[Environmental impact of prescribing in family medicine - Example of simple urinary tract infection]. / Impact environnemental de la prescription en médecine de famille - Exemple de l'infection urinaire simple.

As the pharmaceutical industry keeps growing, the presence and impact of drug residues in water is becoming increasingly well documented. These end up in wastewater after human consumption, and then in surface water if they are not sufficiently removed in wastewater treatment plants, harming aquatic organisms even in minute quantities. Antibiotics and NSAIDs are the most worrying for the environment. We would recommend here a reduction in their prescription in urinary tract infections, considering that spontaneous healing occurs in half of the cases. We indicate more natural alternatives, with a reasonable level of safety despite a low level of evidence.

L'industrie pharmaceutique ne cesse de croître, tandis que la présence et l'impact des résidus médicamenteux dans les eaux sont de mieux en mieux documentés. Ces derniers se retrouvent dans les eaux usées après leur consommation par l'homme, puis dans celles de surface en l'absence d'une élimination suffisante dans les stations d'épuration, nuisant aux organismes aquatiques, même en quantités infimes. Les antibiotiques et les AINS sont les plus préoccupants pour l'environnement. Nous proposons ici une stratégie de réduction de leur prescription dans l'infection urinaire, en tenant compte d'une guérison spontanée dans la moitié des cas. Nous indiquons des alternatives plus naturelles avec un niveau de sécurité raisonnable malgré un niveau de preuve faible.

Habituation of the auditory startle response in cervical dystonia and Parkinson's disease.

The auditory startle response (ASR) is a brainstem reflex elicited by an unexpected acoustic stimulus. In focal dystonia (FD), the excitability of brainstem neurons is abnormally enhanced. To identify a possible impact of this pathology on the processing of acoustic stimuli, we studied the habituation of the ASR in patients (n = 11) with FD and compared the findings to those of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD; n = 11) and controls (n = 11). Latencies in FD patients did not differ from those of controls but were delayed in PD patients compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Habituation was normal at the orbicularis oculi muscles but reduced at the sternocleidomastoid muscles in FD (p = 0.005). Habituation in PD was comparable to controls. Normal latencies and sequence activation indicate intact neural pathways mediating the ASR in FD. Impaired habituation of the ASR points towards a reduced inhibition of acoustic stimuli in FD.

Kinesthesia is impaired in focal dystonia.

Parkinson's disease (PD) and focal dystonia (FD) are both predominantly characterized by motor symptoms. Also, recent research has shown that sensory processing is impaired in both movement disorders. FD is characterized by involuntary movements and abnormal limb postures; thus, abnormal kinesthesia could be involved in the pathogenesis. We examined passive index finger movements in patients with FD (n = 12) and PD (n = 11) and in age-matched healthy controls (n = 13). Compared to healthy controls, patients with PD and FD were significantly impaired in the correct detection of the movement direction. The perceptual thresholds for 75% correct responses of movement direction were 0.21 degrees for FD and 0.28 degrees for PD patients compared to 0.13 degrees in control subjects. Subjects with PD and FD were also significantly impaired when they had to judge consecutive amplitudes. Results of the present study point to impaired kinesthesia in FD. Defective sensory processing could be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease and may influence dystonic contractions.