Real-time computing for a holographic 3D display based on the sparse distribution of a 3D object and requisite Fourier spectrum.

In holographic three-dimensional (3D) displays, the surface structures of 3D objects are reconstructed without their internal parts. In diffraction calculations using 3D fast Fourier transform (FFT), this sparse distribution of 3D objects can reduce the calculation time as the Fourier transform can be analytically solved in the depth direction and the 3D FFT can be resolved into multiple two-dimensional (2D) FFTs. Moreover, the Fourier spectrum required for hologram generation is not the entire 3D spectrum but a partial 2D spectrum located on the hemispherical surface. This sparsity of the required Fourier spectrum also reduces the number of 2D FFTs and improves the acceleration. In this study, a fast calculation algorithm based on two sparsities is derived theoretically and explained in detail. Our proposed algorithm demonstrated a 24-times acceleration improvement compared with a conventional algorithm and realized real-time hologram computing at a rate of 170 Hz.

Characteristics, behaviour and role of biomarkers in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.

AIMS: Characterising the factors responsible for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is of significant importance, considering its high mortality rate and scant data. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics, clinical behaviour and role of biomarkers (androgen receptor (AR), oestrogen receptor beta (ERß) and p53) in metastatic TNBC. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was performed for AR, ERß and p53 on 125 primary TNBCs with known metastasis and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and outcome. AR and p53 mRNA profiling was also carried out on 34 tumours from the same series and correlated with outcomes. RESULTS: In this cohort, grade 3 and pT2 tumours predominated. The most common site for metastasis was the lung and pleura (41, 32.8%), and 15 (12.0%) cases demonstrated metastasis in multiple sites. Among these, 92% of tumours metastasised without preceding local recurrences. Five- and ten-year overall survival (OS) rates were 27% and 7.2%, while 5- and 10- year survival rates after metastasis were 9.6% and 3.2% respectively. AR, ERß and p53 protein expressions were observed in 16%, 96.8% and 58.1% of tumours, respectively. A combinational phenotype of AR-ERß+p53+ tumours was associated with poorer OS (HR 1.543, 95%CI 1.030 to 2.310, p=0.035). Higher AR mRNA levels were significantly associated with favourable OS (p=0.015) and survival after metastasis (p=0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic TNBC harboured aggressive behaviour and displayed predominantly visceral metastasis with most metastatic events occurring without intervening local recurrences. A combinational phenotype of AR-ERß+p53+ was significantly associated with poorer OS.

Chiral tectonics toward square planar tetranuclear Pd(ii) complexes: propagation of axial chirality through a long molecular axis.

An approach of molecular tectonics was applied to synthesize a tetranuclear Pd(ii) complex with axial chirality, [{(Lt)Pd(ii)(taet)Pd(ii)}2(tpret)] (LtH = benzoylacetone (bzacH) or 2-naphthoylacetone (npacH), taetH2 = 1,1,2,2-tetraacetylethane and tpretH2 = 1,1,2,2-tetrapropanoylethane). As a first step, a two-handed tecton, [{taetH}Pd(ii)]2(tpret)], was synthesized. Next monomeric Pd(ii) units were connected to both ends of the tecton to form a reactive tetranuclear intermediate, [{(hfac)Pd(ii)(taet)Pd(ii)}2(tpret)] (hfacH = hexafluoroacetylacetone). Finally terminal hfac groups were replaced with the ß-diketonato ligands having one or two bulky groups such as dibenzoylmethane (dbmH), bzacH and npacH. In the case of the symmetrically substituted ligand (dbm), the formed complex was achiral and its structure was determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. In the case of unsymmetrical ligands (bzac and npac), the complexes were axially chiral due to the vertical twisting of the terminal ligands. The complexes were optically resolved chromatographically on a chiral column. Their chiro-optical properties were investigated by means of electronic (ECD) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy. Notably the twisting relation between the two terminal ligands of the tetranuclear complexes influenced significantly chiral electronic properties, although they were separated by a distance longer than 3 nm.