumor microenvironment. After olaparib upregulation of PD-L1 and macrophages, suggests that combinatorial treatment might be beneficial. Synopsis: Our WOO study demonstrates that preoperative olaparib results in a reduction in Ki67, upregulation of PD-L1 CPS, and induction of protumor features of macrophages in HNSCC.

Circulating angiopoietin-1 to angiopoietin-2 ratio is an independent prognostic factor for survival in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma who received therapy with novel antimyeloma agents.

The circulating levels of several angiogenic cytokines [angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)] were evaluated in 174 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed, symptomatic, multiple myeloma (MM). Circulating levels of Ang-1/Ang-2 were reduced in myeloma patients compared to controls, whereas VEGF and angiogenin levels were increased. Reduced angiopoietin-1/angiopoietin-2 ratio correlated with advanced disease features including international staging system (ISS)-3 stage, renal impairment and extensive bone disease. Based on immunohistochemical results in 20 patients (10 with the higher and 10 with the lower values of circulating angiopoietin-2) we found that angiopoietin-2 is expressed by myeloma cells and correlates with increased microvessel density in subsets of patients. Furthermore, Ang-1/Ang-2 ratio correlated with survival. Patients with circulating Ang-1/Ang-2 below or equal to the median value (6.03) had a median survival of 26.3 months compared to 53 months of all others (p = 0.002). Interestingly, this was mainly observed in patients who received first-line therapy with novel agent-based regimens (65% of our patients). Furthermore, a subset of ISS-3 patients with serum Ang-1/Ang-2 above the median value had favourable prognosis (median survival: 45 months versus 17 months of all others; p = 0.0001). The multivariate analysis revealed that low Ang-1/Ang-2 ratio could independently predict for inferior survival in our cohort of patients (relative risk (RR) 2.07, 95% CI 1.50-2.42; p < 0.001). These results highlight the role of angiopoietins pathway in the biology of MM and reveal novel targets for the development of antimyeloma agents.

Elevated circulating sclerostin correlates with advanced disease features and abnormal bone remodeling in symptomatic myeloma: reduction post-bortezomib monotherapy.

Sclerostin is a Wingless and Int-1 inhibitor, which is produced by osteocytes and inhibits osteoblast-driven bone formation. Sclerostin is implicated in the pathogenesis of bone loss in metabolic bone disorders but there is no information for its effect on multiple myeloma (MM)-related osteolytic disease. We evaluated circulating sclerostin in 157 newly diagnosed patients with symptomatic myeloma, in 25 with relapsed myeloma who received bortezomib monotherapy, in 21 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and in 21 healthy controls. Patients with active myeloma had elevated circulating sclerostin compared to MGUS patients and controls (p < 0.01). MM patients who presented with fractures at diagnosis (n = 34) had very high levels of circulating sclerostin compared with all others (p < 0.01), whereas sclerostin correlated negatively with bone specific alkaline phosphatase (a bone formation marker; r = -0.541, p < 0.0001) and positively with C-telopeptide of collagen type-1 (a bone resorption marker; r = 0.524, p < 0.0001). Patients with International Staging System (ISS)-3 disease had higher circulating sclerostin compared to ISS-1 and ISS-2 MM (p = 0.001). Furthermore, patients with high sclerostin (upper quartile, n = 40) had a median survival of 27 months versus 98 months of all others (p = 0.031). Relapsed MM patients had higher levels of circulating sclerostin even compared to newly diagnosed patients (p < 0.01). Bortezomib monotherapy resulted in a reduction of sclerostin by almost 50% in both responders and non-responders. These results suggest that patients with active myeloma have elevated circulating sclerostin, which correlated with advanced disease features including severe bone disease. Our study indicates sclerostin as a possible target for the development of novel therapies to enhance osteoblast function in myeloma.

Diffuse pattern of bone marrow involvement on magnetic resonance imaging is associated with high risk cytogenetics and poor outcome in newly diagnosed, symptomatic patients with multiple myeloma: a single center experience on 228 patients.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and specific cytogenetic abnormalities offer important prognostic information for myeloma patients. However, limited data are available about the association between cytogenetic abnormalities and MRI patterns of marrow infiltration. To address this issue, we analyzed 228 consecutive newly diagnosed, symptomatic patients who were diagnosed and treated in a single center. On bone marrow MR images, 95 (41%) patients had diffuse, 94 (41%) had focal, 35 (15%) were normal, and 4 (1.7%) patients had variegated pattern of marrow infiltration. High risk cytogenetics were more commonly observed with diffuse MRI pattern (50% vs. 31% in focal and normal patterns). Patients with diffuse MRI pattern had poorer survival compared to others and responded better to novel agent-based therapies than to conventional chemotherapy (objective response: 88% vs. 46%, P < 0.001). There was a significant improvement of patients' survival with a diffuse MRI pattern when treated upfront with novel agents compared to conventional chemotherapy (47 vs. 24 months; P < 0.001). Diffuse MRI pattern along with ISS-3 and high risk cytogenetics could identify a very high risk group of patients with extremely poor median survival (21 months) and an only 35% probability of 3-year OS. Our study shows that symptomatic myeloma patients with a diffuse MRI pattern at diagnosis very often show high risk cytogenetic abnormalities and are benefiting from upfront novel agent-based therapies. Diffuse MRI pattern in combination with high risk cytogenetics and ISS-3 can identify a subset of myeloma patients with very poor prognosis who may need innovative treatment strategies and possibly more aggressive therapies.

Increased expression of cyclin-D1 on trephine bone marrow biopsies independently predicts for shorter overall survival in patients with multiple myeloma treated with novel agents.

Multiple myeloma (MM) comprises 1% of all malignancies and 13% of hematological malignancies in the Caucasian population. Yearly incidence is 4/100,000 in the US and is higher in blacks and males [1]. The pathogenesis of the disease is relatively unknown; several chromosomal abnormalities have been related to the development of the disease,but none is characteristic of MM. Cyclin-D1 is a protein encoded by the CCND1 (bcl-1) gene on chromosome 11q13, and is an important regulator of G1 to S phase progression.

Development and validation of a PCR-based assay for the selection of patients more likely to benefit from therapeutic treatment with alkylating drugs.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT: Previous studies have indicated that the levels of DNA damage induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by the alkylating drugs melphalan, cisplatin and carboplatin can serve as useful biomarkers predictive of the therapeutic response of cancer patients to these drugs. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: In the present study we developed a quantitative PCR-based assay, for the measurement of DNA damage. The advantages of this methodology are based on: its far greater sensitivity (about 250 times) than the traditional Southern blot-based method (the detection limit is ~10-20 lesions/10(6) nucleotides from the equivalent DNA of ~8000 cells); its simplicity and speed (results obtained within ~8h); its excellent reproducibility, with a coefficient of variance of 10-15% for different DNA preparations from similarly treated cells; its requirement for only minute amounts of material, and; the avoidance of radioisotope labeling. Moreover, emphasis was given to translate basic research findings into clinical practice through the validation of this assay for prediction of clinical outcome in multiple myeloma patients. AIM: In order to develop and validate a simple, sensitive and rapid method for the quantitation of alkylating drug-induced DNA damage. METHODS: HepG2 cells and blood samples were treated with alkylating drugs (melphalan, cisplatin, carboplatin). Gene-specific damage was examined using Southern blot and a multiplex long quantitative PCR (QPCR) carried out in a 7 kb fragment (part of the p53 gene) and a 0.5 kb fragment (part of the IFN-ß1 sequence; internal standard). RESULTS: The extent of PCR amplification of a p53 fragment was inversely proportional to the treatment concentrations of all anticancer drugs examined, indicating a dose-related inhibition by the DNA adducts formed. Parallel analysis of the same samples using both Southern blot and QPCR showed that the DNA adducts measured by QPCR corresponded to the interstrand cross-links in the case of melphalan, and to total drug-induced lesions in the case of the platinum drugs. The detection limit was ~10-20 lesions/10(6) nucleotides using DNA from ~8000 cells. The method is about 250 times more sensitive than the Southern blot-based method and the reproducibility is excellent, with an intraday coefficient of variance (CV) of 5-9% and an interday CV of 4-12%. Application of the QPCR assay to ex vivo melphalan-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple myeloma patients, showed that the positive predictive value of this assay for clinical response to melphalan therapy was 92.9%. CONCLUSION: The PCR-based assay developed in this study can be used for the selection of cancer patients more likely to benefit from therapeutic treatment with alkylating drugs.

Short progression-free survival predicts for poor overall survival in older patients with multiple myeloma treated upfront with novel agent-based therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the importance of the quality of response and of early relapse in unselected elderly patients with myeloma treated upfront with novel agents. METHODS: We analyzed 135 unselected transplant-ineligible patients older than 65 yr who were treated upfront with novel agent-based regimens in a single center. RESULTS: On intent to treat, 81% of patients achieved a response (28% sCR/CR, 23% VGPR, and 30% PR). Median progression-free survival (PFS) for patients who achieved sCR/CR was 31 vs. 20 months for VGPR and 23 months for PR (P = 0.048). Median overall survival (OS) for patients with sCR/CR was 62 months, 53 months for VGPR and 38 months for patients with PR (P = 0.028). Early relapse (PFS < 12 months) was more common in patients with PR (39% vs. 21% for VGPR vs. 3% for sCR/CR). Patients who relapsed or progressed < 12 months from initiation of treatment had a median OS of 15.4 months compared with 53 months (P < 0.001) for patients who had a PFS > 12 months despite the fact that after relapse or progression most patients were treated again with novel agents. In multivariate analysis, short PFS was the most significant adverse prognostic factor affecting OS, associated with a 7.25-fold (P < 0.0001) increase in the risk of death. CONCLUSION: In newly diagnosed patients over 65 yr, treated upfront with novel agents achievement of CR and a PFS ≥ 12 months is associated with improved outcome. Patients who fail to respond or experience early relapse after primary therapy with novel agent-based regimens should be encouraged to participate in clinical trials of novel agents and combinations.

Patterns of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Association with Genomic and Clinical Features in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC).

Background: We sought to compare patterns of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) with respect to clinical and genomic features in a retrospective cohort of patients with recurrent/metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: One hundred seventeen patients with R/M HNSCC treated with ICI were included in this study. Tumor growth kinetics (TGK) prior to and TGK upon immunotherapy (IO) was available for 49 patients. The TGK ratio (TGKR, the ratio of tumor growth velocity before and upon treatment) was calculated. Hyperprogression (HPD) was defined as TGKR ≥ 2. Results: HPD was documented in 18 patients (15.4% of the whole cohort). Patients with HPD had statistically significant shorter progression free survival (PFS) (median PFS 1.8 months (95% CI, 1.03-2.69) vs. 6.1 months for patients with non-HPD (95% CI, 4.78-7.47), p = 0.0001) and overall survival (OS) (median OS 6.53 months (95% CI, 0-13.39) vs. 15 months in patients with non HPD (95% CI, 7.1-22.8), p = 0.0018). In a multivariate Cox analysis, the presence of HPD remained an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.049). Primary site in the oral cavity and administration of ICI in the second/third setting were significant predictors of HPD in multivariate analysis (p = 0.028 and p = 0.012, respectively). Genomic profiling revealed that gene amplification was more common in HPD patients. EGFR gene amplification was only observed in HPD patients, but the number of events was inadequate for the analysis to reach statistical significance. The previously described MDM2 amplification was not identified. Conclusions: HPD was observed in 15.4 % of patients with R/M HNSCC treated with IO and was associated with worse PFS and OS. EGFR amplification was identified in patients with HPD.

Prognostic impact of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) mRNA expression on circulating tumour cells of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine the prognostic role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) by evaluating IDO1 expression in circulating tumour cells (CTCs) at baseline and after completion of chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced (LA) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with curative intent. METHODS: In a prospective cohort of 113 patients with LA HNSCC, we evaluated expression of IDO1 in the EpCAM+ CTC fraction at baseline and after cisplatin chemoradiation. The prognostic value of combined programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL-1) and IDO1 expression was assessed. RESULTS: IDO1 was significantly overexpressed at baseline compared with the post-treatment counterparts (p=0.007). IDO1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression at baseline was associated with better survival in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) (HR=0.19, p=0.017). Post-treatment IDO1 mRNA levels were correlated with unfavourable prognosis in terms of overall survival (OS) (HR=3.27, p=0.008). Patients with combined decreased expression levels of PDL-1 and IDO1 after treatment exhibited superior PFS (p=0.043) and OS (p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Our results strongly suggest that IDO1 mRNA expression is an independent prognostic factor for clinical outcome. Our study provides useful information for future trials combining chemoradiation with immune checkpoint inhibitors and IDO1 inhibitors.

Surrogates of immunologic cell death (ICD) and chemoradiotherapy outcomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

OBJECTIVES: Chemoradiation can induce immunogenic (ICD) or tolerogenic cell death. ICD relies on the generation of damage-associated molecular patterns which can stimulate toll-like receptors (TLRs). We sought to determine whether we can predict responses to chemoradiation by measuring surrogate biomarkers of ICD in a cohort of patients with locally advanced (LA) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cohort of 113 LA HNSCC pts we evaluated expression of TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 in the EpCAM + circulating tumor cell (CTC) fraction at baseline and after cisplatin chemoradiation. We also quantified changes in chemokines CXCL10, CXCL16 and IL-2R in the serum. RESULTS: Seventy three patients had evaluable specimens. Among cases with biomarker assessment at baseline and post treatment, 36.8% had an increase in CXCL10 levels (p = 0.022), 73.7% had an increase in CXCL16 levels (p = 0.002) and 63.8% had an increase in IL2Ra levels (p = 0.032) with treatment. 52.0% of evaluable cases at baseline and post-treatment had an increase in TLR4 levels (p = 0.996), 42.9% had an increase in TLR7 levels (p = 0.042) and 27.7% had increase in TLR9 levels (p = 0.011) with treatment. CXCL10 levels at baseline were significantly associated with PFS and OS (p = 0.010 and p = 0.032, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that chemoradiation leads to quantifiable effects in surrogate markers of ICD. These effects may inform trials combining chemoradiation with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, CXCL10 has prognostic effect in pts treated with chemoradiation.

Neutrophil Gelatinase--Associated Lipocalin and Cystatin C Are Sensitive Markers of Renal Injury in Patients With Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Renal impairment is a common complication of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of 2 newly discovered biomarkers of renal injury, cystatin C (CysC), a protein reflecting glomerular filtration rate, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a protein reflecting tubular injuries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 64 patients with newly diagnosed myeloma: 16 with asymptomatic (smoldering) MM and 48 with symptomatic myeloma; 8 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS); and 20 healthy control subjects. Along with common blood and urine chemistry determinations, measurements of CysC, NGAL, ß2-microglobulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin 6 were performed. RESULTS: We found that only patients with symptomatic MM had increased levels of CysC compared to controls (P < .01); that serum NGAL levels were elevated in all patients compared to controls P < .001; that NGAL strongly correlated with both estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (CysC) and eGFR (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease [MDRD] formula) (r = 0.616, P < .0001; and r = -0.371, P < .01, respectively); that CysC showed strong correlation with eGFR (r = -0.782, P < .001) and with the International Scoring System (ISS) (more pronounced in patients with ISS-3); and that receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that NGAL values of > 50.5 µg/L have a 80.8% sensitivity and 86.4% specificity for eGFR < 60 mL/min (area under the curve = 0.764). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that both NGAL and CysC are very sensitive markers that reflect renal impairment in newly diagnosed patients with MM. The high levels of NGAL in asymptomatic patients and in MGUS patients support the hypothesis of the presence of renal damage in these patients early in the course of their disease and may reveal NGAL to be an early marker that predicts the presence of renal impairment in MM.

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma: the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a rare and heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). Whereas the incidence of the disease appears to increase during last decades and the prognosis remains dramatically poor, so far no standard treatment has been established. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT-ASCT) has been proven effective in relapsed PTCL, while retrospective studies have shown a survival benefit as first-line treatment in some subsets of PTCL patients. However, given disease rarity, there is a paucity of randomized trials in both upfront and relapse setting. Here, we critically evaluated eligible prospective and retrospective studies that address the role of ASCT in treatment of PTCL, with respect to quality of design and performance. Additionally, the role of allogeneic transplantation has been reviewed. The comparison of ASCT with novel agents that emerge or the combination of both, are to be ascertained via prospective randomized trials in this field.

Sclerostin: a possible target for the management of cancer-induced bone disease.

INTRODUCTION: Sclerostin is a cysteine-knot-containing protein, which is produced by osteocytes and inhibits osteoblast function. The aim of this review is to summarize the data about the role of sclerostin in cancer-induced bone disease. AREAS COVERED: We performed a thorough search for articles in the PubMed using the words "sclerostin, cancer, multiple myeloma", and for similar abstracts that were presented in the ASH and ASCO annual meetings (2005 - 2011). In multiple myeloma, sclerostin is produced by myeloma cells and elevated in the serum or the plasma of the patients, and correlates with extensive bone disease and adverse myeloma features. In prostate cancer, sclerostin expression is reduced and in combination with bone morhogenetic protein-6 and noggin expression may serve as prognostic predictor for metastatic progression. In breast cancer, in vitro data suggest that the malignant cell induces the expression of sclerostin to inhibit osteoblasts in the metastatic bone area. EXPERT OPINION: Sclerostin may play a role in inhibiting bone formation in the biology of bone metastases in breast cancer and of myeloma-related bone disease. The results of phase I/II studies with anti-sclerostin drugs in subjects with low bone mass may lead to the potential clinical investigation of these agents in cancer-induced bone disease.

Renal impairment is not an independent adverse prognostic factor in patients with multiple myeloma treated upfront with novel agent-based regimens.

Abstract Renal impairment (RI) is a common presenting complication of multiple myeloma associated with significant morbidity and early mortality, while it has been associated with inferior survival in patients treated with conventional regimens. We assessed the impact of RI in 203 unselected consecutive patients treated upfront with novel agents (thalidomide, lenalidomide, bortezomib). RI was assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). RI (eGFR <60 mL/min) was present in 93 (45.8%) of patients at diagnosis and was associated with advanced age, advanced International Staging System (ISS) stage, poorer performance status, hypercalcemia, urine Bence-Jones proteinuria, anemia and thrombocytopenia. Myeloma response rates were similar for patients with or without RI. In univariate analysis RI was associated with shorter survival and a higher rate of early death (7% vs. 3.5%); however, when adjusted for other prognostic factors, RI was not independently associated with survival. In conclusion, in unselected newly diagnosed patients treated with novel agent-based therapies, RI is not independently associated with inferior survival, probably due to the significant activity of novel agents even in the context of RI.