A novel role for CRIM1 in the corneal response to UV and pterygium development.

Pterygium is a pathological proliferative condition of the ocular surface, characterised by formation of a highly vascularised, fibrous tissue arising from the limbus that invades the central cornea leading to visual disturbance and, if untreated, blindness. Whilst chronic ultraviolet (UV) light exposure plays a major role in its pathogenesis, higher susceptibility to pterygium is observed in some families, suggesting a genetic component. In this study, a Northern Irish family affected by pterygium but reporting little direct exposure to UV was identified carrying a missense variant in CRIM1 NM_016441.2: c.1235 A > C (H412P) through whole-exome sequencing and subsequent analysis. CRIM1 is expressed in the developing eye, adult cornea and conjunctiva, having a role in cell differentiation and migration but also in angiogenesis, all processes involved in pterygium formation. We demonstrate elevated CRIM1 expression in pterygium tissue from additional individual Northern Irish patients compared to unaffected conjunctival controls. UV irradiation of HCE-S cells resulted in an increase in ERK phosphorylation and CRIM1 expression, the latter further elevated by the addition of the MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of CRIM1 led to decreased UV-induced ERK phosphorylation and increased BCL2 expression. Transient expression of the mutant H412P CRIM1 in corneal epithelial HCE-S cells showed that, unlike wild-type CRIM1, it was unable to reduce the cell proliferation, increased ERK phosphorylation and apoptosis induced through a decrease of BCL2 expression levels. We propose here a series of intracellular events where CRIM1 regulation of the ERK pathway prevents UV-induced cell proliferation and may play an important role in the in the pathogenesis of pterygium.

Campylobacter and Arcobacter species in food-producing animals: prevalence at primary production and during slaughter.

The Campylobacter and Arcobacter genera encompass closely related species that are ubiquitous in nature and are harboured in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals, including food-producing animals (cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry). In humans Campylobacter spp. is the cause of most of the gastroenteritis cases worldwide and in more severe cases the infection can result in Guillian Barré syndrome. Similarly, Arcobacter species can cause gastroenteritis as well as bacteraemia. Infections in humans can be induced by the consumption of contaminated vegetables, meat, milk and water. However, food originating from animals, especially meat, has been recognised as a source of infection, in fact, poultry meat and meat products have been globally reported as the main source of infection. It is clear that food-producing animals are important reservoirs for Campylobacter and Arcobacter species, which implies successful colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract at primary production and contamination during the slaughter process. During slaughter the evisceration step has been recognised as the most likely point of contamination, as accidental spillage of intestinal fluid and rapture of gastrointestinal tract can occur. Therefore, improper hygienic practices can ultimately allow for the contamination of finished/retail products intended for human consumption. This literature review will seek to explore the infection of food-producing animals with Campylobacter and Arcobacter species at primary production and contamination during the slaughter of food-producing animals.

Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren's contracture secondary to topical timolol.

INTRODUCTION: Topical beta-blockers are a proven and safe medication used in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Local and systemic side effects are, however, well documented. Systemic side effects can include severe cardio-respiratory impairment, endocrine dysfunction, as well as headache and hyper-somnolence. Disorders involving fibrosis such as Peyronie's disease, Dupuytren's contracture, and retroperitoneal fibrosis are rarely described in the literature. CASE REPORT: We describe a case of a 55-year-old male patient undergoing treatment for ocular hypertension with topical timolol 0.25% to both eyes, who subsequently developed both Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren's contracture. To our knowledge, this is the first case of Dupuytren's contracture secondary to the use of topical timolol. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst uncommon, beta-blockers are known to be associated with such fibrotic conditions and have been reported with the use of topical timolol. This case serves to increase the current understanding of this association.

Differentiation of foodborne bacteria using NIR hyperspectral imaging and multivariate data analysis.

The potential for near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging and multivariate data analysis to be used as a rapid non-destructive tool for detection and differentiation of bacteria was investigated. NIR hyperspectral images were collected of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis grown on agar for 20 h at 37 °C. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to mean-centred data. Standard normal variate (SNV) correction and the Savitzky-Golay technique was applied (2nd derivative, 3rd-order polynomial; 25 point smoothing) to wavelengths in the range of 1103 to 2471 nm. Chemical differences between colonies which appeared similar in colour on growth media (B. cereus, E. coli and S. enteritidis.) were evident in the PCA score plots. It was possible to distinguish B. cereus from E. coli and S. enteritidis along PC1 (59 % sum of squares (SS)) and between E. coli and S. enteritidis in the direction of PC2 (6.85 % SS). S. epidermidis was separated from B. cereus and S. aureus along PC1 (37.5 % SS) and was attributed to variation in amino acid and carbohydrate content. Two clusters were evident in the PC1 vs. PC2 PCA score plot for the images of S. aureus and S. epidermidis, thus permitting distinction between species. Differentiation between genera (similarly coloured on growth media), Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and pathogenic and non-pathogenic species was possible using NIR hyperspectral imaging. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were used to confirm the PCA data. The best predictions were made for B. cereus and Staphylococcus species, where results ranged from 82.0 to 99.96 % correctly predicted pixels.

The influence of processing on the microbial risk associated with Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea.

This review discusses the influence of processing on the microbial risk associated with Salmonella in Rooibos tea, the identification of Salmonella and preventative and control measures to control microbial contamination. Rooibos tea, like other plant products, naturally contains a high microbial load. Downstream processing steps of these products usually help in reducing any contaminants present. Due to the delicate flavour properties and nature of Rooibos, gentle processing techniques are necessary for the production of good quality tea. However, this has a major influence on the microbiological status of the product. The presence of Salmonella in Rooibos is poorly understood. The ubiquitous distribution of Salmonella in the natural environment and its prevalence in the global food chain, the physiological adaptability, virulence of the bacterial pathogen and its serious economic impact on the food industry, emphasises the need for continued awareness and stringent controls at all levels of food production. With the advances of technology and information at hand, the processing of Rooibos needs to be re-evaluated. Since the delicate nature of Rooibos prohibits the use of harsh methods to control Salmonella, alternative methods for the steam pasteurisation of Rooibos show great potential to control Salmonella in a fast, efficient and cost-effective manner. These alternative methods will significantly improve the microbiological quality of Rooibos and provide a product that is safe to consumers.

Efficacy of Portable 445 nm Laser Versus Intense Pulsed Light Treatment for Dry Eye: A Prospective Randomized Pilot Study.

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of intense pulsed light (IPL) compared with a portable 445 nm laser device in the treatment of dry eye. Our hypothesis was that IPL and 445 nm laser can provide equal reduction of symptoms for patients with dry eye disease. Methods: Participants provided written informed consent as per the Helsinki declaration before a baseline testing (visit 1). All participants completed four in-clinic study visits and one telephone call over the course of ∼4 months. The patients were evaluated at baseline and received the first treatment (visit 1) at the same visit. Thereafter, treatment was repeated every 2 weeks until four treatments had been administered (visits 2-4). The evaluation of dry eye included the following tests for both eyes: tear break-up time (TBUT), in seconds, taken in three measurements using a timer; corneal fluorescein staining (CFS); and lissamine green (grading 0-5 as per Oxford grading system). Other tests included visual acuity and the measurement of intraocular pressure. A full medical history and current ocular and systemic medications were obtained. All participants completed the Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ5), as per DEWS II, at each visit, as well as during the final telephone assessment ∼2 months after their fourth treatment. Results: Twenty-eight eyes of 14 patients were included in the study. The eyes were randomized with 14 eyes in each group receiving either 445 nm laser or IPL. The group included 10 female and 4 male participants with average age of 64.8 years (standard deviation 13.9). The primary outcome measures of TBUT, CFS, and the DEQ5 questionnaire were statistically significantly improved. TBUT IPL versus 445 nm laser p = 0.0097 versus 0.0115, CFS IPL versus 445 nm laser p = 0.0027 versus 0.0003. The questionnaire did not discriminate between the two methods but also showed highly statistically significant improvement p = 0.0001. Conclusions: The portable 445 nm laser and IPL were equally effective in the treatment of dry eye in this cohort. No significant adverse events were noted in either treatment group. K-Laser Blue® can be considered as a substitute for IPL treatment for dry eye.

Muscle yields and physical meat quality characteristics of hot- vs. cold-deboned ostrich (Struthio camelus) meat.

The quality of hot-deboned (within 90 min post-mortem; left leg) and cold-deboned (<4 °C, 24 h post-mortem; right leg) muscles of 15 ostriches were evaluated. The fan fillet, rump, big drum, moon, and triangle steaks were used to establish quality characteristics. Hot-deboning had no effect on the quality parameters; differences amongst muscles were found. The varying pHu values between muscles were still within the expected range for ostrich meat with the big drum having the highest pHu linking with its low drip loss percentage. The fan fillet had a redder (a*), more saturated (Chroma) colour, whereas the big drum was more blue (b*), with a corresponding lower hue angle. The fan fillet was the most tender (35.34 N ± 8.26) in contrast with the moon steak (72.23 N ± 15.81) which can be linked to the latter's high cooking loss. Hot-deboning which provides several economic advantages for the South African ostrich industry can be considered.

Salmonella in Chicken Meat: Consumption, Outbreaks, Characteristics, Current Control Methods and the Potential of Bacteriophage Use.

The control of Salmonella in chicken processing plants is an ongoing challenge for many factories around the globe, especially with the increasing demand for poultry escalating processing throughputs. Foodborne outbreaks due to Salmonella still pose a prominent risk to public health. As chicken meat is a good reservoir for Salmonella, it is important for chicken processing plants to continuously optimize methods to reduce the incidence of Salmonella on their products. Current methods include the use of chemical antimicrobials such as chlorine-containing compounds and organic acids. However, these current methods are decreasing in popularity due to the rising rate of Salmonella resistance, coupled with the challenge of preserving the sensory properties of the meat, along with the increasing stringency of antimicrobial use. Bacteriophages are becoming more appealing to integrate into the large-scale hurdle concept. A few factors need to be considered for successful implementation, such as legislation, and application volumes and concentrations. Overall, bacteriophages show great potential because of their host specificity, guaranteeing an alternative outcome to the selective pressure for resistant traits placed by chemicals on whole microbial communities.

A Preliminary Study: Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from the Meat and Feces of Various South African Wildlife Species.

This study determined the antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from the raw meat and feces of three game species from three different farms across South Africa. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2018 guidelines. E. coli was tested against ampicillin, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphafurazole and tetracycline. S. aureus was tested against tetracycline, erthromycin, vancomycin, penicillin, oxacillin and cefoxitin. There were no significant differences in the E. coli antibiotic resistance profiles between the meat and fecal samples (except towards ceftazidime where 5% of the meat isolates were resistant and 0% of the fecal isolates). The S. aureus meat isolates showed high (75%) resistance towards penicillin and on average, 13% were resistant to oxacillin/ cefoxitin, indicating methicillin resistance. The results from this study indicate that there is incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria from the feces and meat of wildlife species across South Africa, suggesting that cross contamination of the meat occurred during slaughter by antibiotic resistant bacteria from the abattoir personnel or equipment and or from carcass fecal matter. In addition, the results highlight the importance of food safety and hygiene procedures during slaughter to prevent cross-contamination of antibiotic resistant bacteria, as well as pathogens, onto raw meat.

Escherichia coli Antibiotic Resistance Patterns from Co-Grazing and Non-Co-Grazing Livestock and Wildlife Species from Two Farms in the Western Cape, South Africa.

Although limited, studies have found conflicting results on whether co-grazing results in significant antibiotic resistance transfer between species. This type of farming system can act as a vector in the geographical spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic-resistant patterns between co-grazing and non-co-grazing livestock and wildlife species in South Africa. Escherichia coli was isolated from the faeces of various wildlife and livestock species from two farms in South Africa and was tested for antibiotic resistance using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphafurazole, and tetracycline. A selection of some common antibiotic-resistant genes (blaCMY, aadA1, sul1, sul2, tetA, and tetB) were detected using PCR. The E. coli isolates from wildlife and livestock that co-grazed showed no significant differences in antibiotic resistance patterns. However, this was not the case for tetracycline resistance as the livestock isolates were significantly more resistant than the co-grazing wildlife isolates. The E. coli isolates from the non-co-grazing livestock and wildlife had significant differences in their antibiotic susceptibility patterns; the wildlife E. coli isolates were significantly more resistant to sulphafurazole and streptomycin than the livestock isolates, whilst those isolated from the cattle were significantly more resistant to ampicillin than the wildlife and sheep isolates. The results of this study suggest that there could be an exchange of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes between livestock and wildlife that co-graze.

Biopreservative efficacy of grape (Vitis vinifera) and clementine mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata) by-product extracts in raw ground beef patties.

Beef patties were treated with 450 µg/g of extracts from grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds (GSE), pomace (GPE) or orange (Citrus reticulata) pomace (OPE) and compared to negative (no extract; CTR) and positive (sodium metabisulphite; SMB) controls for their effect on colour, lipid and protein oxidation and bacterial growth under simulated retail display conditions (4 °C) for 9 d, and sensory quality. Antioxidant activity and redness of beef patties increased in the order of CTR < OPE = GPE < GSE < SMB. The order of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonyl values were CTR > GPE = OPE > GSE > SBM, while that of bacterial counts were CTR > GSE = GPE > OPE > SMB. Retail display period had significant effect on all the shelf-life parameters. Overall, intensity of aroma, beef-like aroma and flavour in beef patties were highest in OPE. Results suggested that GSE and OPE could be commercially valorised as natural antioxidants and antibacterials in beef patties, respectively.

Effect of sleeping in a head-up position on intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To determine whether a 30-degree head-up sleeping position decreases nocturnal intraocular pressure (IOP) compared with lying flat in patients with glaucoma. DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized comparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen eyes of 17 patients with glaucoma with controlled IOP and new disc hemorrhage. METHODS: Patients with a new disc hemorrhage despite well-controlled IOP were evaluated in a sleep laboratory on 2 separate nights, the first night lying flat and the second night in a 30-degree head-up position. Intraocular pressure and blood pressure (BP) were measured every 2 hours from 6 PM to 8 AM. For the 6 PM, 8 PM, 10 PM, and 8 AM measurements (awake period) the subjects were sitting for both nights. For the midnight, 2 AM, 4 AM, and 6 AM measurements (sleep period), the subjects were supine for the first night and 30 degrees head up for the second night. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Difference in IOP during the sleep period (midnight to 6 AM) between lying flat and 30-degree head-up positions. RESULTS: Seventeen eyes of 17 patients were included. There were no significant differences (P=0.68) between the 2 study visits in IOP during the awake period (6 PM, 8 PM, 10 PM, and 8 AM) when patients were sitting upright. During the sleep period (midnight to 6 AM) the mean IOP was 3.2 mmHg lower in the 30-degree head-up position compared with the flat position (P=0.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.25-6.1 mmHg). Sixteen of 17 patients (94.1%) had lower IOP in the 30-degree head-up position. The reduction in IOP in the 30-degree head-up position was 20% or more in 35% of patients (6/17). There were no differences in BP or ocular perfusion pressure between the 2 positions. CONCLUSIONS: The 30-degree head-up sleeping position lowers IOP compared with the flat position. Although this effect varies between individual patients, mean IOP was 20% lower in one third of patients in this series. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Ready-to-Eat Foods, the Food Processing Environment, and Clinical Samples in South Africa.

ABSTRACT: Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous, intracellular foodborne pathogen that is responsible for invasive listeriosis. The ability of L. monocytogenes to cause disease has some correlation with the serotypes of a specific lineage group, making the identification of lineage groups important for epidemiological analysis. The development of typing methods to link the strains of L. monocytogenes to an outbreak of listeriosis would help minimize the spread of the disease. The aim of this study was to design a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to differentiate between the lineage groups of L. monocytogenes. PCR-amplified fragments of the hly gene for 12 serotypes of L. monocytogenes were sequenced, aligned, and analyzed with the BioEdit program, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within regions of this gene were identified. Because of the difficulty in acquiring a serotype 4ab reference strain, this serotype was not included in this study. We tested the specificity and accuracy of the PCR-RFLP method on these L. monocytogenes reference strains and validated the method with 172 L. monocytogenes strains recovered from humans, food, and the food processing environment in 2000 to 2002 and 2008 to 2010 from regions within South Africa. PCR-RFLP analysis applied in this study placed L. monocytogenes serotypes into one of three lineage groups based on the sequence differences and SNPs within each lineage group. The SNPs were conserved in a region where RFLP analysis could be applied for a distinction between L. monocytogenes lineage groups.

Prevalence of Campylobacter and Arcobacter Species in Ostriches from Oudtshoorn, South Africa.

ABSTRACT: Cloacal swabs were obtained from live ostriches reared on 30 different farms situated in South Africa (Oudtshoorn) during the period of June 2018 to July 2019 to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species. PCR (n = 168 pooled cloacal swabs), the Cape Town protocol (n = 836 cloacal swabs), International Organization for Standardization ISO 10272-1:2006 (n = 836 cloacal swabs), and a selective Arcobacter spp. method (n = 415 cloacal swabs) were used for detection. PCR determined an average prevalence of 24.63% for species belonging to the Campylobacteraceae family. The ISO 10272-1:2006 method determined a Campylobacter spp. prevalence level of 16.83%, while the Cape Town protocol could not detect Campylobacter spp. For Arcobacter spp., a prevalence of 18.80 and 39.14% was determined with the Cape Town protocol and the selective Arcobacter spp. method, respectively. Results showed that prevalence levels could be influenced by season, the source of water, and the presence of wild water birds. Higher prevalence levels for Campylobacter spp. (23.38%) and Arcobacter spp. (68%) were detected in ostriches sampled during spring and autumn, respectively. Higher prevalence levels for Campylobacter spp. (25.23%) and Arcobacter spp. (44.50%) were detected in ostriches reared on farms that made use of borehole water. Higher prevalence levels for Arcobacter spp. (44.38%) were seen in ostriches reared on farms with wild water birds. This research shows that ostriches from South Africa can be considered as potential carriers of species belonging to the Campylobacteraceae family.

A Preliminary Study: Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus Species from Wildlife Species Subjected to Supplementary Feeding on Various South African Farms.

Studies have shown that antibiotic resistance among wild animals is becoming a public health concern, owing to increased contact and co-habitation with domestic animals that, in turn, results in increased human contact, indirectly and directly. This type of farming practice intensifies the likelihood of antibiotic resistant traits in microorganisms transferring between ecosystems which are linked via various transfer vectors, such as rivers and birds. This study aimed to determine whether the practice of wildlife supplementary feeding could have an influence on the antibiotic resistance of the bacteria harboured by the supplementary fed wildlife, and thus play a potential role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance throughout nature. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus were isolated from the faeces of various wildlife species from seven different farms across South Africa. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2018 guidelines. The E. coli (F: 57%; N = 75% susceptible) and Enterococcus (F: 67%; N = 78% susceptible) isolates from the supplementary fed (F) wildlife were in general, found to be more frequently resistant to the selection of antibiotics than from those which were not supplementary fed (N), particularly towards tetracycline (E.coli F: 56%; N: 71% / Enterococcus F: 53%; N: 89% susceptible), ampicillin (F: 82%; N = 95% susceptible) and sulphafurazole (F: 68%; N = 98% susceptible). Interestingly, high resistance towards streptomycin was observed in the bacteria from both the supplementary fed (7% susceptible) and non-supplementary fed (6% susceptible) wildlife isolates. No resistance was found towards chloramphenicol and ceftazidime.

Dietary citrus pulp and grape pomace as potential natural preservatives for extending beef shelf life.

The shelf-life of beef was compared from 7-months old Angus steers (281 ± 15.4 kg initial body weight) fed 150 g/kg DM dried citrus pulp (DCP) or grape pomace (DGP) for 90 days. The antioxidant activity, bacterial load, and lipid and protein oxidation were evaluated on the longissimus lumborum subjected to air-permeable packaging at days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 post-slaughter. Beef antioxidant activity was DGP > DCP > control (P ≤ 0.05). Beef from steers fed DGP or DCP had higher L* values (P ≤ 0.05) and fewer (P ≤ 0.05) coliform counts than steers fed the control diet. Beef antioxidant activity was DGP > DCP > control (P ≤ 0.05). Beef TBARS and carbonyl contents were DGP < DCP < control (P ≤ 0.05). Overall, antioxidant activity decreased (P ≤ 0.05), while bacterial loads, TBARS and carbonyl contents increased (P ≤ 0.05) during retail display for all diets. Current findings indicate that DGP could be a better natural preservative than DCP when included in beef cattle finishing diets.

Isolation, identification and typification of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius strains from orchard soil and the fruit processing environment in South Africa.

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius are thermo-acidophilic, non-pathogenic, spore-forming bacteria that can survive the typical heat processing of fruit juices and concentrates. Bacterial endospores then germinate, grow and cause spoilage of acid food products. Species of Alicyclobacillus were isolated from orchard soil and a fruit concentrate production factory in South Africa. Preliminary identification of the isolates was based on morphological, biochemical and physiological properties. Identification at species level was done by PCR amplification using genus-specific primers and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. The majority of isolates belonged to the species A. acidoterrestris, but A. acidocaldarius was also isolated and identified. As far as we could determine, this is the first report of the isolation of A. acidoterrestris from wash water and soil outside a fruit processing plant, as well as the isolation of A. acidocaldarius from vinigar flies. The genotypic relatedness between strains of A. acidoterrestris and between strains of A. acidocaldarius was determined by RAPD-PCR. Sixteen isolates identified as A. acidoterrestris grouped into four clusters based on RAPD-PCR banding patterns, suggesting that they belong to at least four genotypic groups. Three isolateT:/PGN/ELSEVIER/YFMIC/web/00001155/s identified as A. acidocaldarius gave three unique banding patterns.

Changes in pH, colour and the microbiology of black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle with normal and high (DFD) muscle pH.

The effect of pH and the spoilage of black wildebeest Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscles with normal (pH > 6.06) and high pH (DFD; pH < 6.06) was investigated for 12 days under refrigerated (5 ±â€¯1 °C) aerobic conditions. Results showed that pH affected colour, as initial values from Normal samples (L* = 33.08, a* = 13.60, b* = 10.29, C* = 17.10 and Hab = 36.85) were greater than values for DFD meat (L* = 27.21, a* = 11.10, b* = 6.97, C* = 13.12 and Hab = 32.08). Initial bacterial counts from DFD and Normal pH samples did not differ significantly. Over time, pH decreased for Normal and DFD samples until the 6th and 9th day, respectively, whilst both samples showed a significant decrease in redness and colour intensity. Aerobic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae reached 7 log cfu/g > 4 days earlier than Normal pH samples and bacterial growth rate was >1.09-fold faster in DFD than Normal meat.

Preservation of previously frozen black wildebeest meat (Connochaetes gnou) using oregano (Oreganum vulgare) essential oil.

The effect of oregano essential oil (1% v/v) on the shelf-life of black wildebeest Biceps femoris (BF) muscles stored aerobically at 2.6 ±â€¯0.6 °C was investigated by evaluating changes in pH, lipid oxidation, microbial counts and colour over 9 days of storage. Treatment group had lower pH values than control group, for most of storage. Lipid oxidation was stabilized at <9 mgMDA/kg throughout storage for the treatment, whilst instability was seen for the control. The treatment group had significantly lower total viable counts (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coliform counts throughout storage. TVC and LAB reached spoilage limit of 7 log cfu/g ≥ 3 days later compared to the control group. Furthermore, bacterial growth rates for TVC and LAB were > 1.4-fold slower in the treatment group. No overall improvements were seen in colour parameters, however b* values significantly decreased in the treatment group, whilst b* values from the control group did not experience any changes during storage.

Effects of the addition of vinegar, weight loss and packaging method on the physicochemical properties and microbiological profile of biltong.

Biltong is an Ready to Eat (RTE) shelf stable salted/dried meat product stored under ambient conditions. The effect of vinegar addition during salting, weight loss during drying and packaging (modified atmosphere and vacuum) on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of beef biltong over a 3 months storage at 25 °C was investigated. Biltong dried to ~50% weight loss had a moisture content of ~50 g/100 g, salt content of 7.49 g/100 g and water activity >0.81 whilst biltong dried to 65% weight loss had a moisture content of 30 g/100 g, salt content of 7.14 g/100 g and water activity <0.78. Packaging method had no effect. Vinegar decreased the pH of biltong to 4.91, delayed the growth of total viable counts and reduced the coliforms count but not the yeasts and moulds. Escherichia coli was below the detection limit of 1 log cfu/g, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were absent and Staphylococcus aureus counts were <1.3 log cfu/g.