[Expression of transferrin receptor 1 and ß1-integrins correlates with estrogen receptor status and immune infiltration in breast cancer]. / Ekspressiya transferrinovykh retseptorov 1 i ß1-integrinov korreliruet so statusom retseptorov estrogenov i immunnoi infil'tratsiei pri rake molochnoi zhelezy.

Cancer cells can aberrantly express various markers, including transferrin receptor 1 (CD71) and ß1-integrin molecules. Their role in invasion, migration and metastasis has been demonstrated. Determination of their expression in breast cancer (BC) may be an important point to characterize the clinical course of the tumor and prognosis of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To study of transferrin receptor 1 (CD71) expression by primary breast cancer cells in correlation with tumor cell phenotype. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Determination of BC phenotype: immunohistochemical staining method (immunofluorescence). Antibodies to ER (estrogen receptors), KL-1 (pancytokeratin), CD71 (transferrin receptor), CD29 (ß1-integrins). CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20 infiltration was also evaluated. ZEISS microscope (AXIOSKOP; Germany), method of G.J. Hammerling et al. Statistical processing: IBM-SPSS Statistics v.21. RESULTS: 63% of BC cases had CD71+ phenotype. CD71-mosaic tumors were observed in 14.4%. ß1-integrin expression was monomorphic in 51.6% of cases and mosaic in 38.7%. 85% of ER-positive tumors were CD71-positive with a monomorphic type of reaction; p=0.014. Among ER-negative tumors, CD71-negative reactions were 2-fold more frequent and the monomorphic type was less frequent. ER-positive tumors were CD29-positive in 73%; p=0.031. 45.5% of ER+ tumors were CD29-monomorphic. Among ER-negative tumors, the frequency of CD29-monomorphic tumors was 55%. Significant infiltration by CD3+ cells was predominant in CD71-positive tumors; p=0.016. In the CD29-monomorphic phenotype, CD45+ infiltration was 31.3%, and in the mosaic phenotype, 67.1%. CONCLUSION: BC aberrantly expresses transferrin receptors, ß1-integrins. CD71 expression is associated with ER expression. ER-positive tumors are often monomorphic for CD71. Prominent CD3+ infiltration was present in CD71+ tumors. Expression of ß1-integrins correlated with ER+ status and weak immune infiltration.

[The role of molecular genetic factors in the development of cholangiocellular carcinoma]. / Rol' molekulyarno-geneticheskikh faktorov v razvitii kholangiotsellyulyarnogo raka.

The article lists the main inducers of cholangiocarcinogenesis. The main inflammatory mediators (IL-6, nitric oxide, COX2) have been considered. Data on the study of gene mutations in cholangiocarcinomas are presented. The spectrum of genetic mutations depends on the biliary cancer origin (FGFR2 with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, PRKACA, PRKACB with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma). Mutations in the KRAS, TP53, ARIAD1A genes are common in extrahepatic bile duct cancer. The role of epigenetic changes such as DNA hypermethylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, as well as disturbances in miRNA expression is presented. A number of epigenetic features, such as the presence of a TP53 mutations with hypermethylation of p14ARF, DAPK, and/or ASC, correlate with a more aggressive course of the disease. The role of the SOX17 gene in the development of drug resistance is highlighted. The study of the molecular genetic features of extrahepatic bile duct cancer can help to better understand the pathogenesis of this type of tumor, to establish new prognostic and diagnostic markers of the disease.

[A systematic review of radiotherapy for primary renal cell carcinoma].

Renal cell cancer accounts for 2% of all cancers. The gold standard for managing patients with no evidence of distant metastasis renal cell cancer remains is complete surgical resection. The clinical data investigating preoperative radiotherapy failed to reveal benefited from this methods. The role of routine postoperative radiotherapy in the management of renal cell cancer is not established in patients with localized disease after complete surgical resection. Renal cell cancer is radioresistant tumor for conventional radiation therapy. Although renal cell carcinoma is related to radioresistant tumors, in recent years new promising directions in radiation therapy have become apparent. To overcome the radioresistance of renal cell carcinoma, the use of modified radiation therapy regimens with high doses per fraction is justified. new technologies of radiation therapy, which include stereotactic radiation therapy allows to accurately deliver doses of ionizing radiation to a tumor, without the risk of damage to neighboring tissues and organs. Recent data showing that with the use of high-precision methods, such as SBRT, unresectable local renal cell carcinoma can successfully be treated with durable local control and low toxicity. Nonetheless, prospective, randomized trials and omparative effectiveness studies are needed to further evaluate this ablative modality in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma.

[Morphological criteria for progression risk in patients with prostate cancer after radiation therapy].

AIM: To study an importance of new 2016 WHO histologic grading system for prostate cancer in evaluating the risk of progressing after conformal external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy 125I and androgen deprivation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 53 patients with prostate acinar adenocarcinoma were undergone to conformal external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy 125I and androgen deprivation therapy. Age of patients was 54-80 years (68.11+/-4.7 years). T3 and T2 prostate cancer was diagnosed in 42 (79.3%) and 11 (20,7%) patients, respectively. Baseline PSA level ranged from 5.5 ng/ml to 311 ng/ml (39.7+/-7.9 ng/ml). According to the new grading system (the WHO classification, 2016), all patients were divided into five risk groups. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 64.9 months. The biochemical progression was seen in two patients, while three patients had metastatic disease. All patients with progressing prostate cancer were from IV and V prognostic groups. The 5-year progression-free survival rates for patients of IV-V and I-III groups were 44, 4% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of combination treatment (conformal external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy 125I and hormonal therapy), progression-free survival rate in patients of IV (Gleason 4+4=8) and V (Gleason 4+5=9 or 5+5=10) groups, according to new WHO grading system were significantly lower, in comparison with patients of I (Gleason 3+3=6), II (Gleason 3+4=7) and III groups (Gleason 4+3=7). Our study showed that new WHO classification allows to predict the progression of prostate cancer not only after prostatectomy, but also after conformal external beam radiation therapy, combined with brachytherapy 125I and androgen deprivation therapy.

[Heavy particle beams (proton) in oncology (35-year practice of N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre)].

Clinically proved "alternative breast-preserving method" applicable for patients with locally advanced nodal breast cancer. These patients refuse to go in to surgery or have indications for surgery (183 patients--T(1-4)N(0-3)M(0-1)). This method consists of the combination of the traditional method of the whole breast and/or nodal photon irradiation with local highly concentrated proton irradiation in the dosage iso-equivalent to tumor (proton with energy from 130 to 180 MeV, with stop in the target in notice depth). We used the irradiation of the adenohypophysis with narrow proton beams energy 200 MeV. The aim of the first combination of the components is the selectively influence on the target and the channeling to the tumor and its subclinical substances the dosages sufficient for the total irradiation of tumor with sparing surrounding tissues and parts of body. The goal of irradiation of adenohypophysis with protons is the normalization of its hormonal activity and elimination of factors stimulating growth of tumor cells in case of dishormonal cancer. The suggested method didu't only improve the results of the treatment of locally advanced breast cancer, but also contributed to the reducing of the emotional stress. We received high results of the patients with locally advanced nodal breast cancer of criteria: local control rate (96%), long remission (more then 40%) and 5-year actuarial survival rate (83%). The patients examined during 5 and 18 years. It made a good cosmetic effect and high quality life of the patients with breast cancer.

[Long-term results of hyperfractionated radiotherapy in patients with stage III-IV oropharyngeal carcinoma]. / Otdalënnye rezul'taty mul'tifraktsionirovannogo oblucheniia bol'nykh rakom rotoglotki III-IV stadii zabolevaniia.

Radiotherapy was given to 139 patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma (stage III-IV) divided into two groups. Group I included 82 patients who received three daily equal fractions (1 Gy), at 4 hr interval, of a mean total focal dose of 80 Gy. Patients in group II (57) received a mean total dose of 68 Gy in 5 weekly standard fractions. Fractionated treatment was carried out in both groups in three stages at 17-day intervals. Complete remission was achieved in 50 (60.9%) patients in group I and in 31 (54.4%)--group II. Total 5-year and recurrence-free survival was 37.3 +/- 5.4 and 32.4 +/- 5.2% (group I) and 12.5 +/- 4.7 and 10.4 +/- 4.4% in group II, respectively. Radiation injury rates were nearly identical in both groups: 14% for standard radiotherapy and 12% for multiple fractions. The data point to high effectiveness of the latter.

[Thermography and radionuclide scintigraphy in reconstructive plastic operations following radical mastectomy]. / Termografiia i radionuklidnaia stsintigrafiia pri rekonstruktivno-plasticheskikh operatsiiakh posle radikal'noi mastéktomii.

Thermography is quite an informative and reliable method of examination of patients after reconstructive-plastic breast operations. It makes it possible to assess, with a sufficient degree of assurance, the blood circulation in a skin-muscular graft of the broadest muscle of the back, to diagnose capsule constrictive fibrosis, to detect foci of hyperthermia at the edge of endoprosthesis in the presence of bulky formations hidden by an implant, and can be recommended for the screening of such patients. In some cases scintigraphy makes it possible to differentiate between tumor and non-tumor origin of foci of lesions detected in endoprosthesis.